Memory and Material Objects in The Iliad and The Odyssey

MEMORY AND MATERIAL OBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY Author(s): JONAS GRETHLEIN Source: The Journal
of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 128 (2008), pp. 27-51 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40651722 . Accessed: 10/01/2014 09:21
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Journal ofHellenicStudies128 (2008) 27-51
MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY*

Abstract: havebeenfocusing onmaterial relics as evidence ofa historical Recently, archaeologists consciousness. This article examines theIliad andtheOdyssey from thepointofview ofthis'archaeology ofthepast'. Various material from tombs to everyday evokethepastin theepicpoems, objects, ranging thenarrative and objects, thereby enriching reflections on the act ofmemory. In turn, Homeric evidence shedsnewlight on thehermeneutics providing ofrelicsin archaic oralsociety.
In thelastdecade,archaeologists and pre-historians have come to interpret material relicsas evidence ofthepast'smeaning and function in extinct andpreliterate cultures. Whiletheearlier communis of a historical awarenesswas dependent on opinioassumedthatthedevelopment theadvocates ofthe'archaeology ofthepast'makea strong case 'that lives literacy, prehistoric wouldalwayshavebeenconducted to an awareness ofhistory, evenifitcouldnotbe according intheterms measured that areusedtoday'.1 Observations suchas thereuseofburial sites2 andthe ofbuildings to fit thefinds of olderbuildings3 aretherefore as indicators adjustment interpreted for an awareness ofthepast.Archaeologists andpre-historians further that relics from the suggest served as tools in and social past powerful political struggles.4 The idea ofthe'archaeology ofthepast'allowsus to takea fresh lookat theHomeric poems, sincethere aremany cases in which material objectsevokethepastin theIliad andtheOdyssey. Of course, certain suchas theboar's-tusk helmet orNestor's of objects cuphavebeenthesubject but the relevance of material relics as commemorative studies, many general objectshas notreceiveditsdue attention. The first three sections of thispaper, setoutto highlight the therefore, material sideofthepastembedded intheplotsofthe Iliad andtheOdyssey. As we willsee, strong a great of material examine variety objectskeepsthepastalive in theheroicworld. I will first monuments theprimary is topreserve a particular thetombs goal ofwhich memory, namely (sectionI). I willthen thewalls,which werebuilt as fortifications, butalso servea commeminspect orative function there is a great number of everyday evoke (section II). Furthermore, goodsthat stories from thepastthrough their We shall see that theepic 'archaeology of (section history III). thepast'enriches thenarrative andprovides a self-reflection on theepicsas an actofmemory.5 In turn, theepicscan helpus elucidate thehermeneutics ofthe'archaeology ofthepast'. As critics havenotfailed topoint the conclusions of are out, many investigations highly speculative. Itis rather difficult toreconstruct attitudes towards thepaston thebasisofmaterial relics. In this theearlyGreekepics offer debated whatrole respect, preciousevidence.Whileitis stillhotly
The translations of theIliad and the Odyssey are basedon Lattimore audi(1951); (1965). I wishto thank encesat theUniversity ofFreiburg, at theDeutscher His2006 and at Stanford for their torikertag University Sebastian Ortwin comments, Brather, particularly Dally, Hans-Joachim KarlJoachim and Gehrke, Hlkeskamp MatthiasSteinhart.I am also mostgrateful to Angus Bowie and JHS's anonymous referees fortheir helpful criticism. 1 ofolder works (2002) 53. See thesurvey Bradley by Holtorf (2005). However,thereare still scholarswho maintain theold evolutionist see, forexample, approach, Mller (1997); (2005). 2 See, for example, Hingley (1996/1997). 3 See, for example, Bradley (2002) 58-71. 4 The of the past' approachhas also 'archaeology fruitful for Classicalstudies. AnSee, for proved example, tonaccio(1995); Alcock(2002); Boardman (2002). Furtherworks dealing with materialrelics as media of * includeHainsworth memory (1987) and Lacroix(1989), both on relics;Mayor(2000) on fossils. Inspired byHalbwachs('cadre matriel'), Jonker theim(1995) examines portance of materialrelics for memoryin ancient Mesopotamia. 5Let me outone limitation ofmyfocus. briefly point Within German tolink the scholarship especially, attempts have experienced a revival. Latacz (2004), epicsto ruins for deemsithighly that the Iliad preserves example, likely ofan actual war(for a critique, see Ulf(2003)), knowledge andevenscholars whoarecritical ofthisargument claim that thetombs andwalls intheIliad correspond toparticularobjectsin Hisarlik thatexisted whenthepoemwas composed(Hertel(2003) 199-209). I am verysceptical aboutthis(cf.Grethlein inthis I but, forthcoming), paper, will notraisethequestion of historical and will veracity focusmerely on theway that thenarrator and thecharactersof theIliad construct thepast through material remains.
28
JONASGRETHLEIN
versions thewritten oftheepics,6 thecomposition onlyfewwoulddenythat literacy playedfor instructive theepicsafford we havearebasedon longoraltraditions. examples which Therefore, to andinwhatwaysthey refer which ofwhich pastthey objectsevokethepastin an oralculture, new can offer oftheIliad andtheOdyssey do this. In section IV,I will discusshowmyreading ofthepast'in general. Greeceandaboutthe'archaeology in archaic intomemory insight based on material thememory between a comparison I will outline of a conclusion, Instead buta closer at first similar look rather in old objects. These interest relicsandthemodern sight, will find thereaders differences revealscrucial V). At theendofthearticle, (section inspection the Iliad and in the all the old an appendix VI). (section Odyssey objects listing I. TOMBS AS 'TIMEMARKS' tocometogrips Intheir cultures. inmany found ofmonuments aretheoldest Graves attempt types in well known, As is the dead.7 of a signin memory install humans of death, themystery with has that a development cults wereontherise,8 heroandtomb andseventh-century Greece, eighthWhileitis all tooeasyto see herocult with theepictradition. into connection beenbrought often in a heroic sharea parallelinterest of theepic tradition, as a mereconsequence obviously they thetombs now to I wouldliketoturn elaboration needsno further here;instead, past.9Thisaspect as seenin Homer.10 and i.e. thenarrator referred to as 'landmarks'; are frequently in theIliad, tombs Particularly underour studies can as points of orientation.11 use tombs theheroesoften deepen Landscape that has elaborated a constructivist in theepics. Taking of tombs Chapman approach, standing that a with association into transformed becomes process experiences,12 'places' through 'space' relevant in a itself into inscribed has in time is socially socially Thus, 'places' 'space' charged.13 tothis, madevisible. In reference andsocialdynamics aretime words, landscapes way. In other 'timemark'.14 the term has coined Chapman intheHomeric welltothetombs that is a term The concept of 'timemarks' epics. appliesvery were rather markers ofthepastthat but are marks in the arenotrandom The tombs landscape, Their socialsignificance oforientation.15 ofthedeadandarenowusedas points madeinmemory andthus the tombs use.16 The size of and their to the liesbothintheir geographical referring past the of the dead. For with the as a 'landmark' their example, importance correspond visibility there 'on a jutting Patroklos andAntilochos ofAchilles, Greeks by promontory placedthetomb outon thewater'{Od. 24.82-3). The social itcan be seenafarfrom so that thewideHellespont,/
6 American tendsto emphasizetheoral scholarship thecomplex modeldevelSee, for example, background. on scholarship, opedbyNagy(1996); (2003). European that the based on theassumption theother hand,is often with thehelpoflitIliad couldonlyhavebeencomposed see e.g. Reichel(1994); Latacz (2004). eracy, 7 For themnemonic in function of material culture with see Wiliams connection death, (2003). The memory For social functions. fulfils of thedead often important deathis 'an opinstance, (1994) 44 notesthat Chapman of ofthesocialreproduction for there-negation portunity coreand statements aboutitscultural thegroup bymaking mostsignificant relationships'. 8 (1995) and theliterature givenby Cf.Antonaccio Ainian(1999) 10 n.l and Hall (1999) 49 n.2. Mazarakis footnote. See also thefollowing 9 For (1976); example,Farnell(1921); Coldstream that herocultwas generated West bythe ( 1988) 15 1 argue to the (1982) drawsattention Snodgrass epics. However, andHadzisteliou-Price difference ofburialforms, (1973) inthe Iliad. hero cultis already outthat presupposed points See also Crielaard (1995) 266-73. 10 see Pfisinthe Iliad andOdyssey, Fora listoftombs ter(1909) 541-3;Mannsperger (2002) 1076. 11 of Cf.e.g. Taplin(1992) 94-6. Forthetopography 150-63. Thornton in see Cook the Iliad, (1984) (1973); Troy 12 Tuan (1977); Pred(1986). See also Chapman Cf. of'space' into'place'. Tilley (1988) onthetransformation of theconcept theconcept of space with (1994) replaces less on singleobjectsand whichconcentrates landscape, andis thus moreholistic. connections moreon their 13 Chapman (1997). 14 Chapman (1997) 43. 15 andfame see RedForthelink between gravestones field (1975) 34. 16For thesocial of tells,see Chapman significance (1994) 57-8.
MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY
29
of thetombsis re-enacted in theepics whentheyserveas thesitesof assemblies significance 2.811-14;10.414-16).Hence,inthe'timemarks' ofthetombs, thetemporal (//. andthespatial axes in a and a place that converge socially politically is relevant inthe significant way.17 By marking thetomb inscribes thememory ofa deadperson intoeveryday present, reality. Letus nowtakea closerlookatthetombs as spatially sanctified actsofmemory, inparticular at their their in the and the characters' temporal reflection on their scope, significance narrative, commemorative function. The 'reach'ofthememory is limited.Whilewe preserved by tombs do notknowwhere intheepic chronology whosetomb Aipytos belongs (//. 2.603-4),18 Aisyetes, Polites uses as a lookout to the if we choose toidentify (//. 2.792-3),belongs previous generation, 19 himas the whose son is killed in //. 1 3 .424-44. Thetomb ofMyrine is likely tobejust Aisyetes as old,for thescholion A ad //. 2.814 suggests that was anAmazon. Scholars havethereMyrine forelinked withtheAmazonsagainst whomPriamsupported thePhrygians 3.184Myrine (//. In this tomb would also date back one case,Myrine's 90).20 only generation.21 Thescopeofmemory is somewhat extended inthecase ofDos' tomb, which is mentioned four times Ilos is notonlycalledmâi (//. 10.414-16;11.166-8; (//. 369-72;24.349-51).22 11.166; he is Laomedon'sfather and thusPriam'sgrandfather. 372), butas Aineas' genealogy reveals, Giventhat Priam'ssonsaretheactivegeneration, the'timemark' ofthetomb has preserved Ilos' in ofTroy for three memory thepublicknowledge generations.23 Ilos' tombalso illustrates that thetombs, as 'timemarks', can acquirea particular narrative relevance. In//. 11.369-72Parisis leaning onthe stlofthetomb, when he shoots Diomedes with an arrow.Griffin outthat there is a contrast between thegraveandthebattle and emphapoints sizes that Diomedes'woundis also superficial. to thisreading, thetomb underscores According Paris'less than heroic nature. on the other seems to see a rather corresThornton, hand, positive because Diomedes has to leave the andtheGreeks comeunder pondence battle, thereby pressure.24 ofwhich viewone favours, itis obviousthat thenarrator uses thetomb in order to set Regardless thepresent action thebackdrop ofthepast. against The quality of tombsas 'timemarks' is notsomething that is difficult to recognize, forit is rather reflected intheOdyssey. Telemachos andEumaiosconfrequently uponbythecharacters trast death at sea totheglory a tomb inTroy wouldhaveestablished for him Odysseus' supposed and his son (Od. 1.239-41=14.369-71).Similarly, Achilles'ghostin theunderworld out points theglory that would have earned for his son a at Troy(Od. 24.32-4), Agamemnon through tomb andAgamemnon's that will be there for ghostpraisesAchillesforhis tombat theHellespont future to see (Od. 24.80-4). TheIliad provides a particularly of generations interesting example a
17 19 In thisarticle, I focuson thecommemorative funcThisidentification is supported bytheepithet yepcov, tionof relics. However, tombs and walls,thesubjectof which, unlike doesnotdenote someone from the naXaic,, thenext notonlykeepthepastalive,butalso play past,butrather an old man. section, 20 Pfister an important roleintheformation ofthe polis. The comCf. (1909) 542; Leaf ad //. 2.812; Ameismemorative and politicalaspectsof buildings reinforce Hentze ad//. 2.814. Kirkad//. 2.813-14is more sceptical. 21 eachother. Cf Hlkeskamp (2002) 320-2;332. Cf Mannsperger (2002) 1079-81. 18 o 8' 22For thetombof vn Ki)AAr|vr| %ov Apmriv opo ainx)/ Ilos, see also Mannsperger (2002) Ainmiov iV vpeyxi(xaxr|xa .... This 1077-8.Forreferences inlater see Pfister nap it>uov, literature, (1909) is theonly time that is mentioned inthe Iliad (for 283. Aiyptios i Of course,therelation thelatertradition, see Theocr.1.125-26;Paus. 8.16.2). between thetomband the Kirkad //. 2.603-4notesthepunin ainv /Atitiov, but dead manis reciprocal: notonlydoes thetombpreserve doesnotdeemitsignificant. itis quiteinterest- thefameofIlos,butthefameofDos makesthetomb However, notheepithet of thelandscapeis pickedup by the table. ingthat 24Griffin nameofthehero;notonlyis theplace signified bynature, (1980) 23; Thornton (1984) 154 withn.ll. thesteep as wellas bya human thetomb, but Whilethetransmitted hill, text ofscholion T ad //. 11.372 preartefact, their seemsto erasetheboundary be- figures Thornton's Erbse 's conjecture of linguistic similarity interpretation, tween them. forviov suggests Griffin's hC' cv<t>6iov reading: xciuvT)|i(XTi too naka'o') rcpoyvoi) ax, ur|v
v<x>6tîov 7COIC0V.
