'6reen' concrele in 0ennark

M. 6|av|nd and C. Munch-Petersen Ccncrete Centre, Danlsh Technclcglcal lnstltute, Denmark

Cement and cencrete may have an |mertant re|e te |ay |n enab||ng enmark te fu|f|| |ts eb||gat|en, agreed at the Kyete cenference, te reduce
the teta| C0
2
em|ss|en by 21 cemared te the 1990 |eve| befere 2012. 1h|s |s because arex|mate|y 2 ef enmark's teta| C0
2
em|ss|en
stems frem cement and cencrete reduct|en. 1here |s cens|derab|e knew|edge abeut hew te reduce cencrete w|th a reduced env|renmenta|
|mact. Rewever, |t |s net knewn te a suff|c|ent degree - ne|ther |n enmark ner |nternat|ena||y - en what sca|e, and w|th what techne|egy, th|s
'green' cencrete can be a||ed |n ract|ce |n bu||d|ngs and structures. Fer |nstance, there |s net eneugh |nfermat|en abeut hew the reert|es ef
green cencrete, such as cemress|ve strength, durab|||ty, f|re erfermance, cast|ng and execut|en, harden|ng and cur|ng, are affected by the
measures te reduce the env|renmenta| |mact ef cencrete. 1h|s aer g|ves an everv|ew ef the resent state ef affa|rs |n enmark ef cencrete
tyes that have reduced env|renmenta| |mact. 1here |s a descr|t|en ef ameng ether th|ngs the ess|b|||t|es ef us|ng green cencrete w|th|n the
ex|st|ng standards and sec|f|cat|ens. A sec|a| fecus w||| be en a |arge an|sh centre runn|ng frem 1998 te 2002, |nve|v|ng |ead|ng un|vers|t|es,
|nst|tutes, bu||d|ng ewners, centracters, censu|tanc|es, and cement and cencrete manufacturers. 1he etent|a| env|renmenta| benef|t te
sec|ety ef be|ng ab|e te bu||d w|th green cencrete |s huge. It |s rea||st|c te assume that techne|egy, wh|ch can ha|ve the C0
2
em|ss|en re|ated te
cencrete reduct|en, can be deve|eed. 1h|s w||| etent|a||y reduce enmark's teta| C0
2
em|ss|ens by 0.6 and w||| centr|bute s|gn|f|cant|y te
ach|ev|ng the targets set u at the Kyete Cenference. Furthermere, green cencrete m|ght se|ve seme ef the sec|et|es reb|ems w|th the use ef
|nergan|c, res|dua| reducts wh|ch sheu|d etherw|se be dees|ted.
1he re|e ef cement and cencrete |n re|at|en te the
env|renment
Ccncrete ls the wcrld`s mcst lmpcrtant ccnstructlcn materlal. ln
Denmark alcne, 8 000 000 t cf ccncrete ls prcduced annually. Fcr
the prcductlcn cf thls amcunt cf ccncrete, 1 400 000 t cf cement
ls used. Thls ccrrespcnds tc 1.5 t cf ccncrete per caplta annually.
Ccncrete ls an envlrcnmentally frlendly materlal, and the lmpact
cn the envlrcnment per tcnne cf ccncrete prcduced ls small. The
C0
2
emlsslcn related tc ccncrete prcductlcn, lncluslve cf cement
prcductlcn, ls between 0.1 and 0.2 t per tcnne cf prcduced ccn
crete. Hcwever, slnce the tctal amcunt cf ccncrete prcduced ls sc
vast the absclute flgures fcr the envlrcnmental lmpact are qulte
slgnlflcant, due tc the large amcunts cf cement and ccncrete prc
duced. Frcm cement and ccncrete prcductlcn a tctal quantlty cf
C0
2
cf 600 0001 200 000 t per year ls emltted. Thls ccrrespcnds
tc apprcxlmately 2 cf Denmark`s tctal C0
2
emlsslcn.
The sclutlcn tc thls envlrcnmental prcblem ls nct tc substltute
ccncrete fcr cther materlals but tc reduce the envlrcnmental
lmpact cf ccncrete and cement. ^galn, even a small reductlcn cf
the envlrcnmental lmpact per tcnne cf ccncrete wlll result ln large
envlrcnmental beneflts because cf the vast amcunt cf ccncrete
prcduced tcday.
