UNIT I DIODE AND ITS APPLICATIONS 1. What is the function of rectifier? Rectifier is capable of converting a sinusoidal input waveform.

. Its average value is zero, into a unidirectional waveform, with a non-zero average component. 2. What is rectifier? Any electrical device which offers a low resistance to the current in one direction but a high resistance to the current in the opposite direction is called a rectifier. The rectifying device is usually a semiconductor diode. 3. What is half wave rectifier? The rectifier circuit which converts only the positive half cycle of the AC input voltage input voltage into useful DC output voltage is known as half-wave rectifier. 4. Write down the average DC voltage across the load in a half-wave rectifier circuit. The average DC voltage is given by, Vdc = IdcRL = Vm/{(1+Rf/RL) Rf= Diode forward resistance RL= Load resistance Vm= Maximum amplitude or peak amplitude of the sinusoidal AC input voltage 5. Define ripple factor. A measure of the purity of the DC output of a rectifier circuit is called the ripple factor r and is defined as, r = RMS value of AC components of wave _____________________________ Average value of wave 6. What is meant by peak inverse voltage? The maximum reverse voltage capability of a diode is known as peak inverse voltage. 7. What is meant by rectifier efficiency? This is a figure used as a measure of merit to compare rectifiers. The rectifier efficiency is defined as, = DC power delivered to the load ____________________________ AC input power from transformer secondary 8. What is meant by rectifier efficiency? This is a figure used as a measure of merit to compare rectifiers. The rectifier efficiency is defined as, = DC power delivered to the load _____________________________ AC input power from transformer secondary 9. What are all the drawbacks of a full wave rectifier?

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The draw \backs of full wave rectifier are, i. centre tapped transformer is required. ii. Diodes having twice the PIV rating are necessary in this rectifier. 10. What are all the advantages of bridge rectifier circuit? The advantages of bridge rectifier circuit are, i. The transformer utilization factor is high (0.812) ii. It is suitable for large amount of DC power circuits. iii. The peak inverse voltage across each diode is the peak Vm only not 2Vm as in the case of two diode rectifier. 11. What are all the disadvantages of half wave rectifier? The disadvantages of half wave rectifier are, i. Excess ripple (r=1.21) ii. Low rectification efficiency (40.6%) iii. Low transformer utilization factor. iv. DC saturation of transformer secondary winding. 12. Define transformer utilization factor of a rectifier circuit. The transformer utilization factor TUF is defined as, TUF = DC power delivered to the load ____________________________ AC rating of the transformer secondary 13. What is filter circuit? Filter circuits are used to reduce the rectifier output ripple. Either bypassing the AC output components around the load by a shunt capacitance or limiting this magnitude to a low value in the load by a series inductance or a combination of these two for more efficient circuits achieves this. 14. What are all the different types of filters? The different types of filters are, i. Capacitor filter ii. Series inductor filter iii. LC filters 1. Capacitance input filter 2. Inductance input filter. iv. RC filters. 15. How ripples are minimized in the capacitor filters? In these types of filters a high value of capacitor is placed across directly to the load resistor. This capacitor gets charged during the conduction period of the rectifier and when Vm decreases C gets discharged through RL with a time constant CRL. The capacitor offers only low impedance of 1/2fc. this ripple component of current gets bypassed through C 16. What are all the advantages and disadvantages of capacitor filters? The advantages of capacitor filters are,

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At high loads, i. Small ripple voltage, ii. High output voltage. The disadvantages are, i. Poor regulation. ii. High peak diode current. 17. What is voltage multiplier circuit? Voltage multiplier circuits have the capable of delivering a DC voltage two or more times the peak value Vm of the applied AC voltage. 18. Name the commonly used voltage multiplier circuits The commonly used voltage multiplier circuits are, i. Voltage doublers ii. Voltage quadruples iii. Voltage tripler 19. What are the advantages of shunt capacitor filter? The advantages of shunt capacitor filter are, i. Low ripple voltage for small load currents. ii. Output voltage is high for small load currents. 20. What are the disadvantages of shunt capacitor filter? The disadvantages of shunt capacitor filter are, i. Voltage regulation is relatively poor. ii. High ripple voltage for large load current. iii. Peak diode current may damage the diodes. 21. Define ripple factor. The output of the rectifier is pulsating DC type. The amount of AC content in the output can be mathematically expressed by a factor called ripple factor. 22. What are the advantages, applications and limitations of voltage multipliers? Advantages The important advantages of multipliers are the use of clamping action to increase the peakrectified voltage without increasing the rating of the input transformer. This is economical. The centre tap transformer is also not required in the multiplier circuit. Applications The multipliers are used in TV receivers and cathodes ray tube anode voltages. Limitations If we add more and more stages of diode and capacitor are added to chain the output voltage keeps on falling substantially.