30
JONASGRETHLEIN
Hektor When oftombs. relevance thecommemorative reveals that onthefuture character reflecting : //. 7.84-91 and his about he in book the duel for the conditions says, victory 7, speculates stipulates
XV 08 vieOV EKl vfjOCUGoÎXO-U 7TOCGCO,
Tocpxocoai Kapr) Ko^covxe%aioi cppoc

' VT| 7CO,')K^f|l fticV EKl OWOTCa 7COVTOV
en nXaxeifEXkr'on6vx(ui. or'[i Teo xecuGiv

Kai '|/iyvcov Kai 7cox vopamcov, tic eTcr|Gi
Gâ nkax KaTaT0vr|(TO, 'vp jivTe KaxKxave ov 7tot' (paijio"EKxcop.' piGxeovxa to 6' 7COT8 jivKiooi) tiot'Xetuai. tic pei, co vessels thestrong-benched ButhiscorpseI willgivebackamong burial him due Achaians theflowing-haired so that maygive andheapup a mound uponhimbesidethebroadpassageofHelle. Andsomedayone ofthemento comewillsay,as he sees it, water: one whoin hisbenched shipsails on thewine-blue ofa manwhodiedlongago inbattle, 'This is themound Hektor killedhim'. andglorious whowas one ofthebravest, will not be forgotten. and he some So will speak myglory day,
andtheclaim 's fame ofHektor extension mark thetemporal rioxandti ...'|/iyovcov vGpcoTccov fame. This eternal for strives Hektor showsthat oi) ttot'oXevcoci to ' îvKo eventually doesti ...cvGpcmcov notonly ofhisfame: extension with thespatial converges longevity temporal of his fame all overtheworld. the for stands in but the seafarer mankind spreading general, signify At of//. 7.89-90.25 character the is underscored function Thiscommemorative epigrammatic by to prewhichis erected ofthetomb function thecommemorative Hektor inverts thesametime, thetomb stimulated ofthedead,whilein his fantasy, servethememory by Helenos'prediction, fame.26 his,thewinner's, spreads As spatialmarks, tombs are 'timemarks'. that in theIliad and Odyssey we have seen So far, in twopassages becomesblurred thisneatpicture ofthedead. However, thefame they preserve inIliad be found first can The the of on subtle reflections that contain process signification. very //. 2.81 1-14: at another assembled the are where 2, place, striking Trojans
auiea KoAxvri, egti ti 7ipO7ipoi0e KXioq evGaKai v0a, v Tiecoi aTtveuOe, Tceppojio ttv TiToi avpe BaTeiav kiktigkouoiv, OvaToi TeGrjîa Mi)pvr|. 7toAA)GKp0|Lioio itthere is a steephill butapart from Nearthecity intheplainbyitself, so youpass one side ortheother. buttheimmortal Thismencall theHill oftheThicket, mound ofdancing named it the burial have Myrine. gods
as the'Hill ofthe ofview:whileitis known on one's point ofthehilldepends The signification This notonly Thicket'amongmen,thegods call it the 'burialmoundof dancingMyrine'.27 oblivion. that tombs canslipinto butitalso shows andgods,28 humans thegapbetween underscores
27For 25 namessee also //. in divineandhuman divergent Cf.Nagy(1990) 19. Fora newviewon epigrams theIliad, see Elmer 1.403-4;14.290-1;20.74 andOd. 10.305; 12.61(onlydi(2005). 26One of thereferees 1.403-4. like Hektor's vinenames). Cf.Kirkad //. pointsout that, 28 'the that dionumia notonly'keepalivethefameofthe suggest wish,warmemorials Clay(1972) 128 stresses ofdivine tohuman oftheaggressors'. relative deadbutremind knowledge'. superiority peopleoftheexistence
31
For men,themarker of Myrine has turned intomerely has becomenature. landscape;artefact with a better are aware of its Onlythegods,whoareendowed The memory, original significance. semiotic is in the Greek word which can signify both'sign'and underlying process implied o%a, 'tomb'.29For humans, the 'sign' of Myrine's'tomb'has lostitsoriginal and has significance gaineda newone. Whileitis thenarrator whopoints outthat theoriginal ofthe'Hill oftheThicket' significance has becomelostto theheroes, in Iliad 23 a character reflects on theuncertain of significance material remains for men.Before thechariot Nestor instructs hissonAntilochus, //. 23.326-33: race, oae Xfjaeiafj|ia toi pco 'iX' puppaS, a')ov ooovx' opyin' oxr|K tpXov ')7ip arj, to jnv o miaTruOexai r'SpD f'rceicrijipcoiXe5 to mTepBev vota-UKco pripccTai vi)vo%fiGiv 8' TCTcSpojio So, eo |i(pTo nXax T afijiapoToio KaTaTeGvricTo ekiTtpoxpcov r'to yevt>aaatt')kto vGpamcov Kaivv Tp|iaT' e6tk8 7uopKr| oAxie. I willgive mark andyoucannot fail tonotice it. youa clear There is a dry from the about six stump standing feet, up ground itmay andnot rotted oak, be,orpine, away byrain-water, andtwo white stones areleaned oneoneither it, side, against atthe of the and is smooth around it. joining place ways, there driving Either itis the ofsomeone whodiedlong grave-mark ago, orwassetas a racing wholived before our time. goalbymen Nowswift-footed brilliant Achilleus hasmade itthe turning-post. Theafj|ia hasthree levelsofsignification: Nestor uses itas a signfor theadvicehe offers to first, Achilles makes it a within the Nestor Antilochus; second, race-course; third, turning-post suspects that ithasbeeneither a tomb ora turning-post inthepast.30 Thisuncertainty is underscored, already as Lynn-George andDicksonnote, becausenotevenNestor, whois moreorless theembodiment ofmemory, is able to decipher thesignforsure.31 To thisitcan be addedthat theuncertainty of thepastsignification is highlighted of itssignification in thepresent 23.326: by theclarity (//. puppa). thesignificance ofthematerial in//. Moreover, objectis also reflected by itsrepresentation: 23.326afilia means'sign',butin//. 23.331 itsignifies 'tomb'.32 The doublesignification inthe oflanguage reflects theambiguity in theprimary ofmaterial secondary signsystem signsystem semiotic thefact that thewordplayedwith objects.Thissubtle playgainsfurther depth through is thewordfor We can therefore add a fourth level of to 'sign'. significance af||ia: 'sign'performs thesemiotic that itsignifies; theuse ofaf||Lia enacts itsmeaning. process Theinstability oftheaf||ia gainsforce from thecontext above. The ambiguity ofthe depicted stones' clashes with thecommemorative function ofthegames.33 Thisis underscored signification theepithet is usedfor thepresent oftheafijia bya reverberation: puppa,which signification
29 On oficiaas 'sign'and 'tomb'see Niemeyer (1996) 12-18.Cf.also Nagy (1983) 35. Scodel (2002) also discussesdifferent kinds of0f|(iaxaintheHomeric epics.On theOdyssey, see also Purves (2006). 30 Dickson Cf. (1995) 216-17. 31 Lynn-George (1988) 266; Dickson(1995) 218-19. 32 As Nagy(1983) 46 notes, both arelinked meanings to each other:'In thiscontext, the etymology of sema tobear:as a 'sign'ofthedead 'sign,tomb'canbe brought the'tomb'is a reminder of theheroandhis kleos'. hero, See also Sinos(1980) 48, whopoints outthat someofthe racecourses inPanhellenic have beenidentified as games thetombs ofancient heroes. including 33 Cf. Dickson (1995) 217. Sinos (1980) 47, 50-1; outthat Nagy(1983) 46-7 point kao is already implied in naipo-K^n.
32
JONASGRETHLEIN
backtoAchilles'words harks into ofthepastsignificance theobscurity throws andthereby relief, 23.238-42: //. aboutPatroklos' tomb,
newa ...ocTcp Mevomao oxoc Aiycojiev nocTpKxno ex)oiayivioaKoviec. puppaa 8 ttokt(xixoi 8' Mxn aveuGev v |xaar|iyp ekeitocopfî, innoi xe Kal avpe. kocovx' rcijjAi; a/axirii . . . andafterwards thesonofMenoitios, of letus gather up thebones Patroklos, areconspicuous since we shalleasilytellapart, which they him farfrom and ofthepyre, theothers he layinthemiddle where horses. with the attheedge,themenindiscriminately burned
oftheofâ is thepresent that in thesamemanner signification Now,thebonesarepuppoca which the of the of transfer the If we may turning-post, pastsignification obscurity pi(ppa. it becomes it into the and Patroklos of to the tomb a been not have ormay future, tomb, project whohasalready fame.Thisalso affects willensure histomb whether Achilles, lasting questionable too. there later so he can be buried Patroklos' tomb to enlarge giventheorders theepicclaimofcreating oftheerniaputs theinstability that haveargued Somescholars Ko I am andepicsis, I think, tomb The linkbetween intoquestion.34 However, justified.35 oc(p9ixov arenotsaidtoestablish sinceinIliad 23 tombs tosee a contrast, inclined kAo. Both particularly the shifts butsemiotic arecommemorative andepicpoetry tombs media, jeopardize significance be eternal.36 in claims to the fame while ofthematerial monument, poetry commembuttheir intheIliad andtheOdyssey, notonlyserveas 'timemarks' In sum, tombs does notreachback thememory is also reflected orative function uponbytheheroes.However, While one but it is in one it to three case, usually only generation. far; spansup generations very the in oral of the extent about in with thisties nicely societies, implicit memory assumptions would expectin an oral of memory on thestability reflections go beyondwhatmostscholars society. II. THE WALLS OF TROY AND ITS HISTORY are nottheonlyobjectsto evokethe whichare builtforcommemorative reasons, Monuments, that relics drawon thefact and In of the cases,archaeologists pre-historians past. many memory Thisinofthepast.37 that inorder toargue werereused, ofoldbuildings peoplehadan awareness can also evokethepast. reasons for commemorative werenoterected which that dicates buildings made ofruins.Here,the societies in oral what it hard to is actually However, people past prove made of stones a bench in the For evidence. Homericepics offer Odyssey example, precious was a 'counsellor backtoNeleus,whousedto siton thebenchand to flash thenarrator prompts ofan likethegods' (Od. 3.406-10). Whileinthiscase a material objectevokesonlythememory
34 Dickson inn.8. nepiKaXkia cppov%ovxe, literature further / otei viGKu'|/avTe (1995) 218 with Cf. 35 to ofthehorses is compared De Certeau Here,thestillness historiographyKapriaxa... (1988) 99-102compares theimmobility ofa stlon a grave. The 'vehicle'ofthe totombs. 36 ad //. also evokesfuneral Thisis notcontradicted associations, cf.Edwards bythesimilein//.17.432- simile of thestldoes not theimmobility 7: to ' oiSx'a'j/ni vfjaem nXazvvfEf|G7tovTov / 17.434-6.However, ofitsexistence. abouttheduration vai, oik' noXz'iovux'Axaio,/ aXX' sayanything TlOeAirnv 37See, for uivei euneov,f| x' n roucoi/ vpo (2002) 58-71on houses Bradley example, octe GTT]Xr] andlateBronzeage siteofElp. / couvovcHpa^co locatedat themiddle r'e yuvaiK, arnicni t0vt|to
33
individual from thepast,a morestriking case for hownon-monumental relicscan document the are the various walls of in the Iliad. past Troy Thefortification that the Achaeans buildinIliad 7 has attracted much andthequesattention,38 tion ofwhether thewallis an interpolation ornothaskept scholars Thatthe Achaean many busy.39 wall couldpreserve thememory oftheTrojanWaris suggested the fact that it is built on the by of the fallen Greeks. As the section has tombs serve a commemorative grave shown, previous andifwe takethisspatial as a characteristic feature at thelevelofcontent, it function, contiguity is possiblethat thewall willbeartestimony to thepast,eventhough that is notitsprimary goal. The commemorative function ofwallscomesto thefore inPoseidon'scomplaint in//. 7.451-3:
too 8' fixoi OGov t' niKivaTai axoci, Ko tjco, too ' Kikr'Govxai, t y)Kai Ooioc ttoAcov Aao|LiovTi Tlpcoi noXcaa'iev 0T|oavT. Now thefameofthis willlastas longas dawnlight is scattered, andmenwillforget that wall which I andPhoibos Apollo built with ourhard work for theheroLaomedon'scity.