The pctentlal envlrcnmental beneflt tc scclety cf belng able tc
bulld wlth green ccncrete ls huge. lt ls reallstlc tc assume that
technclcgy can be develcped, whlch can halve the C0
2
emlsslcn
related tc ccncrete prcductlcn. wlth the large ccnsumptlcn cf
ccncrete thls wlll pctentlally reduce Denmark`s tctal C0
2
emls
slcn by 0.51.
Ccncrete can alsc be the sclutlcn tc envlrcnmental prcblems
cther than thcse related tc C0
2
emlsslcn. lt may be pcsslble tc
use resldual prcducts frcm cther lndustrles ln the ccncrete prc
ductlcn whlle stlll malntalnlng a hlgh ccncrete quallty. Durlng the
last few decades scclety has beccme aware cf the depcslt prcb
lems ccnnected wlth resldual prcducts, and demands, restrlc
tlcns and taxes have been lmpcsed. ^nd as lt ls kncwn that
several resldual prcducts have prcpertles sulted fcr ccncrete
prcductlcn, there ls a large pctentlal ln lnvestlgatlng the pcsslble
use cf these fcr ccncrete prcductlcn. wellkncwn resldual prcd
ucts such as slllca fume and fly ash may be mentlcned.
Backgreund te the estab||shment ef 1he an|sh
Centre fer Reseurce 5av|ng Cencrete 5tructures
Tcday, lt ls already pcsslble tc prcduce and cast very green ccn
crete (see alsc the sectlcn 'State cf affalrs ln Denmark fcr ccn
crete wlth reduced envlrcnmental lmpact`, belcw). Lven a 'super
green` type cf ccncrete wlthcut cement but wlth, fcr example,
300 kg cf fly ash lnstead can be prcduced and cast wlthcut any
changes ln the prcductlcn equlpment. But thls ccncrete wlll nct
14644177 2000 Thcmas Te|fcrd Ltd and fib 1
Structura| Ccncrete
2000, 1, Nc. 1
March, 16
develcp strength, and lt wlll cf ccurse nct be durable. Therefcre,
the challenge ls tc develcp a new technclcgy fcr thls type cf ccn
crete. The technclcgy must lnclude all aspects cf perfcrmance,
lncludlng:
- mechanlcal prcpertles (strength, shrlnkage, creep, statlc
behavlcur etc.)
- flre reslstance (spalllng, heat transfer, etc.)
- wcrkmanshlp (wcrkablllty, strength develcpment, curlng,
etc.)
- durablllty (ccrrcslcn prctectlcn, frcst, new deterlcratlcn
mechanlsms, etc.)
- thermcdynamlc prcpertles (lnput tc the abcve)
- envlrcnmental lmpact (hcw green ls the new ccncrete?).
Meetlng these requlrements ls nct an easy task, and all must be
reached at the same tlme lf ccnstructcrs are tc be tempted tc pre
scrlbe green ccncrete. ^ ccnstructcr wculd nct ncrmally pre
scrlbe green ccncrete lf the per fcrmance ls lcwer than ncrmal
fcr example, a reduced servlce llfe.
The new technclcgy wlll therefcre need tc develcp ccncretes
wlth all prcpertles as near ncrmal as pcsslble, and lf any prcper
tles are nct ncrmal and are requlred tc be dealt wlth ln a new and
speclal way, thls must be clearly stated.
Thls ls the cbjectlve cf the Danlsh Centre fcr Rescurce Savlng
Ccncrete Structures.
5tate ef affa|rs |n enmark fer cencrete w|th reduced
env|renmenta| |mact
There ls ccnslderable kncwledge ln Denmark abcut hcw tc
prcduce ccncrete wlth lcwer envlrcnmental lmpact, the sccalled
green ccncrete.
The ccncrete lndustry ln Denmark has ccnslderable experlence
ln deallng wlth envlrcnmental aspects. lt reallzed at an early
stage that lt ls a gccd ldea tc be transparent wlth regard tc dccu
mentlng envlrcnmental aspects and wcrklng cn lmprcvlng the en
vlrcnment, rather than belng fcrced tc deal wlth envlrcnmental
2 Structura| Ccncrete, 2000, 1, Nc. 1
Glavlnd and Munchletersen
0
1
2
3
4
5
Energy consumption in cement production
Other energy consumption
Constituent
materials
After
production
After
construction
After
service
After
disposal
E
n
e
r
g
y

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

(
M
J
/
k
g
)
F|g. 1 Ldge beam: tctal energy ccnsumptlcn thrcugh
all the llfe cycle phases
1
lasslve (lndccrs)
Mcderate (vertlcal
cutdccrs)
^ggresslve (hcrlzcntal
cutdccrs)
Lxtraaggresslve (splash
zcnes, etc.)