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UNIT II SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 1. Define hybrid parameters. Any linear circuit having input and output terminals can be analysed by four parameters(one measured on ohm, one in mho and two dimensionless) called hybrid or h-parameters. 2. What are the use of h - Parameters? It perfectly isolates the input and output circuits. Its source and load currents are taken into account. 3. Write the voltage and current equation for hybrid parameters. V1 = h11i1 + h12V2 i2 = h21i1 + h22V2 4. What are the values of h-parameters? h11 = V1/ i1 ; h12 = V1 / v2 ; h21 = i2 / i1 ; h22 = i2 / v2 5. What is Bias? What is the need for biasing? The proper flow of zero signal collector current and the maintenance of proper collector emitter voltage during the passage of signal is know as transistor biasing. When a transistor is biased properly, it works efficiently and produces no distortion in the output signal and thus operating point can be maintained stable. 6. What do you understand by DC & AC load line? DC Load Line It is the line on the output characteristics of a transistor circuit which gives the values of Ic & Vce corresponding to zero signal (or) DC Conditions. AC Load Line This is the line on the output characteristics of a transistor circuit which gives the values of Ic & Vce when signal is applied. 7. What is the meant by operating point Q? The zero signal values of Ic & Vce are known as operating point. It is also called so because the variations of Ic and Vce take place about this point, when the signal is applied. 8. What are the types of biasing? The different types of biasing are (i) Fixed bias (ii) Collector to Base bias (or) Feedback bias (iii) Self bias (or) Voltage divider bias 9. What are all the factors that affect the stability of the operating point? The following are the factors that affect the stability of the operating point, a. Change of due to replacement of transistors. b. Thermal variations 10. What is Thermal runaway?

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The continuous increase in collector current due to poor biasing cause the temperature at collector terminal to increase. If no stabilization is done, the collector leakage current also increases. This further increases the temperature. This action becomes cumulative and ultimately the transistor burns out. The self destruction of an unstabilised transistor is known as thermal runaway. 11. What is an amplifier? An amplifier is a circuit, which can be used to increase the amplitude of the input current or voltage at the output by means of energy drawn from an external source. 12. Based on the transistor configuration how amplifiers are classified. Based on transistor configuration, the amplifier are classified as a. Common Emitter amplifier b. Common Collector amplifier c. Common Base amplifier 13. Write the current amplification factors of the three transistor amplifier configurations. In a transistor amplifier with AC input signal, the ratio of change in output current to the change in input current is known as the current amplification factor. 14. What are the salient features of hybrid parameters? The salient features of hybrid parameters are, a. h parameters are real numbers, b. They are easy to measure. c. They are convenient to use in circuit analysis and design d. Easily convertible from one configuration to other e. Readily supplied by manufactures. 15. What are the limitations of h parameters? The h parameters has the following limitations, a. The accurate calculation of h parameters is difficult. b. A transistor behaves as a two port network for small signals only, hence h parameters can be used to analyze only the small signal amplifiers. 16. Define the frequency response of Amplifier? The frequency response of an amplifier can be defined as the variation of output of quantity with respect to input signal frequency. In otherwise it can be defined as a graph drawn between the input frequency and the gain of an amplifier. 17. Define lower & upper cut off frequencies of an amplifier. Lower cut-off frequency The frequency (on lower side) at which the voltage gain of the amplifier is exactly 70.0% of the maximum gain is known as lower cut off frequency. Upper cut-off frequency The frequency (on higher side) at which the voltage gain of the amplifier is exactly 70.0% of the maximum gain is known as upper cut off frequency.

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18. Define bandwidth? The range of frequencies occupied by the signal is known as its bandwidth. 19. State the reason for fall in gain at higher frequencies? At high frequency the reactance of coupling capacitor is very low. Therefore it behaves like a short circuit. As a result of this the loading effect of the next stage increase which reduces the voltage gain. Hence the voltage gain rolls off at high frequencies. 20. Why the electrolytic capacitor is not used for coupling? Electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor. So it cannot be used for coupling and also in electrolytic capacitor, the dielectric is not an insulating material but it conducting material which will change the capacitance effect.

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UNIT IV FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS 1. What is feed back? It is the process of injecting some energy from the output and then returns it back to the input. 2. What are feed back amplifiers? Amplifiers which uses feed back principle is called as feed back amplifiers. 3. What are the types of feed back? 1. Positive feedback 2. Negative feedback. 4. What is positive feedback? If the feed back signal is applied in such a way that it is in phase with the input signal and thus increases it is said to be positive feedback. 5. What is negative feed back? If the feed back signal is applied in such a way that it is out of phase with the input signal and thus decreases it is said to be positive feedback. 6. Which feedback decreases the gain of the amplifier? Negative feed back 7. Which feedback increases the gain of the amplifier? Positive feedback 8. What is the advantage of negative feed back? 1. increased stability 2. 2. Increased bandwidth 3. 3. Decreased noise 4. 4. Less frequency Distortion 9. What is the disadvantage of negative feed back? Reduces amplifier gain. 10. Define sensitivity. It is the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with feedback to the percentage change in voltage gain without feed back. 11. Define Desensitivity. It is the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain without feedback to the percentage change in voltage gain with feed back. the reciprocal of sensitivity. 12. Give an example for voltage-series feedback. The Common collector or Emitter follower amplifier is an example for voltage series feedback. 13. What is Oscillator circuit? A circuit with an active device is used to produce an alternating current is called an oscillator circuit.

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14. What are the classifications of Oscillators? *Based on wave generated: i. Sinusoidal Oscillator, ii. Non-sinusoidal Oscillator or Relaxation Oscillator Ex: Square wave, Triangular wave, Rectangular wave etc. *According to principle involved: i. Negative resistance Oscillator, ii. Feedback Oscillator. *According to frequency generated: i. Audio frequency oscillator 20 Hz 20 kHz ii. Radio frequency Oscillator 30 kHz 30 MHz iii. Ultrahigh frequency Oscillator 30 MHz 3 GHz iv. Microwave Oscillator 3 GHz above. v.Crystal Oscillators. 15. What are the conditions for oscillation? The total phase shift of an oscillator should be 360o. For feedback oscillator it should satisfies Barhausen criterion. 16. Define Piezoelectric effect. When applying mechanical energy to some type of crystals called piezoelectric crystals the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy is called piezoelectric effect.

17. Define Oscillator A circuit with an active device is used to produce an alternating current is called an oscillator circuit.

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