Poseidon's words reveal that wallswereseenas bearers ofKo.Moreover, showthat walls they with each other for it is reserved for the most imcompete recognition.40 Memory, seems, only constructions. Thenewwallthreatens tooutshine theoldwallwhich evokestheservices pressive of PoseidonandApollo forLaomedonand thuspreserves thememory of events that happened twogenerations ago.41 There is yetanother wall inTroy, //. 20.144-8:
ocapa cpcovriGa f^yrioaTO Ki)avo%aTT| Teiô îcpx^TOV 'HpaKfjoBeoio to p oi Tpe mi IlacA0r|vr| ')'|/r|Xv,
71O6OV, O(ppa T icfJTO cCCITO, -7CK7CpO(p')yCl)V
nnxe rceove. jiivaearco arc'fjovo
So he spoke, Poseidonofthedark andled theway hair, tothestronghold ofgodlike on bothsides, Herakles, earth-piled a high theTrojans andPallasAthena hadbuilt him place,which as a place ofescapewhere he couldgetawayfrom theSea Beast himawayto theplainfrom whenthecharging monster drove theseashore.
The 'Herakleswall' evokesanother from thepast:that ofHerakles andthesea-monster.42 story to later this monster was sent Poseidon who had not beenpaidfor hisservsources, According by ices.43 Laomedon hispartly divine horses totheonewhowouldridTroy ofthis promised plague.
38 In//. Nestor thewallwillbe built 7.333-43, saysthat for thedead. Forthefurther roleof uponthegrave-mound thewall in theIliad, see Thornton (1984) 157-60,who draws attention to itsstructuring function. 39 Thiswas argued byPage (1959) 315-24.Foran opto Page's position, see Tsagarakis (1969); posingopinion West (1969). 40The fameof thewall reminds Scodel (1982) 46 of ofBabel (Genesis11.1 theTower -9). 41 The story is toldat greater length byPoseidonin//. as thecommentators 21.441-7. However, havenotfailed tonotice, thetwoaccounts ofthestory areslightly diverwhilein//. 7.451-3Poseidon he andApollo gent: saysthat builtthewall together, 21.446-9he built to //. according thewall alone andApollotoiledas a herdsman. Fordifferent viewson thisdiscrepancy, see Kirkad //. 7.443-64 andRichardson ad//. 21.441-57. 42 See also //. 5.638-42; 14.250-6; 15.25-30 for from thesamestory. Boardman glimpses (2002) 36 sugthe'Herakles-wall' old trageststhat goes backto a very dition. 43 Cf. Apollod. 2.103ff; Diod. 4.35ff. For further see Gunning sources, (1924) 750-4.
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and at by Tlepolemosin //. as hinted 5.638-42,Herakleswas notgivendue reward However, inrevenge.44 sackedthecity Powallcallstomind ofTroy.Thefirst toa history evoked Thememories bythewallsamount is of the the of to Laomedon. The memory seidon'sandApollon'sservitude gods prerevenge theAchaeans'wall thesea-monster. whichHeraklesfought servedby thewall from Finally, relics that material illustrates War. Thus,theseriesofwalls impressively theTrojan documents on has left its that time in bearers ofmemories, wereindeed terms, or, Chapman's imprint 'space', itinto'places'. transforming threatwall andthus themoststriking which is obviously thewall oftheAchaeans, However, battle ofPoseidon'sandApollon'swall,is notonlydamaged enstoeclipsethememory (//. during willeventually be annihilated as thenarrator out, but, 12.256-62;14.55-6;66-8; 15.361-6), points that thisdeluge sinceantiquity 12.3-33;cf.7.459-63). It has beenargued by a majordeluge(//. ifwe do in the Even the wall were visible no remains of toexplain was introduced present.45 why to are limits marks that there thenarrator's to thistheory, notsubscribe being memory prolepsis of relics. While theprevioussectionrevealedthesemiotic ambiguity by material preserved material relicscan eventhemostimpressive thefate ofthe Achaeanwall showsthat monuments, disappear. the is in fact theresult of an intervention, as natural to later Because whatappears spectators As in thecase ofthe'Hill ofthe nature and culture. theboundaries between force oftime blurs between it difficult to alias the 'tomb of becomes thicket', landscapeand distinguish Myrine', In thebata involve wall. that does not another artefact. Thismaybe bestillustrated passage by a stoneatAres, //. 21.403-6: hurls tleofthegods,Athena
eXexo r' vaxaoGajjivriXQov %eipi7ta%r|i v xe jiyavxe, (taxva Kejievov rcecoi, Tpr|%t>v xvp' vpe Ttpxepoi Gaav elevai oiipovpoprixcoi Gopov 'pr|akocx' a^va, XveSe yma. aX,e ButAthena backcaught giving up in herheavyhanda stone in andhuge,one which men that the black and lay plain, rugged mark as boundary ofthecornfield. ofa former time had setthere andunstrung him. With thisshehitfurious Aresintheneck,
makesitlikely that itwas originally moreofa natthat thisdescription ofthestone Oberargues in itsfunction as a hows. an artefact.46 is turned intoa human artefact uralobjectthan The stone in when Athena removes a certain and the stone fulfils its function it,she context, However, only artefacts are itpart andthe Achaeanwall showthat human renders ofnature again. Boththestone into andplacedinthelandscape.Theycan turn far from whenthey aretaken from nature stable, lost to thehuman significance may be irretrievably landscapeagain, and thentheirformer spectator.47
44 a narratological with thesea-monster Taking de Jong Themention ofHerakles' (2004) 84 inapproach, fight wallwith as an attempt toprovide the Achilles terprets this couldhavea further as thefight between function, prolepsis that old objects reviews oftheir and Scamanderfollows. Because in another gainfrom passage thesignificance himI cancel for think these do not Achilles draws on Herakles as a great past. interpretations necessarily exemplum it is tempting different self(//.18.117-19), to readHerakles'fight one another out;they simply highlight aspects. 46 Ober with thesea-monster as a mise-en-abyme ofAchilles' (1980) 24 (1995) 96-100.See also Griffin fight Cf. that detail with Scamander. for more onthestone.He sees itas a significant 45 is reveals'thechaotic reversal oftheorder andsenseoflife that Aristotle 162 Rose argues thedestruction fir. time. inpeace'. sincenoruins wereleft tosee inHomer's mentioned, 4/ Forthehistory oflandscapes, see e.g. Nash(1997); (1916) 210; mostrecently Cf.Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 24. for naturalia as a testimony to thepast in Greece,see Bassi (2005) On theother Scodel(1982) argues hand, infavour ofan integration oforiental about floods. Boardman (2002) 103-15. legends
35
to thewallsofTroy, I wouldliketomakeone final a metaReturning point.Fordhas offered of the Achaean that its 'about the wall,arguing poeticreading fragility sayssomething possibilitiesofpreserving thefame oftheTrojan Warinphysical form'.48 He sees thewall as 'a figure for a written-down Iliad'49 According to thisinterpretation, theorally transmitted poemcritically reflects onwriting as a newtechnique. I wouldliketosuggest as an alternative that interpretation there is a juxtaposition here ofepicpoetry andthe'archaeology ofthepast'as twodifferent media ofmemory. The fragility andambiguity ofmaterial relicsandtheeternity ofthepoetictradition eachother intheir Whilethewall has evolvedfrom a medium ofmemory highlight discrepancy. to an objectofmemory, theepicsclaimtobe kAoacpGixov. the Iliad not Thus, onlyillustrates that material relics call thepasttomind, butitalso emphasizes thelimitations ofthisfunction and usesthisas a foilfor itsownfunction as a medium ofmemory.50 III. THE BIOGRAPHY OF THINGS In an article in 1910,theanthropologist Riverspointed outthat material published objectscan havebiographies andthereby stories.51 This was later taken and linked to preserve approach up thediscussion of different modelsfortheexchange of goods,ranging from and to gifts kulas52 commodities.53 forexample, 'In doingthebiography of a thing, one would Kopytoff, suggests: ask questions similar to thoseone asks aboutpeople:what, are thebiographical sociologically, inherent in its in "status" and the and and how are these culture, possibilities period possibilities realized?Where doesthething comefrom andwhomadeit? What hasbeenitscareer so far, and what do peopleconsider tobe an idealcareer for suchthings? Whatarethe"recognized" ages or in the and what are the cultural markers for them? How does the use "life", periods thing's thing's with its and what it to when it reaches the end of its usefulness?'54 change age, happens Thebiographical ofmaterial nature on their cultural in Forinstance, objectsdepends setting. a study oftheIndonesian hada hard time information from the Kodi,Hoskins eliciting indigenous abouttheir lives. However, she finally succeededwhenshe started to ask theKodi population aboutmaterial andholdnumerous stories oftheir goodswhicharehighly personalized previous owners. Whilethenotion ofa 'biography ofthings' works wellinthis modelis not case,this very whenusedfor western as successful which havea rather circulation civilisations, depersonalized