Maxlmum ccntent cf
F^ + MS as C + F^ + MS
Nc requlrements
35 25 25
Maxlmum ccntent cf
MS as C + F^ + MS
Nc requlrements 10 10 10
C, cement; F^, fly ash; MS, mlcrcslllca
1ab|e 2 Requlrements fcr the ccntents cf fly ash and mlcrcslllca acccrdlng tc the Danlsh ccncrete materlals standard ()
4
Ccnstltuent l M ^ L^
Cement (C)
Fly ash (F^)
Mlcrcslllca (MS)
water (w)
w/(C + 0.5 F^ + 2.0 MS)
150
50
10
135
0.69
200
60
15
135
0.52
290
50
15
140
0.41
300
30
15
135
0.39
1ab|e 1 Typlcal Danlsh ccncrete mlx deslgn
aspects due tc demands frcm authcrltles, custcmers and ecc
ncmlc effects such as lmpcsed taxes, etc.
Furthermcre, scme ccmpanles ln the Danlsh ccncrete lndustry
have reccgnlzed that reductlcns ln prcductlcn ccsts cften gc hand
ln hand wlth reductlcns ln envlrcnmental lmpacts. Thus, envlrcn
mental aspects are nct cnly lnterestlng frcm an ldeclcglcal pclnt
cf vlew but alsc frcm an eccncmlc aspect.
The kncwledge and experlence ln Denmark cf hcw tc prcduce
ccncrete wlth lcwer envlrcnmental lmpact can be dlvlded lntc twc
grcups, ccncrete mlx deslgn and cement and ccncrete
prcductlcn:
- Ccncrete mlx deslgn:
uslng cement wlth reduced envlrcnmental lmpact
mlnlmlzlng cement ccntent
substltutlng cement wlth pczzclanlc materlals such as fly
ash and mlcrcslllca.
- Cement and ccncrete prcductlcn:
envlrcnmental management.
Ccncrete mix design
The type and amcunt cf cement has a majcr lnfluence cn the envl
rcnmental prcpertles cf a ccncrete. ^n example cf thls ls shcwn ln
Flgure 1, where the energy ccnsumptlcn ln megajcules per kllc
gram cf a ccncrete edge beam thrcugh all lts llfe cycle phases ls ll
lustrated. The energy ccnsumptlcn cf cement prcductlcn make up
mcre than 90 cf the tctal energy ccnsumptlcn cf all ccnstltuent
materlals and apprcxlmately cnethlrd cf the tctal llfe cycle
energy ccnsumptlcn.
By selectlng a cement type wlth reduced envlrcnmental lmpact,
and by mlnlmlzlng the amcunt cf cement, the envlrcnmental prcp
ertles cf the ccncrete are drastlcally changed. Thls must,
hcwever, be dcne whlle stlll taklng acccunt cf the technlcal re
qulrements cf the ccncrete fcr the type and amcunt cf cement.
Denmark`s cement manufacturer ^albcrg lcrtland prlcrltlzes de
velcpment cf cements wlth reduced envlrcnmental lmpact.
2
0ne methcd cf mlnlmlzlng the cement ccntent ln a ccncrete mlx
ls by uslng packlng calculatlcns tc determlne the cptlmum ccm
pcsltlcn cf the aggregate. ^ hlgh level cf aggregate packlng
reduces the cavltles between the aggregates, and thereby the
need fcr cement paste. Thls results ln better ccncrete prcpertles
and a better envlrcnmental prcflle, due tc a smaller amcunt cf
cement. when havlng determlned the packlng, the denslty and
the graln slze dlstrlbutlcn cf each aggregate materlal experlmen
tally, lt ls pcsslble tc calculate the packlng cf any ccmblnatlcn cf
aggregates uslng the DTl Ccncrete Centre`s ccmputer prcgram.
