Bernoullis Equation

IDEAL FLUID An Ideal Fluid is defined as a fluid that is incompressible and has no viscosity. In practice such a fluid does not exist, however any fluid that flows with minor pressure differentials can be regarded as one. For the purposes of Fluid Mechanics this concept is important given that it allows the fluid flow analysis to be simplified. From this simplification, Bernoulli's equation can be derived. It is essential that the assumptions used for the purposes defining an Ideal Flow are clearly understood and appreciated. 1. Given that the fluid is incompressible, no changes in density occur and no work is done during the compression or expansion of the fluid. 2. Given that the fluid has no viscosity, there is no friction and the velocity profile is linear. 3. Arising from assumptions 1 and 2, the temperature remains constant and therefore there is no change in the internal energy of the fluid. BERNOULLIs EQUATION An ideal fluid flows in an inclined pipe as illustrated in Figure 1. The Fluid enters the pipe at the reference station denoted as and exits at the reference station . The cross-section of the pipe changes between both these stations, i.e. it's a converging pipe. The principle of conservation of energy can be applied to a mass m kg of fluid transversing from station to . Because the fluid is not pumped or heated and given that it is an ideal fluid,there will be no change in its internal energy. Therefore the only energy exchanges that need to be considered are; 1. Potential energy 2. Kinetic energy 3. Flow work

u2

u1 z2 z1

Figure 1: Inclined converging pipe section

Keith Vaugh!

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Bernoullis Equation

1.

Potential energy - Establishing a horizontal datum, the potential energy of a mass of fluid m, at a height of z meters above this datum can be written as;

PE = mgz
2. Kinetic energy - The mass of fluid m moving with a velocity u, ms-1 can be expressed as;

KE =
3.

1 2 mu 2

Flow work - Fluid travels from station to station up an incline as illustrate. No pump is included in the arrangement and gravity is acting against this flow. The flow is caused by the pressure differential between the respective stations.

the force, F = P ! A and work, W = F ! distance = F! A!l A ! l = V (volume) W = P !V m but density " = V m V= " Pm W= "
Applying the principle of conservation of energy between stations and , the following expression can be obtained;

PE1 + KE1 + W1 = PE2 + KE2 + W2 1 Pm 1 2 P2 m mgz1 + mu12 + 1 = mgz2 + mu2 + 2 ! 2 !

Tidying this equations, i.e. rearranging and given that the mass is common to all terms therefore can be removed by dividing, the equation becomes;

P1 1 2 P 1 2 + u1 + gz1 = 2 + u2 + gz2 ! 2 ! 2
Dividing by gravity, g, Bernoullis equation is derived;

Keith Vaugh!

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Bernoullis Equation

P1 u12 P u2 + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 !g 2g !g 2g
where

P - The pressure head, h p (also known as static head) !g u2 - The dynamic head, hv 2g z - The potential head, h
EXAMPLE 1: Show that Bernoullis equation is dimensionally homogeneous Solution

p has units kg !g u 2g
2

m ) ( s has units
2

( N m ) = ( kgm s ) " ( 1 m ) = m ( m ) " ( m s ) ( kg m ) " ( m s )

2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2

(m s )

=m

h has units = m
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF BERNOULLIs EQUATION The results obtained from the application of Bernoullis equation can be presented in a graphical format. This graph is useful for the analysis of fluid flow characteristics along a pipeline. The concept of the graphical representations is best conveyed through a simple example. EXAMPLE 2: Water flows through an inclined pipe as illustrated in Figure 1. The diameter of this pipe at the entrance is 540 mm and its elevation above the reference datum is 2.8 m. If the pressure and velocity at the inlet are 65 kPa and is 4.3 m/s respectively, determine the ideal pressure at the exit, if the diameter at exit is 380 mm and the elevation above the datum reference is 6.4 m. Table 1: Graphical representation of Bernoullis equation
Potential head = h (m) Pressure head hp = 2.8 6.628 3.7 5.388 4.6 3.981 5.5 2.295 6.4 0.126

p (m) !g u2 (m) 2g

0.943

1.283

1.79

2.576

3.844

Velocity head hv =

Total Head H = hp + hv + h (m) Keith Vaugh!

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Bernoullis Equation

Total Head Line

Hydraulic Grade Line

Velocity Head

Pressure Head

Pressures (m)

Potential Head

Datum Station Positions

Figure 2: Graphical Representation of Bernoullis equation

Displayed on the graph are the relative magnitudes of each head and how in this case the potential head and the velocity head are increasing from station to station, while the pressure head decreases. Also evident is that summation of these heads, i.e. The total head remains constant since there are no losses. The sum of the pressure head and the potential head are known as the static given that it does not depend on the motion of the fluid. A line drawn between these points is known as the Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL).

Keith Vaugh!

Page no. 4