NaturalConvectionHeatTransferCoefficients US Units Final Protected

Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculator - U.S.
C
Workbook Contents
Click on tabs at the bottom of the screen to access the following:
Tab 1. Contents (current tab)
Tab 2. Fluid Properties - Set values of fluid properties for other worksheets
Tab 3. Vertical Plane
Tab 4. Horizontal Plane
Tab 5. Horizontal Cylinder
t Calculator - U.S. Customary Units
or other worksheets
Selection of Fluid and Setting the Fluid Property

values for use in the other Worksheets
Enter Temperatures and Pressure

Surface Temperature (oF):
(Enter Values in
yellow cells only)
175
Fluid Temperature ( F):
105
Fluid Pressure (psi):
15
FLUID DENSITY
Select a Fluid and Enter Temperature

Click at right to Select Fluid
Temperature Range (oF):
Film Temperature (oF):
Choose "Other Fluid" (at the bottom

of the list) if you want to enter fluid
properties obtained elsewhere.
Toluene
-139 to 606
140
Density from above menu selection:

lbm/ft3
51.88
OR
Enter a Fluid Density Obtained Elsewhere
Fluid Density (lbm/ft3):
Fluid Density Result:
51.88
1.613
Unit Conversion:
lbm/ft3
slugs/ft
(from menu selection)
FLUID VISCOSITY
(This is the density value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
Viscosity from above menu selection:

8.076E-06
lbf-sec/ft2
-139 to 232
OR

Enter a Fluid Viscosity Obtained Elsewhere
Fluid Viscosity (lbf-sec/ft2)
of the list in the menu near the top o

this worksheet, if you want to enter
fluid properties obtained elsewhere
FLUID VISC
Fluid Viscosity Result:
8.076E-06
lbf-sec/ft2
(This is the viscosity value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific Heat from above menu selection:

Btu/lbm-oF
0.43
-139 to 440
OR

Enter a Fluid Specific Heat Obtained Elsewhere
Fluid Sp. Heat (Btu/lbm-oF)

o
0.43 Btu/lbm- F
Fluid Specific Heat Result:
13.890 Btu/slug- F
Unit Conversion:
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
(This is the specific heat value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
Thermal Conductivity from above menu selection:

Btu/hr-ft-oF
0.0716
OR

Enter a Thermal Conductivity Obtained Elsewhere
Fluid Th. Cond. (Btu/hr-ft-oF)
Fluid Thermal Conductivity Result:

Unit Conversion:

o
0.0716 Btu/hr-ft- F
1.9879E-05 Btu/sec-ft- F
(This is the thermal conductivity value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
Thermal Exp. Coeff. from above menu selection:
THERM EXP COEFF
6.432E-04
R-1
OR

Enter a Thermal Expans. Coeff. Obtained Elsewhere
Thermal Exp Coeff (oR-1)
Thermal Expansion Coeff:
6.432E-04

o
R-1
(This is the thermal expansion coefficient value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
DT =
0.2
r1 =
T1 =
139.8
r2 =
T2 =
140.2
Equations and References
The equations used to calculate the fluid properties in this worksheet are shown below.
The source for these equations and the constants in the Lookup Table used to make
the calculations came from:
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Ch. 2, Physical and Chemical Data
Links to the tables for each fluid property are given at the top of the worksheet.
Density of water:
r = 0.062428(MW)(17.863 + 58.606t0.35 - 95.396t2/3 + 213.89t - 141.26t4/3)

T is in K
t = 1 - T/647.096
r is in lbm/ft3
Density of liquids other than water:
r = 0.062428(MW)(C1 + C2T + C3T2 + C4T3)
T is in K
r is in lbm/ft3
The density of air is calculated with the Ideal Gas Law

Viscosity of Liquids:
m = 0.0209 exp[C1 + C2/T + C3(lnT) + C4(TC5)]
T is in K,
m is in lbf-s/ft2
Viscosity of Air:
m = 0.0209(C1TC2)/(1 + C3/T)
T is in K,
m is in lbf-s/ft2
Specific Heat of Air:

2
Cp = {C1 + (C2[(C3/T)/sinh(C3/T)] + C4[(C5/T)/cosh(C5/T)] }/28.9

Cp is in Btu/lbm-oF
T is in K
Specific Heat of Liquids:

2
Cp = (C1 - C2T + C3T - C4T + C5T )/18.015

T is in K
Cp is in Btu/lbm-oF
Thermal Conductivity of Air
k = 0.000239C1TC2/(1 - C3/T + C4/T2)
T is in K
k is in Btu/hr-ft-oF
Thermal Conductivity of liquids
k = 0.000239C1TC2/(1 - C3/T + C4/T2)
T is in K
Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Liquids
b = (1/V)dV/dT = (1/v)dv/dT = rd(1/r)/dT ~ rD(1/r)/DT = r[(1/r2) - (1/r1)]/(T2 - T1)

T is in oR, b is in oR-1
The values of r come from the equations at the top of this section.
The thermal expansion coefficient of air is calculated as b = 1/T, where T is in oR.
The source for the data in the tables below used to calculate fluid density, viscosity, sp
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Ch. 2, Physical and Chemical Data
Air Viscosity: Table 2-312
Liquid Viscosity: Table 2-313
Air Specific Heat: Table 2-156
Liquid Density: Table 2-32
Air Thermal Cond.: Table 2-314
Liquid Sp. Heat: Table 2-153
(Enter Values in
yellow cells only)
Excel Vlookup resu

-139 to 606
51.8839
Range, F
0.8792
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2-Butadiene
-33 to 624
-215 to 354
0.9062
1.187
0.25475
0.26114
1,2-Propylene glycol
-76 to 666
1.0923
0.26106
1,3-Butadiene
1-Butanol
1-Octanol
-164 to 306
-128 to 554
5 to 714
1.2346
0.98279
0.48979
0.27216
0.2683
0.24931
1-Propanol
-195 to 507
1.2457
0.27281
2-Butanol
2-Octanol
2-Propanol
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acrylic acid
Air
-175 to 504
-23 to 675
-126 to 455
63 to 604
-99 to 631
-139 to 455
-47 to 523
55 to 648
32 to 932
0.9682
0.50726
1.1799
1.4486
0.86852
1.2332
1.3064
1.2414
8.3145
0.26244
0.25972
0.2644
0.25892
0.25187
0.25886
0.22597
0.25822
Benzene
43 to 552
1.0259
0.26666
Benzoic acid
252 to 892
0.71587
0.24812
Bromobenzene
Butyl acetate
Carbon disulfide
-24 to 747
-99 to 576
-169 to 534
0.8226
0.67794
1.7968
0.26632
0.2637
0.28749
Carbon tetrachloride
-9 to 541
0.99835
0.274
Chlorobenzene
-49 to 678
0.8711
0.26805
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Cumene
-81 to 505
-144 to 298
-141 to 676
1.0841
1.817
0.58711
0.2581
0.25877
0.25583
Calculations:
Other Fluid" (at the bottom

if you want to enter fluid
obtained elsewhere.
c1
0.27136
Variables for Density Calculation
c2
Cyclohexane
45 to 538
0.88998
0.27376
in the menu near the top of

sheet, if you want to enter
erties obtained elsewhere.
Cyclopentane
Decane
-213 to 945
-20 to 651
1.1035
0.41084
0.27035
0.25175
Dibutyl ether
-144 to 592
0.55941
0.27243
Diethanol amine
84 to 867
0.68184
0.23796
Diethyl ether
-177 to 381
0.9554
0.26847
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Diphenyl ether
Dodecane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzoate
66 to 853
81 to 921
16 to 725
-173 to 466
-117 to 482
-31 to 797
1.1096
0.52133
0.33267
1.6288
0.8996
0.48864
0.25189
0.26218
0.24664
0.27469
0.25856
0.23894
9 to 837
1.315
0.25125
Ethylenediamine
54 to 608
0.7842
0.20702
Fluorobenzene
-44 to 549
1.0146
0.27277
Formamide
37 to 928
1.2486
0.20352
Heptane
Hexadecane
-130 to 512
64 to 842
0.61259
0.23289
0.26211
0.23659
Hexane
Hydrazine
-139 to 455
36 to 716
0.70824
1.0516
0.26411
0.16613
Isopropyl amine
-139 to 390
1.2801
0.2828
Methacrylic acid
59 to 732
0.87025
0.24383
Methanol
-144 to 464
2.3267
0.27073
Methyl acetate
-144 to 453
1.13
0.2593
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
-54 to 559
-162 to 435
0.7761
0.928
0.25068
0.289
Methylcyclohexane
Methylethyl ketone
Methylisobutyl ketone
-233 to 570
-125 to 505
-119 to 574
0.73109
0.93767
0.71687
0.26971
0.25035
0.26453
m-Xylene
-54 to 651
0.68902
0.26086
Nonane
-63 to 610
0.46321
0.25444
Octane
-71 to 565
0.5266
0.25693
Octanoic acid
63 to 790
0.48251
0.25196
o-Xylene
Pentadecane
-13 to 675
50 to 815
0.69962
0.25142
0.26143
0.23837
Pentane
Phenol
-202 to 387
106 to 790
0.84947
1.3798
0.26726
0.31598
Phthalic anhydride
268 to 964
0.5393
0.22704
Propionic acid
-6 to 622
1.0969
0.25568
Propylbenzene
-146 to 689
0.57233
0.25171
p-Xylene
55 to 649
0.67752
0.25887
Styrene
-22 to 685
0.7397
0.2603
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
-162 to 513
-139 to 606
1.2543
0.8792
0.28084
0.27136
Ethylene glycol