3
^ncther way cf mlnlmlzlng the cement ccntent ln ccncrete ls tc
substltute parts cf the cement wlth cther pczzclanlc materlals. ln
Denmark lt ls ccmmcn tc prcduce ccncrete wlth fly ash and/cr
mlcrcslllca. Bcth cf these materlals are resldual prcducts (frcm
prcductlcn cf electrlclty and prcductlcn cf slllccn, respectlvely)
and bcth have a pczzclanlc effect. Thus, a materlal wlth large en
vlrcnmental lmpact, l.e. the cement, ls substltuted wlth materlals
wlth reduced envlrcnmental lmpact.
lt ls lmpcrtant tc reallze that ccncrete ln Denmark because cf
the wldespread use cf mlcrcslllca and fly ash, ls already very
green. ^lmcst all the ccncrete prcduced ln Denmark tcday ccn
talns cne cr mcre cf these prcducts, and mcst ccncrete ccntalns
all three. ln shcrt, cement ls used tc glve early strength,
mlcrcslllca tc glve 28 day strength and fly ash tc glve pumpablllty.
ln Table 1 typlcal Danlsh mlx deslgn ls stated fcr ccncrete fcr
class l (passlve, l.e. lndccrs), M (mcderate, l.e. vertlcal cut
dccrs), ^ (aggresslve, l.e. hcrlzcntal cutdccrs) and L^ (extra
aggresslve, l.e. splash zcnes, etc.).
The restrlctlcns cn addlng fly ash and mlcrcslllca lald dcwn ln
the new Danlsh ccncrete materlals standard
4
are as shcwn ln
Table 2.
Cement and ccncrete prcducticn
lt ls alsc pcsslble tc reduce the envlrcnmental lmpact cf ccncrete
by reduclng the envlrcnmental lmpact cf cement and ccncrete
prcductlcn. Danlsh cement manufacturers undertake many actlvl
tles ccncerned wlth the reductlcn cf envlrcnmental lmpact.
2
^s regards ccncrete prcductlcn, experlence wlth the reductlcn
cf prlmarlly water ccnsumptlcn, energy ccnsumptlcn and waste
prcductlcn ls avallable. Lven thcugh the ccntrlbutlcn cf ccncrete
prcductlcn tc the envlrcnmental prcflle cf ccncrete ls mlncr, lt
dces ccntrlbute, and ls lmpcrtant envlrcnmentally and eccncml
cally tc the slngle ccncrete prcducer.
ln a large Danlsh prcject, 'Lnvlrcnmental Management ln the
Bulldlng and Ccnstructlcn lndustry`, a gulde tc envlrcnmental
readlng, envlrcnmental management based cn the lS0 14001
Structura| Ccncrete, 2000, 1, Nc. 1 3
'Green` ccncrete ln Denmark
14 types of concrete
Residual products from other
industries, not formerly used
in concrete
Combustion ash from
water purifying plants
Smoke waste from
waste combustion
FA from sugar
production
6 types of concrete 'Ordinary' types of concrete
with known cement types
plus fly ash and microsilica The residual products from
the concrete industry
Stone dust
Concrete slurry
10 types of concrete
Fly ash, microsilica plus
known cement types
U1 Large amounts of fly
ash
U3

F|g. 2 0ver vlew ccncrete

develcpments ln the Centre fcr
Rescurce Savlng Ccncrete
Structures. New types cf cement
and blnders (U2) can be utlllzed ln
U1 as well as ln U3
standard, and a 'getstarted` gulde, are under preparatlcn. The
gulde wlll help ccncrete prcducers reduce the envlrcnmental
lmpact resultlng frcm thelr prcductlcn methcds.
57
1he an|sh Centre fer Reseurce 5av|ng Cencrete
5tructures
The Centre fcr Rescurce Savlng Ccncrete Structures (ln shcrt,
the Centre fcr Green Ccncrete) ls a cccperatlve venture between
the Danlsh Technclcglcal lnstltute, Danlsh unlversltles and
prlvate ccmpanles, representlng all sectcrs related tc ccncrete:
aggregate, cement and ccncrete prcducers, a ccntractcr, a ccn
sultant and a ccncrete user. The centre ls funded by the Mlnlstry
cf Trade and lndustry thrcugh a sccalled centre ccntract, ln
whlch the partners fcrm a 'centre wlthcut walls` wlth a fcrmallzed
management structure and an agreed wcrk prcgramme, but wlth
the wcrk carrled cut by the lndlvldual partners at thelr cwn
facllltles.
The centre has a budget cf apprcxlmately DK K 22 mllllcn (ap
prcxlmately US 5 3.5 mllllcn) cne cf the largest Danlsh ccncrete
develcpment prcjects ever. The lndustrlal partners and the Danlsh
Rcad Dlrectcrate flnance thelr cwn ccntrlbutlcn. The ccntrlbutlcn
cf the Danlsh Technclcglcal lnstltute ls 25 flnanced by the lnstl
tute ltself whlle the Mlnlstry cf Trade and lndustry supplles the
Danlsh Technclcglcal lnstltute and the unlversltles wlth an
amcunt equal tc the lnvestment made by the lndustrlal partners.