48Ford ofthemeta-poetic 16 n.l; Scodel (1982) 48 n.38). However, thewall is (1992) 150. A cornerstone theduration of thewall is erasedandAchilles, is //.12.10-12, where on theother hand,escapestheriver reading with theIliad (cf.Ford(1992) 151-2). and gainskao acpOixov. madeco-extensive Whilethewall is turned from seemsto havebeenpreviously left a medium ofmemory intoan objectofmemory, Another theIliad passagethat for themeta-poetic read- presents itself as a stablemedium asidecan be adducedas support ofmemory the through Achillessaysin//. idea of Kioacpixov.In addition to Ford(1992) 147scene, ingofthewall. In theembassy 9.348-54: r' uvof]'iaka noXk7iovr|Gaxo vacpiv jieo 57,see also Lynn-George (1988) 264-5;Taplin (1992) 140. 49Ford Kai en' axcoi Kai / / f|,ac f|xexoeeijie, x(ppov (1992) 150. 50 v GKxma / X,' Cf.Taplin(1992) 140. eupeav jieyAriv, Kax7rn;v 51 Rivers o')' (bvaxaiaovo"EKXopo /g%iv. vpoqxSvoio (1910). ' y)ux'A%aioGiv are ex/ok 0,gk 52Kulas are shellsin Papua New Guineathat ocppa 7ioi|iiov, arc-ceiêopvt>|Liv thememories of / XX' ogov changed "EKxcop, uxx%r|v bypeople, thereby accumulating ravev. Achilles owners. nvXaqKai (priyv juxtaposes their Imia T 53 with is founded on Forthe'biography ofthings' in World thewall. Such a comparison see thesurvey himself inwhich andmetaphors heroes Archaeology 31 (1999). For gifts and commodity thenumerous epicsimiles goods towalls,cf.Scully(1990) 58-61. Ifwe see see Gregory arecompared (1982); Appadurai (1986), who is sceptical for thepoem, aboutthedistinction between andcommodity theheroofthe Iliad,as mtonymie Achilles, gifts goods; is re- Thomas ofthedisIliad arejuxtaposed.Sucha reading themaintenance thewallandthe (1991),whopleadsfor Achillesand thewall: not tinction; Hoskins(1998) on kula. The 'life of things' between is inforced by a parallel twist by the deluge,but also the givena philosophical byThomas(1996) 55-82who onlyis thewall obliterated of 'beingintheworld'. ofAchillesis threatened (cf.Sca- drawson Heidegger's by Scamander concept memory 54 mander'swords in //.21.322-3; the parallel between (1986) 66-7. Kopytoff outby Nagy(1979) 160 Achillesandthewall is pointed
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fruitful becausemany is very to theIliad andtheOdyssey Itsapplication ofobjects.55 goodsare totheir with a flashback introduced past.56 inheroic a history theobjects with that Itis no surprise poamong figure prominently weapons 10.260a helmet a club(//. more (//. 7.137-50), 17.194-7;18.84-5; 22.322-3), specifically, (//. etry belt a warrior's 16.140-4;19.387-91), 11.19-28;15.529-33; 23.560-2),a spear(//. (//. 71), armour a shield and a bow a sword However, (Od 22.184-5). {Od 21.11-41), 23.807-8), (//. (//. 6.219), suchas cups (//. havebiographies, ofhousehold is also a great there 6.220-1; goodsthat variety a bowl (//. 11.632-7;24.234-5;Od. 4.590-2),kratres (II. 23.741-7; Od. 4.615-19=15.115-19), tubs andtripods a basket anamphora (Od. 4.128(Od. 4.125-7), bathing (Od. 24.74-5), 23.616-20), a lyre include headwear with Other (//. (Od. 4.227-32), (//. 22.470-2), drugs biographies 9). goods as 'material 23.826-9),wine(Od. 9.196-215)and,ifwe maycountthem 9.186-9),a discus(//. andmules(//. 5.265-72;16.148-54;17.443-4;23.276-8;291-2;294-8;24.277-8). goods',horses world. in all kinds ofmaterial inscribed we find the Thus, goodsintheheroic past and thememory I shallshowhow(a) thebiographies ofgoodsresemble bymemorials provided andthepastas constructed therelation between thepresent other then (b) I willdiscuss buildings, I narrative use. inthese and will touch their (c) upon biographies, finally that Poseidon is worofthewallshasrevealed memories. (a) Thehistory onlyspecialrelicscarry built riedthat thenewfortification bytheAchaeanswilleclipsethefameofhiswall andthereby ofthegoodsthat evokepast to Laomedon. By thesametoken, thememory ofhis service many In stories areendowed with features. the Iliad for Meriones' boar's-tusk helmet example, special as golden is carefully described andboth andNestor areportrayed (//. 10.261-6), cupsofDiomedes Menelaoscalls thekratr that he received from Phaidimos 6.220; 11.632-5). In theOdyssey, (//. in his house(Od. the'mostsplendid and esteemed at thehighest value' of all thegoods stored ofseveral divine 4.614). The significance objectsis evenheightened bytheir origin.The kratr which MenelaosgivestoTelemachos was madebyHephaistos as was (Od. 4.613-19=15.113-19), in theamphora which to Thetis and which Achilles' ashes are stored Dionysos gave (Od. 24.74-5). seemtobe attached renTherefore, items; biographies onlytoprecious inversely, biographies A goodcase inpoint derobjects is an objectI havenotyetmentioned: thesceptre of significant. whichwas madeby Hephaistos, to Hermes Zeus and then on Agamemnon given by passed to and its owner 2. The further illustrates Atreus, Pelops, Thyestes finally present (//. 100-9).57 sceptre that therelation between is andowner reciprocal. Previous owners havelent thesceptre object sigin turn, it bestowson itspresent who relieson thesceptre's nificance, which, owner, authority whenhe is speaking.58 The sceptre is exceptional inhaving a history that reaches backtwogenerations. Other objects that have sucha longpast includethecup thatOineusreceivedfrom and that Bellerophontes Diomedes still hasinhishouse(//. andthebowwhich received as a young man 6.220-1), Odysseus
55Hoskins he is right to qual(1998) 192. However, because even in thewestern world ifythis juxtaposition there aregoodsthat tend to accumulate old furnihistory, ture for (2003) 51-3,whodisexample.See also Crielaard cussestheexample ofthewine. The differences between thestatus of material civilizations and goods in western have been a subjectof goods in theMelanesiansociety While Strathern controversy. (1988) sees a clear diThomas(1991) argues for similarities. chotomy, 56 The 'biography ofthings' hasalready been approach to theHomeric applied epicsbyCrielaard (2003). 57 For the sceptrein the Iliad, see Combellack Mondi(1980); Griffin (1947/1948); (1980) 9-12;Kirkad //. 2.109; Easterling (1989); H. vanWees(1992) 276-80. 58 Another ofthereciprocal relation between example ownerand objectis theclub ofAreithoos (//. 7.137-50), is willcf.Crielaard (2003) 54. WhennoneoftheGreeks Nestor delivers a hortaingto acceptHektor's challenge, account ofhisduelwith whofought with Ereuthalion, tory a clubthat Areithoos hadreceived from butthen lost Ares, to Lykurgos, whoin turn On passediton to Ereuthalion. theone hand,thisillustrious seriesof heroesmakesthe club a significant thisaura is transobject;on theother, ferred to Ereuthalion. So Nestor tellstheclub'shistory in order to emphasize his couragewhenfacedwithsucha terrible opponent.
