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Quantum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized," referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization".[1] This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete values. A photon is a single quantum of light, and is referred to as a "light quantum". The energy of an electron bound to an atom is quantized, which results in the stability of atoms, and hence of matter in general. As incorporated into the theory of quantum mechanics, this is regarded by physicists as part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature at the smallest length-scales.
Contents
1 Etymology and discovery 2 Beyond electromagnetic radiation 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading
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more precise value for the AvogadroLoschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole and the unit of electrical charge, to the German Physical Society. After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery.
See also
Elementary particle Graviton Introduction to quantum mechanics Magnetic flux quantum Photon Photon polarization Quantal analysis Quantization (physics) Quantum cellular automata Quantum channel Quantum coherence Quantum chromodynamics Quantum computer Quantum cryptography Quantum dot Quantum electronics Quantum entanglement Quantum immortality Quantum lithography Quantum mechanics Quantum number Quantum sensor Quantum state Subatomic particle
References
1. ^ Wiener, N. (1966). Differential Space, Quantum Systems, and Prediction. Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press 2. ^ E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. (http://www.bartleby.com/81/13830.html) 3. ^ E. Helmholtz, Robert Mayer's Prioritt [1] (http://www.ub.uniheidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/math/edd/helmholtz/R-Mayer.pdf) (German) 4. ^ Herrmann,A. Weltreich der Physik, GNT-Verlag (1991) [2] (http://wayback.archive.org/web/*/http://fs.math.unifrankfurt.de/fsmath/misc/RobertMayer.html) (German)
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5. ^ Planck, M. (1901). "Ueber die Elementarquanta der Materie und der Elektricitt". Annalen der Physik 309 (3): 564566. Bibcode:1901AnP...309..564P (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1901AnP...309..564P). doi:10.1002/andp.19013090311 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19013090311). (German) 6. ^ Planck, Max (1883). "Ueber das thermodynamische Gleichgewicht von Gasgemengen". Annalen der Physik 255 (6): 358. Bibcode:1883AnP...255..358P (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1883AnP...255..358P). doi:10.1002/andp.18832550612 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18832550612). (German) 7. ^ Einstein, A. (1905). "ber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf). Annalen der Physik 17 (6): 132148. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905AnP...322..132E). doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053220607). (German). A partial English translation is available from Wikisource. 8. ^ Max Planck (1901). "Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum (On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum)" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080418002757/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Planck1901/Planck-1901.html). Annalen der Physik 309 (3): 553. Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1901AnP...309..553P). doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19013090310). Archived from the original (http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Planck-1901/Planck-1901.html) on 2008-04-18. 9. ^ Brown, T., LeMay, H., Bursten, B. (2008). Chemistry: The Central Science Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education ISBN 0-13-600617-5 10. ^ Klein, Martin J. (1961). "Max Planck and the beginnings of the quantum theory". Archive for History of Exact Sciences 1 (5): 459. doi:10.1007/BF00327765 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00327765). 11. ^ Melville, K. (2005, February 11). Real-World Quantum Effects Demonstrated (http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/20050110221715data_trunc_sys.shtml) 12. ^ Modern Applied Physics-Tippens third edition; McGraw-Hill.
Further reading
B. Hoffmann, The Strange Story of the Quantum, Pelican 1963. Lucretius, On the Nature of the Universe, transl. from the Latin by R.E. Latham, Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth 1951. There are, of course, many translations, and the translation's title varies. Some put emphasis on how things work, others on what things are found in nature. J. Mehra and H. Rechenberg, The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, Vol.1, Part 1, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., New York 1982. M. Planck, A Survey of Physical Theory, transl. by R. Jones and D.H. Williams, Methuen & Co., Ltd., London 1925 (Dover editions 1960 and 1993) including the Nobel lecture. Rodney, Brooks (2011) Fields of Color: The theory that escaped Einstein. Allegra Print & Imaging. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum&oldid=592020802" Categories: Quantum mechanics This page was last modified on 23 January 2014 at 13:38. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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