The centre was started 1 1uly 1998, and wlll run fcr 4 years.
The gcal cf the prcject ls tc reduce the envlrcnmental lmpact cf
ccncrete. Thls wlll be achleved thrcugh the develcpment cf new
rescurcesavlng blndlng systems, lncreased recycllng and energy
reccvery cf materlals. Tc enable thls, new technclcgy wlll be de
velcped fcr all phases ln the deslgn, ccnstructlcn and use cf ccn
crete structures. Thls applles tc structural deslgn, speclflcatlcn,
manufacturlng, cperatlcn and malntenance.
The centre partlclpants are The Ccncrete Centre (Danlsh Tech
nclcglcal lnstltute), ^albcrg lcrtland ^/S, Unlccn Betcn ^/S,
C0wl Rdglvende lngenlrer ^S, Hjgaard & Schultz a/s, ^B
Sydsten, the Department cf Bulldlngs and Lnergy (Technlcal Unl
verslty cf Denmark), the Department cf Bulldlng Deslgn, Bulldlng
Lnergy and Lnergy llannlng (^albcrg Unlverslty) and the Danlsh
Rcad Dlrectcrate.
Fnvircnmenta| gca|s
The centre`s prellmlnary envlrcnmental gcals whlch green ccn
crete has tc fulfll are as fcllcws:
- Reduce C0
2
emlsslcns by 21. Thls ls ln acccrdance wlth the
Kyctc cbllgatlcn as descrlbed prevlcusly.
- lncrease the use cf lncrganlc resldual prcducts frcm lndus
trles cther than the ccncrete lndustry by apprcxlmately 20.
- Reduce the use cf fcssll fuels by lncreaslng the use cf waste
derlved fuels ln the cement lndustry. The reductlcn percent
age has nct yet been determlned.
- ^vcld the use cf materlals frcm the llst cf unwanted materlals
prepared by the Danlsh Lnvlrcnmental lrctectlcn ^gency.
These materlals can, fcr lnstance, be fcrm cll and addltlves.
- The recycllng capaclty cf the green ccncrete must nct be
reduced ccmpared tc exlstlng ccncrete types.
- The prcductlcn cf green ccncrete must nct decrease the recy
cllng appllcablllty cf dlscharged water.
- The prcductlcn and use cf green ccncrete must nct wcrsen the
wcrklng envlrcnment.
Three different ways tc prcduce green ccncrete
ln the varlcus develcpment prcjects ln the centre, green ccncrete
ls examlned ln three dlfferent ways:
8
- U1: ccncrete wlth mlnlmal cllnker ccntent.
- U2: ccncrete wlth green types cf cements and blnders.
- U3: ccncrete wlth lncrganlc, resldual prcducts.
Flgure 2 glves an cvervlew cf the green ccncrete types lnvestl
gated. U1 malnly deals wlth hlghvclume fly ash ccncrete, and U2
deals wlth the cement develcpment. U3 deals wlth lncrganlc re
sldual prcducts frcm the ccncrete lndustry and cther lndustrles,
and ls descrlbed mcre thcrcughly ln the next sectlcn.
Fva|uaticn cf incrganic residua| prcducts
lnfcrmatlcn abcut numercus lncrganlc resldual prcducts re
gardlng suppllers, amcunts, partlcle slze dlstrlbutlcn, chemlcal
ccmpcsltlcn, etc., has been ccllected.
4 Structura| Ccncrete, 2000, 1, Nc. 1
Glavlnd and Munchletersen
Ccntrcl
lv1
(F^50MS0)
lv2
(F^50MS6)
lv3
(F^60MS6)
lv4
(F^70MS6)
Cement ccntent (kg)
Ccntent cf fly ash ()
Ccntent cf mlcrc slllca ()
Ccntent cf speclal flller ()
C0
2
reductlcn ()
Lqulvalent water/cement ratlc ()
148
24
6

0.71
120
50

18
0.78
101
50
6

31
0.80
85
60
6

41
0.70
61
70
6

57
0.74
1ab|e 3 Develcpment prcject U1: ccncrete wlth mlnlmal cllnker ccntent (passlve envlrcnmental class)
Ccntrcl
^v1
(F^9MS5)
^v2
(F^18MS5)
^v3
(F^30MS5)
^v4
(F^40MS5)
^v5
(F^40MS5)
Cement ccntent (kg)
Ccntent cf fly ash ()
Ccntent cf mlcrc slllca ()
C0
2
reductlcn ()
Lqulvalent water/cement ratlc ()
309
9
5
0
0.37
274
9
5
33
0.421
272
18
5
33
0.42
219
30
5
46
0.42
190
40
5
54
0.42
189
40
5
54
0.42
1ab|e 4 Develcpment prcject U1: ccncrete wlth mlnlmal cllnker ccntent (aggresslve envlrcnmental class)
The materlals, whlch have been judged as useable fcr ccncrete
prcductlcn and selected fcr further develcpment, are shcwn ln
Flgure 2. The judgement was based cn an evaluatlcn ccncernlng
bcth ccncrete technclcgy and envlrcnmental aspects.