37
from who had inherited theweaponfrom his father Iphitos, -41).59ParticuEurytos {Od. 21.11 is Meriones boar's-tusk helmet which larly illustrates three interesting different modesofexchange (//.10.261-70): Autolykosstole the helmetfrom and gave it to his guest-friend Amyntor who used it as a present forPolos. Polos eventually Amphidamas, passed it on to his son Meriones. In beingpasseddownthree the helmet has seen three different modesof generations, andinheritance.60 theft, exchange: gift In mostcases, however, thebiographies of things are similar to thememory established by inthat tombs often reach backonlyonegeneration. In somecases,theretrospective they doesnot evengo thisfar.Forexample, whenMenelaosgivesTelemachos a tour ofhistreasure chamber, he only mentions thetravels which he acquired thegoodsanddoesnotdelveinto their during past thislack of temporal {Od. 4.81-91). However, forby spatialreachdepthis compensated Menelaoscollected thegoodsfrom as Cyprus, andLibya. placesas far Phoenicia, Egypt, Ethiopia Theemphasis on theexotic of is totheOdyssey abounds intravel origin goods notlimited 9which butcan also be found intheIliad,for stories, whenthenarrator describes example, Agamemnon's 11.19-22: armour,//. or exepov 6<pr|Ka Dvev, Tcepi axf|6eaaiv tv7iox o Kwpri coice evai, êivr|ov kevQeto owk'Aôcio ycp Krcpove jiyaKio, vajitaoeoOai Tporiv vrieaaiv E'iekXov. Afterwards hegirt onabout hischest the corselet that hadgiven him tobe a guest Kinyras once, present. Forthe fame andrumour ofwar hadcarried toCyprus great Howthe Achaians were tosailagainst intheir vessels.61 Troy In one further relics. I havediscussed Hektor's reflection on respect, everyday goodsparallel thefuture tomb ofhisopponent andNestor's comments on theturning inthechariot raceas point for thecharacters' reflections onthecommemorative function ofrelics.Thesameawareexamples nesscan be noted with to everyday whilemostmodern discusregard goods. It is striking that, sionsfocuson thesocial dynamics andhierarchies that are actedoutin gift theepic exchange,62 heroes themselves stress thetemporal dimension oftheobjects andemphasize their commemorativefunction: inthe Iliad,Hektor their dueltoexchange so that their enappealstoAjax after gifts counterwill be remembered The in which (//.7.299-302). Odyssey, hospitality figures contains moreexamples ofthis than theIliad. Menelaos, for prominently, instance, givesTelemachosa cup,andHelengiveshimapeplos for hisfuture andboth outthat these will wife, point gifts their also remarks that 'a guest remembers preserve memory {Od. 4.590-2;15.125-8).Peisistratos all his daysthemanwho receivedhim/as a hostreceivesa guest,and gave himthegifts of all {Od. 15.54-5),and in a similar friendship' vein,Alkinousgivesa cup to Odysseus'so that
59 Thechronology ofthis Herakles, passageis muddled: who is normally from theheroesof theTrojan separated Warbyoneortwogenerations, is madea contemporary of young Odysseus.Cf.Galinsky (1972) 12; Clay(1983) 91. 60 Other canchange their ownwaysinwhich weapons ersarecombat, inwhich thevictor hisopponent, and strips where theparticipants for games, compete prizes.Bothof these modes ofexchange areusedinthecase ofthearmour that Achillestakesfrom in battleand then Asteropaios awards toEumelos after thechariot race(//. 23.560-2). See alsoAsteropaios' in//. sword 23.807-8.Thesequential exand in the changeof the same good on the battlefield underscores thesimilarities between the Iliad's plot games andthefuneral makebook23 intoa mise-engamesthat itis argued that thefuabyme.Cf.Grethlein (2007) where neralgamesnotonlyrefract elements oftheIliad's many butthat thegamesalso mirror as another plot, epicpoetry medium ofreflection on death. 61 See also thefirst thefoot raceinthefuneral prizefor for Patroklos: a Phoenician kratr and games {II 23.740-7), thecup from inPriam's Thrace treasury (//. 24.234-6). 62See theremarks by Finley(1954) 49-66 and also Hooker inarchaic Greece (1989); Donlan(1989). On gifts froman archaeological see, forexample, perspective, Coldstream (1983); Morris (1986b).
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JONASGRETHLEIN
immortals' athometo Zeus andtheother me /as he makeslibation hisdayshe mayremember (CW.8.431-2).63 of thecontext of objectsoutside function on thecommemorative The heroesalso comment 'as fifth the Achilles in Iliad race thechariot prize a For example,after 23, gives hospitality. who is too old to paroftheburialofPatroklos' /in memory treasure 23.618-19)to Nestor, (//. functhecommemorative that toensure aresupposed Sincetheprizes inthecompetition. ticipate seems 'Mister of choice the in the be extended Memory' future, tionof thefuneral gameswill apt.64 particularly evokedby thememory of things parallelin manyregards (b) As we have seen,thebiographies them the havebiographies; memory that items rarely andwalls. Itis precious by tombs preserved on commemoration. toreflect characters andthey than one generation backmore reaches prompt see between theheroes that therelation further past goodscan also helpus to elucidate Everyday and the than to be felt is the that illustrate Morespecifically, present andpresent. greater past they ones.65 overthepresent tower ofprevious that theheroes generations home from thecuphe hasbrought is theonlyoneabletolift Nestor that itis surprising Atfirst, the of context in the the battle to frail is too Nestor Old 1 1 and, very properly join (//. .632-7). his and ofhiscup,yepou 11.637)emphasize age. However, (//. yepcov 11.632) (//. description to perthecup. Whenhe tries makeshimcapableof lifting that itis Nestor'sage, of all things, hisadvice,arguing to follow he appealstothem tomakepeace with suadeAchilles Agamemnon, 1.260-1: that,//.