Triethyl amine
-175 to 504
0.7035
0.27386
Undecane
-13 to 691
0.36703
0.24876
Vinyl chloride
-245 to 318
1.5115
0.2707
32 to 176
-13.851
0.64038
Water
Other Fluid

he other worksheets.)
51.89060
51.87725
et are shown below.

able used to make
Chemical Data
e worksheet.
89t - 141.26t4/3)
r is in lbm/ft3
r is in lbm/ft3
m is in lbf-s/ft2
Preliminary calculations for calculating the thermal expansion coefficient, b , from:
b = rd(1/r)/dT ~ rD(1/r)/DT = r[(1/r2) - (1/r1)]/(T2 - T1)
Copyright McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. All rights reserved.
m is in lbf-s/ft2
- (1/r1)]/(T2 - T1)
the top of this section.
re T is in oR.
alculate fluid density, viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity are the tables itemized below from:
al and Chemical Data
Viscosity: Table 2-313
Liquid Thermal Conductivity: Table 2-315
Density: Table 2-32
Sp. Heat: Table 2-153
Excel Vlookup results based on selected fluid:

591.75
0.29241
Variables for Density Calculations:
c3
c4
92.138
Mol. Weight
-139 to 232
8.076E-06
Range, F
-226.08
602
452
0.31
0.3065
133.404
54.09
-33 to 237
-212 to 52
0.388
-10.143
736.5
472.79
-1.7063
-0.028241
626
0.20459
76.094
-76 to 442
-804.54
30487
130.79
425
563.1
652.3
0.28707
0.25488
0.27824
54.09
74.122
130.228
-9 to 261
181 to 246
45 to 383
17.844
0.87669
-19.907
-310.2
1602.9
2791.7
-4.5058
-2.1475
0.94296
536.8
0.23994
60.095
-195 to 207
23.467
116.07
-5.3372
535.9
629.8
508.3
591.95
606
508.2
545.5
615
0.26749
0.22
0.24653
0.2529
0.31172
0.2913
0.28678
0.30701
74.122
130.228
60.095
60.052
102.09
58.079
41.052
72.063
28.96
-175 to 212
-26 to 356
-126 to 180
63 to 244
-81 to 284
-117 to 133
-47 to 325
55 to 369
-315 to 3141
-16.323
16.792
-8.8918
3141.7
1353.6
2357.6
-4.6357
-0.91376
-9.03
1212.3
-0.322
-14.164
-14.918
-10.906
-28.12
1.425E-06
1350.3
1023.4
872.02
2280.2
0.5039
0.4492
0.5961
562.05
0.28394
78.112
43 to 522
7.5117
294.68
-2.794
752
0.2857
122.121
253 to 621
-12.947
2557.9
670.15
575.4
552
0.2821
0.29318
0.3226
157.008
116.16
76.141
-24 to 313
-9 to 259
-168 to 336
-20.611
-17.488
-10.306
1656.5
1478.2
703.01
1.4415
0.91828
556.35
0.287
153.823
-9 to 360
-8.0738
1121.1
-0.4726
632.35
0.2799
112.557
-9 to 513
0.15772
540.5
-1.6075
536.4
416.25
631
0.2741
0.2833
0.28498
119.378
50.488
120.192
- 81 to 176
-144 to 266
-99 to 261
-14.109
-25.132
-24.988
1049.2
1381.9
1807.9
0.5377
2.0811
2.0556
553.8
0.28571
84.159
45 to 338
-33.763
2497.2
3.2236
507
617.7
0.28699
0.28571
70.133
142.282
-54 to 126
21 to 118
-3.2612
-10.115
614.16
1111.9
-1.156
-0.015659
584.1
0.29932
130.228
-144 to 286
10.027
206
-3.1607
c1
6805.7
37.542
Variables for Viscosity Calculations:
c2
c3
2.3956
108.3
736.6