lncrganlc resldual prcducts frcm the ccncrete lndustry (e.g.
stcne dust and ccncrete slurry) and prcducts whlch pcse a huge
waste prcblem tc scclety and whlch are ln pclltlcal fccus (e.g.
ccmbustlcn ash frcm waterpurlfylng plants, smcke waste frcm
waste ccmbustlcn and fly ash frcm sugar prcductlcn) have been
glven hlghest prlcrlty.
lt shculd be mentlcned that recycled ccncrete aggregate has
been excluded because almcst all cf the ccncrete waste ls used
fcr rcad ccnstructlcn as lt ls per fectly sultable fcr thls purpcse. lt
ls therefcre nct necessary tc apply cther rescurce savlng mea
sures tc ccncrete aggregate.
5tene dust. Stcne dust ls a resldual prcduct frcm the crushlng cf
aggregates. lt ls an lnert materlal wlth a partlcle slze between
that cf cement and sand partlcles. Stcne dust ls expected tc sub
stltute part cf the sand.
Cencrete s|urry. Ccncrete slurry ls a resldual prcduct frcm ccn
crete prcductlcn, l.e. washlng mlxers and cther equlpment. The
ccncrete slurry ls can be elther a dry cr wet substance, and can
be recycled elther as a dry pcwder cr wlth water. ln the case cf re
cycllng cf the dry materlal, lt ls necessary tc prccess lt tc pcwder.
The ccncrete slurry can have scme pczzclanlc effect, and mlght
therefcre be used as a substltute fcr part cf the cement cr fcr
cther types cf pczzclanlc materlals such as fly ash.
Cembust|en ash frem water-ur|fy|ng |ants. Thls type cf ccm
bustlcn ash has the same partlcle slze and shape as fly ash partl
cles. The ccntent cf heavy metals ln the slurry ls expected tc be
apprcxlmately at the same level as fcr fly ash. The slurry can have
scme pczzclanlc effect, and mlght therefcre be used as a substl
tute fcr part cf the cement cr fcr cther types cf pczzclanlc mate
rlals such as fly ash.
5meke waste frem waste cembust|en. Thls smcke waste can
have scme pczzclanlc effect. The ccntent cf heavy metals ls slg
nlflcantly hlgher than that cf crdlnary fly ash. Furthermcre, the
Structura| Ccncrete, 2000, 1, Nc. 1 6
'Green` ccncrete ln Denmark
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
48 168 672 1344
Time (h)
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
P-ref w/c = 0.71
PV1 w/c = 0.78
PV2 w/c = 0.80
PV3 w/c = 0.70
PV4 w/c = 0.74
F|g. 3 Strength develcpment fcr hlgh
vclume fly ash ccncrete ln the passlve
envlrcnmental class (adjusted tc the
same water ccntent; w/c, water/
cement ratlc)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
48 168 672 1344
Time (h)
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
A-ref w/c = 0.37
AV1 w/c = 0.41
AV2 w/c = 0.42
AV3 w/c = 0.42
AV4 w/c = 0.42
AV5 w/c = 0.44
F|g. 4 Strength develcpment fcr hlgh
vclume fly ash ccncrete ln the
aggresslve envlrcnmental class
(adjusted tc the same water ccntent;
w/c, water/cement ratlc)
ccntent cf chlcrldes, flucrldes and suzlfates can result ln negatlve
effects ln ccnnectlcn wlth relnfcrcement ccrrcslcn, retardatlcn
and pcsslble thaumaslte reactlcns. Further prccesslng wlll be
necessary befcre lts use ln ccncrete.
F|y ash frem sugar reduct|en. The fly ash frcm thls scurce ls nct
expected be very dlfferent frcm crdlnary fly ash.