Kai peooiv T|nep')|iw TiSr| yap noi' y Kai ov rcox jll'o y' opiov. v8paGiv(b|i,riaa, menthan better I havedealtwith Yes, andinmytime me. oncedidthey disregard youare,andnever
makeshimthe that ofan earlier, as a member stronger generation Thus,itis Nestor's superiority can be backedup byother Thisinterpretation thecup.66 passages:the onlyonewhois able to lift men notone noreventwoof thepresent a stonethat that a herolifts times four states narrator the mirrors their and the heroes' between Therelationship couldmove.67 relationship present past oftheepicperformance. theepicpastandthepresent between 16.140-4(16.141-4=19.388-91):68 //. The samepattern appliestoAchilles'spear,
AaKSao oov |LiiL>|iovo ey%o5' oi)%,t' o) 8 wax' x aXkoq Aâicov jiv piGi) jiya axiapov nXkeiv, akX [iiv oo rcaxaxonr'XaxA%i'>, ririîSa |ie^r|v, xfjvrcaxpi(ptaoircpeXepcov (pvov|iêvai fjpcoeooiv. ririôi) KKopixpi 63See also thebow ofIphitos in Od. 21.40-1. 64 recallsthefuneral Nestor in his reply, And indeed, for (//. 23.626-50).On thecommemgames Amarynkeus of the funeralgames, see Grethlein orativefunction (2007). 65 inthe between On therelation Iliad, pastandpresent see Grethlein (2006a) 49-58. 66Since social rankswere expressed of in portions //. foodanddrink 4.261-3),thesize of (see, forexample, in andreputation hisstanding Nestor's cupalso highlights
see West ina Ugaritic Fora parallel theGreek text, army. (1997)376. 67 Cf. II. 5.302-4; 12.381-3; 12.445-9; 20.285-7. Boardman sugges(2002) 34, 190 makestheinteresting to bonescontributed ofmammoth thediscovery tionthat and weregreater theheroes theideathat orevengenerated between thanpresent men. For theconnection stronger see Mayor(2000) 104andtheage ofheroes, thesefinds 56. 68 see Shannon ForAchilles'spear, (1975) 31-86.
MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY the ofblameless Aiakides hedidnot Only spear take, which no one else ofallthe Achaians thick, huge, heavy, could but Achilles alone knew howtowield handle, it; the Pelian ashspear which Cheiron hadbrought tohisfather from onPelion tobe death for high fighters.
39
Peleus'spearis so heavy that is abletowieldit,making thepast onlythestrongest hero, Achilles, to be than the The examples mentioned thus far arefrom appear greater theIliad,butthe present. also has a formidable to string Odyssey thebow,except object,Odysseus'bow. All who try lackthestrength andtherefore fail. Odysseus Telemachos, is theonlyone whois strong enough touse thebow (and does so with detrimental for theSuitors).The bow is old - as consequences ' old I havealready itwas Eurytos mentioned, holds weapon{Od. 2 1. 11-41) - andwhenOdysseus itto see ifitis stillintact 2 1 it,he first One could that inspects was (Od. .393-5). argue Eurytos an in his own time and that therefore the difficulties oftheSuitors do notnecesoutstanding figure that heroes werestronger. inlight ofOdysseus'statement sarily that imply he previous However, wouldnotdareto compete withtheold archers it is plausiblethat theSuitors' (Od. 8.223-5),09 failure marks thedifference between thegenerations ofheroes. the mark a in Although objects gap generations, theyalso linkpast and present together. outthat he is weaker than Herakles andEurytos, butthefact that he still Odysseus usesEupoints bowaligns himwith former of heroes. The created material rytos' generations continuity by goods is particularly obviousin thecase of thesceptre that in linewithhis father, placesAgamemnon uncleandgrandfather theauthority accumulated great (//. 2.100-9),and endowshimwith byhis ancestors. That thesceptre notonlystands butitself embodies thecontinuity oftradition is highlighted for, the of the that Achilles in to emphasize thefirmness ofhisdeby description sceptre gives order cisiontowithdraw from //. 1.234-9: combat, xjnv vai 'i xSeOKfjrcxpov ov rcoxe Kai ood <px>X'a rcei vpeaai XeXoikev, (paei, Sri rcpcoxa xo^fjv
o')5' va0Tix|Gi* Tcepi yp p %aK eXe''fEv vuva')x yvXXxe Kai cpXoiv jiivmeq%aicov v naX'ir'iqcpopoDOi oi xe Ojiiaxa iKaonXoi, rcp ieipaxai...
In thenameofthissceptre, which never againwillbearleafnor nowthat ithas left behind thecutstump in themountains, branch, norshalliteverblossomagain,sincethebronze bladestripped barkandleafage, andnowat lastthesonsoftheAchaians it in their in state hands whenthey administer the carry justiceofZeus.. .
Whenthestaff is cutandtrimmed evolvesnaturally andbeaxe,thewoodno longer bya bronze comesan unchanging artefact.70 aretwodifferent stories abouttheorigins ofsceptres Thus,there that buthave similar whichin temporal discourses, relyon different messages. The continuity, terms takeson theform ofa genealogy, is also expressed bythesceptre's place inthedichotomy ofnature andculture.
69On the between thetwopassages, ot(p6iTov ocein//. 2.46 and 186. Forthesignification correspondence of Louden(1999) xiii-xiv. see,for thestem example, see Nagy(1979) organic processes through cpGv-, 70 ofnature that has 176-92. On thesceptre as a mirror Cf.Nagy(1979) 180: '...a thing ofAchilles, see Lynnbeentransformed a thing into ofculture'.Thistiesinwell George(1989) 48-9. withAchilles' description of the sceptrethatis called
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ofmaterial thepresent between relation thegeneral I have examined section, (c) In theprevious with interact that tobiographies I wouldliketoturn evoke. In this section, goodsandthepastthey used often is material in the of The bythe ina morespecific thepresent goods past presence way. thenarrative. andtohighlight additional to create narrator Homeric meaning I thepresent. for as an exemplum serve evokedbymaterial In somecases,thestories objects from received Oineus his which the for mentioned havealready grandfather that, Diomedes, cup thetwohouses(//. between oftheguest-friendship is a marker 6.220-1). The exBellerophontes fortheir servesas an exemplum Oineusand Bellerophontes between grandsons, changeof gifts the detail: one themselves.This parallelis further who exchangegifts golden by highlighted that his the to Diomedes thatGlaukosgives to armour grandfather, goldencup corresponds Oineus.71 to Diomedes' grandfather, gave Bellerophontes, atthe as an exemplum functions OineusandBellerophontes between Whilethegift exchange as serves helmet Meriones' of the that to I like would leveloftheplot, 10.261-70) (//. story argue of forms three different the mentioned theaudience. I have already for exchange an exemplum is the thetheft, ofthese, The first andinheritance. has gonethrough: thehelmet which theft, gift of maternal the is from the helmet who steals mostinteresting. grandfather Amyntor, Autolykos, the helmet that in the same helmet: the of in the is a reversal way history Odysseus.Thus,there to Meriones'father, from Polos,via Amphiwas transferred Autolykos, Odysseus'grandfather, Meriones. from to Odysseus damas,itis nowreturned known NotonlyisAutolykos further I toAutolykos Thereference has, believe, significance.72 the oath' art of and the in men / all activities 'he surpassed non-heroic rather for {Od. thievery the nonknaveries of his makes one helmet the the theft of but Strikingly, explicit. 19.395-6) helmet. a warrior's nature oftheobjectbeingstolen, theheroic clasheswith heroic actofstealing heroic less than of character Autolykos that theshady I suggest performance Odysseus' prefigures theheroic with does notreally intheDolomia. Odysseus'andDiomedes'enterprise correspond and is replaced combat intheIliad. Daytime is otherwise moves, idealthat bythenight prevalent ofpeoplein their massacre there is a silent instead ofopencombat Moreover, Odysseus sleep.73 toAutolykos, inreferring hispromise hekillshimagainst Dolonwhen deceives 10.383). Thus, (//. intheDoloneia.14 character trickster-like a modelfor thehelmet's Odysseus' biography provides conbutinstead the not do material borne stories Other situation, prefigure present goods by even which of the it. As with trast out, longgenealogy Agamemnon's sceptre, already pointed is unfolded thisgenealogy 2.100-9). However, (//. regalauthority goesbacktothegods,radiates becutsa sorry ofthe inthecontext First, falsely Agamemnon Peira,where figure.75 Agamemnon intended an when that is illusion an he willtakeTroyon thecoming lievesthat highlighted day, situation. aboutthepresent lie, i.e. the claim thatZeus has deceived him,revealsthetruth the doesnotsucceed. Ifitwerenotfor intervention, courageous Odysseus' Second,hisscheming from have retreated would Troy. army ofthescepandtheauthority failure between thecontrast underscores Thenarrator Agamemnon's //. deceitful to of the thegenealogy tre speech, 2.107-9: sceptre Agamemnon's linking bydirectly
71 Grethlein (2006a) 112-14. Cf. 72The commentators Auto notethat havenotfailed thisrelaand arguethat is Odysseus'grandfather tolykos from detract as it might tionis notmentioned explicitly Hainsworth Stanford 11; (1954) cf. appearance, Odysseus' inthe Doloneia adventure ad 10.267. However, Odysseus' heritage. Autolykos' agreeswith 73For the fortheDoloneia's action, as a frame night see Klingner (1940) 360-2.