0.2062
105.136
68 to 601
-375.21
17177
66.66
466.7
0.2814
74.122
163 to 212
10.197
-63.8
-3.226
729
766.8
658
514
523.3
698
0.3311
0.31033
0.28571
0.23178
0.278
0.28421
78.133
170.207
170.335
46.068
88.105
150.175
66 to 376
68 to 644
12 to 487
-99 to 333
-63 to 392
-9 to 417
-37.347
-12.373
-7.8244
7.875
14.354
-40.706
2835
2017.5
1191.9
781.98
-154.6
3035
3.7937
-0.49963
-3.0418
-3.7887
4.2655
720
0.21868
62.068
9 to 577
-20.515
2468.5
1.2435
593
0.20254
43.068
52 to 410
-53.908
4030.8
5.9704
560.09
0.28291
96.102
- 42 to 356
-10.064
1058.7
-0.17162
771
0.25178
45.041
32 to 428
40.153
-912.39
-7.5664
540.2
723
0.28141
0.28571
100.202
226.441
-135 to 318
64 to 556
-9.4622
-20.182
877.07
2203.5
-0.23445
1.2289
507.6
653.15
0.27537
0.1898
86.175
32.045
-144 to 271
34 to 482
-6.3276
-75.781
640
4175.4
-0.694
9.6508
471.85
0.2972
59.11
-9 to 356
-31.157
1926
2.925
662
0.28571
86.089
59 to 322
-14.527
1497.7
0.51747
512.5
0.24713
32.042
-144 to 149
-25.317
1789.2
2.069
506.55
0.2764
74.079
-9 to 306
13.557
-187.3
-3.6592
566
497.1
0.29773
0.286
100.116
88.148
9 to 261
-162 to 351
-0.099
-6.921
496
790.773
-1.5939
-0.654
572.1
535.5
574.6
0.29185
0.29984
0.28918
98.186
72.106
100.159
-195 to 365
-125 to 505
-119 to 241
-11.358
-1.0598
-11.394
1213.1
520.68
1168.7
-1.4961
-0.007539
617
0.27479
106.165
-54 to 284
-11.91
1094.9
0.13825
594.6
0.28571
128.255
-67 to 608
-68.54
3165.3
9.0919
568.7
0.28571
114.229
-80 to 360
-7.556
881.09
-0.52502
694.26
0.26842
144.211
63 to 464
-60.795
4617.8
7.028
630.3
708
0.27365
0.28571
106.165
212.415
-13 to 293
50 to 520
-15.489
-19.299
1393.5
2088.6
0.63711
1.1091
469.7
694.25
0.27789
0.32768
72.149
94.111
-202 to 378
64 to 540
-53.509
-43.335
1836.6
3881.7
7.1409
4.3983
791
0.248
148.116
268 to 545
195.25
-11072
-29.084
600.81
0.26857
74.079
-6 to 286
-23.932
1834.6
1.9124
638.35
0.29616
120.192
-99 to 318
-18.282
1549.7
1.0454
616.2
0.27596
106.165
55 to 284
-7.381
911.7
-0.54152
636
0.3009
104.149
-22 to 293
-22.675
1758
1.6701
540.15
591.75
0.2912
0.29241
72.106
92.138
-162 to 212
-139 to 232
-10.321
-226.08
900.92
6805.7
-0.069128
37.542
535.15
0.2872
101.19
-9 to 187
-3.7067
585.78
-1.0926
639
0.28571
156.308
-13 to 460
52.176
-4951.9
-8.5676
0.2716
62.498
-225 to 261
0.26297
276.55
-1.7282
18.015
32 to 703
-52.843
3703.6
5.866
432
-0.00191
on coefficient, b , from:
LLC. All rights reserved.
1.8211E-06
d below from:
-0.060853
r Viscosity Calculations:
c4
1
c5
-139 to 440
4.317E-01
Range, F
140140
-152.3
0.695
0
0
Variables for Specific Heat Calculations:
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
-33 to 81
-213 to 63
103350
135150
159.3
-311.14
0.97007
-0.00015
0.000032
-0.15449
-76 to 370
58080