The green ccncrete test prcgramme
^ll the abcve mentlcned green ccncrete types wlll be tested fcr
wcrkablllty, changes ln wcrkablllty after 30 mln, alr ccntent, ccm
presslve strength develcpment, L mcdules, heat develcpment, hc
mcgenelty, water separatlcn, settlng, denslty and pumpablllty.
Furthermcre, the water/cement ratlc, water/blnder ratlc and the
chlcrlde ccntent wlll need tc be calculated.
Fcllcwlng cn frcm these tests the mcst prcmlslng green ccn
crete wlll be selected and expcsed tc mcre advanced testlng.
Fxamp|e resu|ts cf investigaticns intc green ccncrete
Tables 3 and 4 shcw ccncrete mlxes tested wlth hlghvclume fly
ash fcr the passlve and aggresslve envlrcnmental classes. ln the
passlve envlrcnmental class the fly ash ccntent was lncreased
frcm 24 tc 70, resultlng ln a reductlcn cf C0
2
emlsslcn frcm 18
tc 57.
ln the aggresslve envlrcnmental class the fly ash ccntent was
lncreased frcm 9 tc 40 resultlng ln a reductlcn cf C0
2
emlsslcn
frcm 33 tc 54. ^v5 ls a mcdlfled verslcn cf ^v4 wlth an ln
creased alr ccntent.
The ccntrcl parameters fcr the mlxes were a slump cf apprcxl
mately 100 mm and, fcr the aggresslve envlrcnment, an alr
ccntent cf 5.5.
Strength develcpment ls shcwn ln Flgures 3 and 4. The flgures
shcw that lv4, whlch has a fly ash ccntent cf 70, has strength
that ls far tcc lcw: lt appears that the fly ash ccntent must nct
exceed apprcxlmately 60. Lven sc, the strength develcpment ls
stlll tcc slcw. Therefcre, studles have been lnltlated tc lmprcve
the strength develcpment.
^s regards the ccncrete ln the aggresslve envlrcnmental class,
the strength develcpment ls slmllar fcr all ccncrete types. Thls ln
dlcates that the maxlmum fly ash ccntent has nct been reached
wlth a ccntent cf 40. Hcwever, prellmlnary testlng lndlcates
that the hlghvclume fly ash ccncrete mlght have prcblems wlth
frcst reslstance. Further studles have been lnltlated tc lnvestl
gate thls lssue.
Currently, testlng ls belng per fcrmed cn ccncrete ccntalnlng
ccncrete slurry, stcne dust, and ash frcm the ccmbustlcn cf
slurry frcm waterpurlfylng plants.
Cement-stabi|ized fcundaticns
^ partlcular fccus cf the Centre fcr Green Ccncrete ls cn cement
stablllzed fcundatlcns. Thls actlvlty lncludes lnvestlgatlcn cf:
- The pcsslblllty cf castlng cementstablllzed fcundatlcns wlth a
hlgh ccntent cf materlals whlch shculd ctherwlse be
depcslted, e.g. slurry frcm waste ccmbustlcn as a substltute
fcr crdlnary gravel.
- The use cf crushed waste asphalt as a substltute fcr aggre
gate. Lxperlence shcws that the use cf crushed asphalt as
part cf the aggregate can ellmlnate the develcpment cf
macrccracks ln a fcundatlcn, ellmlnatlng reflectlcn cracks ln
the next layer. Therefcre, the use cf crushed asphalt ln a ce
mentstablllzed fcundatlcn can lmprcve the quallty cf the
entlre castlng.
- The use cf flllers such as stcne dust, smcke waste frcm waste
ccmbustlcn, slurry frcm waste ccmbustlcn and speclal chalk
flllers.
Design, cperaticn and maintenance, research activities and the
ccnstructicn cf a demcnstraticn bridge
The flnal twc develcpment prcjects cf the centre ccncern the cp
eratlcn and malntenance cf green ccncrete structures and green
structural sclutlcns/structural sclutlcns fcr green ccncrete.
0ther actlvltles ccncerned wlth speclflc tcplcs lnclude ln
creased research and develcpment. Thls lncludes examlnatlcn cf
mechanlcal prcpertles, flre reslstance, executlcn, durablllty, and
physlcal and thermal dynamlc examlnatlcns.
|mp|ementaticn cf the resu|ts
The results are expected tc be lmplemented ln a Rcad Dlrectcrate
speclal ccncrete speclflcatlcn fcr rescurcesavlng ccncrete struc
tures. Thls wlll be used ln carrylng cut a demcnstratlcn prcject
whlch lncludes the dlmenslcnlng and ccnstructlcn cf a brldge ln
green ccncrete.
Cenc|us|en
Thls cvervlew cf the present state cf affalrs ln Denmark cf ccn
crete types wlth reduced envlrcnmental lmpact has shcwn that
there ls ccnslderable kncwledge and experlence cn the subject.
The Danlsh and Lurcpean envlrcnmental pcllcles have mctlvated
the ccncrete lndustry tc react, and wlll prcbably alsc mctlvate
further develcpment cf the prcductlcn and use cf ccncrete wlth
reduced envlrcnmental lmpact.
The scmewhat vague envlrcnmental requlrements that exlst
have resulted ln a need fcr mcre speclflc technlcal requlrements,
and thls ls the fccus cf a recently started large Danlsh research
prcject, where the mcst lmpcrtant gcal ls tc develcp the tech
nclcgy necessary tc prcduce and use rescurcesavlng ccncrete
structures, l.e. green ccncrete. Thls applles tc structure deslgn,
speclflcatlcn, manufacturlng, the per fcrmance, cperatlcn and
malntenance.
Cement and ccncrete may have an lmpcrtant rcle tc play ln en
abllng Denmark tc fulfll lts cbllgatlcn tc reduce the tctal C0
2
emls
slcn by 21 ccmpared tc the 1990 level befcre 2012, as agreed
at the Kyctc Ccnference.
The pctentlal envlrcnmental beneflt tc scclety cf belng able tc
bulld wlth green ccncrete ls huge. lt ls reallstlc tc assume that
the technclcgy can be develcped whlch can halve the C0
2
emls
slcn related tc ccncrete prcductlcn, and wlth the large energy
ccnsumptlcn cf ccncrete and the fcllcwlng large emlsslcn cf C0
2
thls wlll mean a pctentlal reductlcn cf Denmark`s tctal C0
2
emls
slcn by 0.51.
6 Structura| Ccncrete, 2000, 1, Nc. 1
Glavlnd and Munchletersen
Furthermcre, green ccncrete mlght sclve scme cf scclety`s
prcblems by the use cf lncrganlc resldual prcducts whlch wculd
ctherwlse be depcslted ln the envlrcnment.
References
1. Danlsh Lnvlrcnmental lrctectlcn ^gency. |ndustr y /na|ysis,
Ccncrete C|eaner Technc|cgy in Ccncrete Prcducticn.
Fnvircnmenta| Prcject Nc. 350. Mlnlstr y cf Lnvlrcnment and Lnergy,
Danlsh Lnvlrcnmental lrctectlcn ^gency, 1997.
2. Damtcft, 1. S. Use cf fly ash and cther waste materlals as raw feed and
energy scurce ln the danlsh cement lndustr y. Prcceedings cf the
C/NMFT//C| |nternaticna| Sympcsium cn Sustainab|e Deve|cpment
cf the Cement and Ccncrete |ndustr y. Canada, 1998.
3. Glavlnd, M., 0lsen, G. S. and Munchletersen, C. lacklng calculatlcns
and ccncrete mlx deslgn. Ncrdic Ccncrete Fesearch, Pub|icaticn Nc.
13. The Ncrdlc Ccncrete Federatlcn, 1993.
4. Ccncrete Materia|s, DS 481 1998 [ln Danlsh].
5. Glavlnd, M. and 0lsen, G. S. Fvidence in Fnvircnmenta| Feading,
prcvlslcnal edn. DTl Ccncrete Centre, 1998
6. 0lsen, G. S. and Glavlnd, M. Oet Started Ouidance in Fnvircnmenta|
Management, lrcvlslcnal edn. DTl Ccncrete Centre, 1998 [ln Danlsh]
7. 0lsen, G. S. and Glavlnd, M. Ouidance in Fnvircnmenta| Management,
lrcvlslcnal edn. DTl Ccncrete Centre, 1998 [ln Danlsh]
8. Glavlnd, M. and Bager, D. Status cf U1, U2 and U3, lnternal ncte.
Centre fcr Rescurce Savlng Ccncrete Structures, 1999 [ln Danlsh].
Structura| Ccncrete, 2000, 1, Nc. 1 ?
'Green` ccncrete ln Denmark
^uthcr tc
supply phctc
M. 6|av|nd, M5c, Ph
Ccncrete Centre, Danlsh Technclcglcal lnstltute,
Denmark
^uthcr tc
supply phctc
C. Munch-Petersen, M5c
Ccncrete Centre, Danlsh Technclcglcal lnstltute,
Denmark