445.2
3.387E+22
2.304E+24
-9.9231
-10.09
-162 to 171
-128 to 244
-9 to 381
128860
191200
571370
-323.1
-730.4
-4849
1.015
2.2998
19.725
2.88E+09
-4.0267
-195 to 261
158760
-635
1.969
-175 to 210
-126 to 356
-195 to 180
63 to 244
-9 to 171
-139 to 133
-47 to 179
55 to 215
-279 to 252
426790
319198
471710
-3694.6
-1042.21
-4172.1
13.828
3.52943
14.745
139640
-320.8
0.8985
36600
135600
97582
55300
28958
511
-177
-122.2
300
9390
42 to 176
129440
-169.5
252 to 350
-5480
647.12
68 to 431
77 to 259
-170 to 534
121600
111850
85600
-9.45
384.52
-122
-9 to 240
-752700
-49 to 188
2.666E+31
-4.5E-27
-13.039
10
-0.02155
-0.0135
-0.0144
0.2837
0.34085
0.000689
3012
7580
1484
0.5605
-0.00145
2.01E-06
8966.1
-30.394
0.034455
-1307500
15338
-53.974
0.063483
- 40 to 200
-144 to 212
-141 to 306
124850
96910
61723
-166.34
-207.9
494.81
0.43209
0.37456
0.000488
44 to 260
-220600
3118.3
-9.4216
0.010687
-177 to 368
-21 to 368
122530
278620
-403.8
-197.91
1.7344
1.0737
-0.0011
-144 to 350
270720
-259.83
0.95427
0.64781
0.358
-3.6367
3.957E+23
2.5E+12
0.5
-10
-5
82 to 515
184200
286
163 to 212
44400
1301
-5.5
65 to 320
80 to 566
15 to 134
-173 to 242
-118 to 272
-30 to 416
240300
134160
508210
102640
226230
124500
-595
447.67
-1368.7
-139.63
-624.8
370.6
1013
9 to 428
35540
436.78
-0.18486
52 to 243
184440
-150.2
0.37044
- 28 to 116
-21
11734
-40669
0.047333
-2547.9
3.1015
-0.03034
1.472
0.008763
0.00203
1.687E+24
-10
65 to 428
63400
150.6
1.402E+22
-10
-131 to 476
65 to 548
61.26
370350
314410
231.47
1824.6
0.68632
5.688E+21
-7.27E-09
-10
3
-140 to 368
35 to 716
172120
79815
-183.78
50.929
0.88734
0.043379
-139 to 116
-32469
1977.1
-7.0145
59 to 322
146290
-58.59
0.3582
-144 to 260
105800
-362.23
0.9379
-4 to 212
61260
270.9
-55 to 213
-164 to 131
255100
134300
-938.4
94.356
2413
-0.0032
-196 to 116
-124 to 212
-119 to 241
131340
132300
183650
-63.1
200.87
-79.862
0.8125
-0.9597
0.001953
0.60769
-69 to 513
133860
78754
0.52265
-64 to 125
383080
-1139.8
2.7101
-70 to 368
224830
-186.63
0.95891
62 to 463
205260
44.392
0.8956
-13 to 292
50 to 519
36500
346910
1017.5
219.54
-2.63
0.65632
-202 to 242
106 to 305
159080
101720
-270.5
317.61
0.99537
268 to 545
145400
252.4
-5 to 286
213660
-702.7
1.6605
-147 to 319
174380
-101.8
0.79
56 to 620
-35500
1287.2
-2.599
0.002426
-23 to 293
113340
290.2
-0.6051
0.001357
-163 to 151
-139 to 440
171730
140140
-800.47
-152.3
2.8934
0.695
-0.0025
4.634E+22
-1.96E-05
3.055E+24
-0.060853
-10
2
-10
0.008691
0.00098
0.00302
-10
570980
-2
-5.879E-29
10
-100 to 192
111480
368.13
-14 to 320
293980
-114.98
-100 to 260
-10320
322.8
32 to 500
276370
-2090.1
0.96936
8.125
-0.01412 9.37E-06
Parameters for Heptane Specific Heat Calculation:

T in K
333.2
t for heptane
0.38328
-139 to 396
7.156E-02
Range, F
0.20463
-0.00024252
0
0
Variables for Thermal Conductivity Calculations:
c1
c2
c3
c4
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2-Butadiene
-34 to 408
-213 to 52
0.20731
0.21966
-2.4997E-04
-3.436E-04
1,2-Propylene glycol
-76 to 1341
0.214
-1.834E-04
1,3-Butadiene
1-Butanol
1-Octanol
-164 to 25
-128 to 246
5 to 1341
0.22231
0.2136
0.214
-3.664E-04
-2.034E-04
-1.834E-04
1-Propanol
-99 to 1341
0.214
-1.834E-04
2-Butanol
2-Octanol
2-Propanol
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acrylic acid
Air
-175 to 212
-26 to 1341
-123 to 1341
63 to 244
-99 to 284
-139 to 158
-47 to 55
55 to 412
-333 to 3141
0.22787
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.23638
0.2878
0.33192
0.24410
3.1417E-04
-3.0727E-04
-1.834E-04
-1.834E-04
-1.834E-04
-2.4263E-04
-4.27E-04
-4.3243E-04
-2.904E-01
0.7786
Benzene
43 to 284
0.23444
-3.0572E-04
Benzoic acid
252 to 613
0.2391
-2.325E-04
Bromobenzene
Butyl acetate
Carbon disulfide
-24 to 426
-99 to 358
-170 to 115
0.16983
0.21721
0.2333
-1.981E-04
-2.6563E-04
-2.75E-04
Carbon tetrachloride
-9 to 171
0.1589
-1.987E-04
Chlorobenzene
-49 to 270
0.1841
-1.917E-04
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Cumene
- 83 to 261
-144 to 171
-141 to 284
0.1778
0.41067
0.1855
-2.023E-04
-8.478E-04
-2.0895E-04
Cyclohexane
45 to 178
0.19813
-2.505E-04
Cyclopentane
Decane
-137 to 345
-22 to 345
0.2066
0.2063
-2.696E-04
-2.5E-04
Dibutyl ether
-144 to 482
0.19418
-2.2246E-04
-0.7116
2121.7
Diethanol amine
82 to 752
0.0218
1.0315E-03
Diethyl ether
-177 to 320
0.2495
-4.07E-04
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Diphenyl ether
Dodecane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzoate
81 to 496
81 to 496
14 to 421
-173 to 176
-119 to 171
-31 to 529
0.3142
0.18686
0.2047
0.2468
0.2501
0.20771
-3.0809E-04
-1.4953E-04
-2.326E-04
-2.64E-04
-3.563E-04
-2.1265E-04
Ethylene glycol
9 to 387
0.088067
9.4712E-04
Ethylenediamine
52 to 243
0.36434
-4.433E-04
- 31 to 176
0.20962
-2.8034E-04
Formamide
37 to 428
0.38470
-1.065E-04
Heptane
Hexadecane
-132 to 210
64 to 549
0.21500
0.20749
-3.03E-04
-2.1917E-04
Hexane
Hydrazine
-139 to 207
36 to 662
0.22492
1.3675
-3.533E-04
-1.5895E-03
Isopropyl amine
-139 to 90
0.237
-3.320E-04
Methacrylic acid
59 to 495
0.2306
-2.5201E-04
Methanol
-144 to 149
0.2837
-2.81E-04
Methyl acetate
-144 to 235
0.2777
-4.17E-04
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
63 to 194
-164 to 131
0.2583
0.2253
-3.79E-04
-3.7273E-04
Methylcyclohexane
Methylethyl ketone
Methylisobutyl ketone
32 to 214
-125 to 176
-119 to 352
0.1791
0.2197
0.2301
-2.291E-04
-2.505E-04
-2.8899E-04
m-Xylene
-54 to 284
0.20044
-2.3544E-04
Nonane
-63 to 304
0.209
-2.64E-04
Octane
-71 to 259
0.2156
-2.9483E-04
Octanoic acid
63 to 464
0.203
-2E-04
o-Xylene
Pentadecane
-13 to 291
50 to 520
0.19989
0.20649
-2.299E-04
-2.1911E-04
Pentane
Phenol
-202 to 342
106 to 360
0.2537
0.18831
-5.76E-04
-1E-04
Phthalic anhydride
268 to 545
0.2295
-2.1345E-04
Propionic acid
-6 to 518
0.1954
-1.64E-04
Propylbenzene
-148 to 590
0.18707
-1.9846E-04
p-Xylene
54 to 284
0.20003
-2.3573E-04
Styrene
-24 to 293
0.20215
-2.201E-04
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
-162 to 151
-139 to 396
0.19428
0.20463
-2.49E-04
-2.4252E-04
Fluorobenzene
-1.355E-06
1.173E-07
3.44E-07
Triethyl amine
-175 to 410
0.1918
-2.453E-04
Undecane
-15 to 385
0.20515
-2.3933E-04
Vinyl chloride
-245 to 162
0.2333
-3.92E-04
32 to 680
-0.4320
5.73E-03
Water
-8.08E-06
1.861E-09
Limits of Temperature Range (oF)

Density
Viscosity
Specific Heat
Thermal Conductivity
-139
606
-139
232
-139
440
-139
396
-33
-215
624
354
-33
-212
237
52
-33
-213
81
63
-34
-213
408
52
-76
666
-76
442
-76
370
-76
1341
-164
-128
5
306
554
714
-9
181
45
261
246
383
-162
-128
-9
171
244
381
-164
-128
5
25
246
1341
-195
507
-195
207
-195
261
-99
1341
-175
-23
-126
63
-99
-139
-47
55
32
504
675
455
604
631
455
523
648
932
-175
-26
-126
63
-81
-117
-47
55
-315
212
356
180
244
284
133
325
369
3141
-175
-126
-195
63
-9
-139
-47
55
-279
210
356
180
244
171
133
179
215
252
-175
-26
-123
63
-99
-139
-47
55
-333
212
1341
1341
244
284
158
55
412
3141
43
552
43
522
43
176
43
284
252
892
253
621
252
350
252
613
-24
-99
-169
747
576
534
-24
-9
-168
313
259
336
68
77
-170
431
259
534
-24
-99
-170
426
358
115
-9
541
-9
360
-9
240
-9
171
-49
678
-9
513
-49
188
-49
270
-81
-144
-141
505
298
676
-81
-144
-99
176
266
261
-40
-144
-141
200
212
306
-83
-144
-141
261
171
284
45
538
45
338
44
260
45
178
-213
-20
945
651
-54
21
126
118
-177
-21
368
368
-137
-22
345
345
-144
592
-144
286
-144
350
-144
482
84
867
68
601
82
515
82
752
-177
381
163
212
163
212
-177
320
66
81
16
-173
-117
-31
853
921
725
466
482
797
66
68
12
-99
-63
-9
376
644
487
333
392
417
65
80
15
-173
-118
-30
320
566
134
242
272
416
66
81
14
-173
-119
-31
376
496
421
176
171
529
837
577
428
387
54
608
52
410
52
243
52
243
-44
549
-42
356
-28
116
-31
176
37
928
32
428
65
428
37
428
-130
64
512
842
-135
64
318
556
-131
65
476
548
-132
64
210
549
-139
36
455
716
-144
34
271
482
-140
35
368
716
-139
36
207
662
-139
390
-9
356
-139
116
-139
90
59
732
59
322
59
322
59
495
-144
464
-144
149
-144
260
-144
149
-144
453
-9
306
-4
212
-144
235
-54
-162
559
435
9
-162
261
351
-55
-164
213
131
63
-164
194
131
-233
-125
-119
570
505
574
-195
-125
-119
365
505
241
-196
-124
-119
116
212
241
32
-125
-119
214
176
352
-54
651
-54
284
-69
513
-54
284
-63
610
-67
608
-64
125
-63
304
-71
565
-80
360
-70
368
-71
259
63
790
63
464
62
463
63
464
-13
50
675
815
-13
50
293
520
-13
50
292
519
-13
50
291
520
-202
106
387
790
-202
64
378
540
-202
106
242
305
-202
106
342
360
268
964
268
545
268
545
268
545
-6
622
-6
286
-5
286
-6
518
-146
689
-99
318
-147
319
-148
590
55
649
55
284
56
620
54
284
-22
685
-22
293
-23
293
-24
293
-162
-139
513
606
-162
-139
212
232
-163
-139
151
440
-162
-139
151
396
-175
504
-9
187
-100
192
-175
410
-13
691
-13
460
-14
320
-15
385
-245
318
-225
261
-100
260
-245
162
32
176
32
703
32
500
32
680
Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Correlations

Natural Convection from an Isothermal Vertical Plane - (U.S. units)
PRELIM. CALCULATIONS
(Enter Values in yellow cells only)
Enter the indicated input data:

Height of Surface, L =
1.50 ft
Preliminary Calculations:
Temperature Diff, DT =
Prandtl Number, Pr =
70
5.643
Grashof Number, Gr =
1.949.E+11
Rayleigh Number, Ra =
1.100E+12
NOTE: Go to the Fluid Properties worksheet to change fluid
H.T. COEFF.
temperature, surface temperature, or fluid pressure values
Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation

Nusselt Number, Nu =
Convective H.T. Coeff., h =
1413.7
2 o
67.4 Btu/hr-ft - F
Discussion and References

The definitions of the dimensionless numbers and the correlation used for Nusselt number are shown
below. For more discussion of natural convection and correlations for Nusselt No., see:
Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 8th Ed. - Sect 5.3.2 Natural Convection

Natural Convection from an Isothermal Horizontal Plane - (U.S. units)

Area of Plate, A =
2
0.50 ft
Perimeter of Plate, P =
3.60 ft
Char. Length, L = A/P =
70
0.139
5.643
1.548.E+08
8.732E+08

ER COEFFICIENT
Case I: H.T. from upper surface of hot plate or from

lower surface of cool plate.
4
A. for 10 < Ra < 10 :

92.8
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIE
2 o
47.83 Btu/hr-ft - F
B. for 107 < Ra < 1011:

143.4
2 o
73.87 Btu/hr-ft - F
Case II: H.T. from upper surface of cool plate or from

lower surface of hot plate.
( for 105 < Ra < 1010):
46.4
2 o
0.59 Btu/hr-ft - F
nt Correlations
ane - (U.S. units)

The definitions of the dimensionless numbers and the correlations used for Nusselt number are
shown below. For more discussion of natural convection and correlations for Nusselt No., see:
Correlation #1: (for heat transfer from the upper surface of a hot plate to a cooler fluid above it
or from the lower surface of a cool plate to a warmer fluid below it)
Nu = 0.54 Ra1/4 ( 104 < Ra < 107 )

Nu = 0.15 Ra1/3 ( 107 < Ra < 1011 )
Correlation #2: (for heat transfer from the upper surface of a cool plate to a warmer fluid above it
or from the lower surface of a warm plate to a cooler fluid below it)
Nu = 0.27 Ra
1/4
( 10 < Ra < 10
10
. All rights reserved.
ed for Nusselt number are

ions for Nusselt No., see:
te to a cooler fluid above it
ate to a warmer fluid above it

Natural Convection from an Isothermal Horizontal Cylinder - (U.S. units)

Pipe Diameter, D =
2.00 ft
70
5.643
4.621.E+11
2.608E+12
H.T. COEFF.

1838.5
2 o
65.78 Btu/hr-ft - F
Churchill Equation
Initial estimate of f
#REF!
Colebrook Equation
1st iteration with Colbrook;
2nd iteration with Colbrook;
3rd iteration with Colbrook;
4th iteration with Colbrook;
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!

The definitions of the dimensionless numbers and the correlation used for Nusselt number are shown
below. For more discussion of natural convection and correlations for Nusselt No., see:
hts reserved.

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Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculator - U.S.

t Calculator - U.S. Customary Units

Selection of Fluid and Setting the Fluid Property

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Fluid Temperature ( F):

Fluid Pressure (psi):

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Equations and References

r = 0.062428(MW)(17.863 + 58.606t0.35 - 95.396t2/3 + 213.89t - 141.26t4/3)

Density of liquids other than water:

r = 0.062428(MW)(C1 + C2T + C3T2 + C4T3)

The density of air is calculated with the Ideal Gas Law

m = 0.0209 exp[C1 + C2/T + C3(lnT) + C4(TC5)]

Specific Heat of Air:

Cp = {C1 + (C2[(C3/T)/sinh(C3/T)] + C4[(C5/T)/cosh(C5/T)] }/28.9

Specific Heat of Liquids:

Cp = (C1 - C2T + C3T - C4T + C5T )/18.015

Thermal Conductivity of Air

k = 0.000239C1TC2/(1 - C3/T + C4/T2)

Thermal Conductivity of liquids

k = 0.000239C1TC2/(1 - C3/T + C4/T2)

Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Liquids

b = (1/V)dV/dT = (1/v)dv/dT = rd(1/r)/dT ~ rD(1/r)/DT = r[(1/r2) - (1/r1)]/(T2 - T1)

The thermal expansion coefficient of air is calculated as b = 1/T, where T is in oR.

Liquid Viscosity: Table 2-313

Air Specific Heat: Table 2-156

Liquid Density: Table 2-32

Air Thermal Cond.: Table 2-314

Liquid Sp. Heat: Table 2-153

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