74 inthe as a trickster On Odysseus Doloneia,see Stanford (1954) 12-13; 15, who notes that this side of comestothefore onlytwiceinthe personality Odysseus' with Dolon and whenhe wrestles Iliad: whenhe tricks in general, as a trickster cf.Stanford Ajax. ForOdysseus Buchan(2004). (1954) 8-24.See also,more recently, 75 ForthePeira, see Kullmann (1980) (1955); Griffin 9-10;McGlew(1989); Schmidt (2002).
MEMORY AND MATERIAL OBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY o axe 0')ax' Aya|ijLivovi Xm cpopfjvai, ccxp Kai rcavxi vaoeiv. rcoMjiaiv vr|aoiai 'Apye xho y' peio(X|i8vo erce' Apyeioiaijiexriiia. AndThyestes left itinturn toAgamemnon to carry andtobe lordofmany islands andoverall Argos. he spokeandaddressed theArgives. Leaning uponthissceptre
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This does not so muchundermine theauthority of the sceptre, butrather the solemn tradition embodied by thestaff throwsintoreliefthedeceptionofAgamemnonand his failureto live up to the standards of his ancestors.76 the sceptrewhen he uses it to Significantly, Odysseus re-establishes disciplinethemasses and also pointsout explicitlyits authority.77 Let us turn to another Hektorhas killed Patroklos,he stripsoffhis armourand example. After it on //. 17.194-7: himself, puts ...o' ajipoxa Terrea vev nntaecoAxiAfjo, a oi Geoiopavcove o 8' apa obi rcaiiokloev cpXcoi rcaxpi ercopov, XX' v vxeai ynpoi)% viq rcaxp ynpa. . . .andhimself armour immortal puton that ofPeleidAchilleus, which theUranian godshad given to hislovedfather; andhe inturn old hadgivenit grown to hisson;buta sonwhonever armour. grewold in hisfather's The divine originof the weapons, which are called cfipoxoc, contrasts withAchilles' mortality. This tensionis thenextendedto Hektorin //.17.20 1-8 who, Zeus pointsout,has no idea how close he is to his own death. Achilles himselftoyswitha similarcontrast in //.18.82-90: 5' "Eicxcop ...x')%ea nvGE nicoGa rcetaopia, GajnaaGai, Ka^- x jivTh'kf'i Geoiaav yX,aScopa oxea poxouvpo e'iuaXov xoi, TlHaxi evfji. aG' ocpeE ai) jxv a'Gijj.ex'6avxr|i ^niaiv vaeiv, IIr| Xevq GvnxTiv yayaGai ockoixiv vvv8' iva Kai ooi TcvGo vi (ppeaiji')povr' xvox>% Tcai arcocpGijievoio, ')7roêaia^xi oKaSe voaxf|Gavx'... . . .andHektor, whokilledhim, has stripped that a wonder to lookon armour, away gigantic andsplendid, which thegodsgavePeleus,a glorious present, on that drove bed ofa mortal. daythey youto themarriage I wishyouhadgoneon living then with theother goddesses ofthesea, andthat Peleushadmarried somemortal woman. As itis,there must be inyour heart numberless sorrows for son's death, sinceyoucan never him your againreceive homeagainto hiscountry. ..
76 Thefact that leansonthesceptre could Agamemnon also be interpreted in another who is a way:Agamemnon rather weakleader hasto leanuponthetraditional authorembodied ity bythesceptre. 77 Thecontrast between andOdysseus' Agamemnon's uses of thesceptre is underlined of//. by thesimilarity 2.46-7: eiXzTO aicfJTTpov ae* / Tiaxpcoov, acpGixov a')v xah er|mia vfjaAâicovxoi,ko%itcvcuv and//. 2.186-7:ôcx oi aKfJTcxpov ae- / Tiaxpcoov, acpGixov crv xcoierimx vfjaAâicovâA-Koîxcovcov. In //. 2.198-9, takes the todiscipline the masses. Odysseus sceptre in//. 2.204-6he emphasizes itsauthority: ok Eventually,
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the death.Moreover, hisownimpending with ofhisarmour thedivine Achilles origin juxtaposes ofgods aboutthepairing andlead himto complain himofhisparents' wedding weaponsremind sitthe with contrasts his of the same Atthe present andhumans. wedding time, memory parents' die. to about is in the was sanctified which oftheliaison, whenthefruit uation wedding, InIliad 22, is nottoofanciful. that this to show adduced can be Another interpretation passage thecorpseofherhusband.Whenshe to see Achillesmutilating to a tower rushes Andromache //. 22.468-72: fallsdown, herhead-dress faints,
' rcKpaxaA,e GiyaevTot, SajLiaxa xr'ke xe i tcêkttiv va8a|iTiv aiircomKKp')(pa^v 6' 6 p oi fince xpuan A(ppoxr| Kpr|e|ivv "Eicxcop T|yye9' Kop')0ai,o tôctixah,oxe |niv 8va. eneircpe 6KS|Lio'> rupia 'Hexcovo, herheaddress, ordered herheadtheshining from far off Andshethrew gearthat woventogether, andthecap,andtheholding-band thediadem thegoldenoncehad givenher which andthecirclet, Aphrodite led herforth helmet oftheshining on that daywhenHektor towinher. andgavenumberless thehouseofEetion, from gifts
toearlier reference this 22.468-70 bT ad //. As thescholion highlights out, happiness already points ofa wedthe evokes a material //. As with disaster. thepresent memory 18.82-90, happy object situation. thepresent with contrasts dingthat of inbiographies theIliad whichis richer so fararefrom that I havediscussed The examples One the with interacts whose are there too in the but present. pastclosely objects Odyssey things, the on theislandoftheCyclopes. He mentions his landing suchcase is whenOdysseus reports is tomake which relevance atitsfuture hetookwith winethat (Od. 9.213-15), him, hinting already a rather on off him. blind can his comrades and that he so drunk long goes Odysseus Polyphemos him with who from he received which this about (Od. Maron, ample gifts provided wine, digression uncivilized with contrasts notonlystrongly 9. 196-211). Maron'shospitality recepPolyphemos' roleinwhat butalso thehost's andhiscomrades, tion ofOdysseus ironically playsan important gift of laws the for as thepunishment canbe understood hospitality. breaking from bow. Again,a gift is a similar there that havenoted Scholars Odysseus' regarding irony thelawsofhospitality.78 whoneglect ofthose roleinthepunishment a guest-friend playsa crucial and the the bow of the between the plothas more Odyssey's However, correspondence biography and that reveals narrator the facets.In a circular gifts exchanged Iphitos Odysseus digression,79 further metinthehouseofOrtilochos. whenthey however, guestdeveloptheir Theycouldnot, togethishorses himinorder andkilled as a guest-friend received Herakles for Iphitos friendship, contrasts and between hand the one the On Iphitos Odysseus guest-friendship (Od. 21.11-41).80 the Suitors resembles Herakles the on of theSuitors' with other, consumption Odysseus'goods,81 of the murder At the same the laws of bothbreak at leastin so faras they time, hospitality.82 relief into throws oftheSuitors.Thisparallel, murder theimpending however, parallels Iphitos the killsthosewhohavebreached a host, murders whileHerakles difference: a crucial Odysseus
79 e Kopavo see Gaisser(1969) 21-3. On thestructure, /e aaitauc, eaxco, yafj7ioX,')Koipavr| 80On the in thiscontext, of Herakles x' coicKe image negative I f| aKfJTcxpv Kpvoi)nau; yKvXo'n'XE(, Westdeletes see Clay (1983) 91. However, uiGxaiva acpiaio')>,t>r|civ. 81 the in//. 21.4 and 35 marks ofap%r| The repetition 206 inhisedition. 78 Reece and the the between contrast See 21.11-41. ad//. de punishment friendship guest174-5; Jong (1993) Cf. their for for hos- oftheSuitors also Reece (1993) 173-8ontheSuitors' transgression. disregard 82 ad 21.11-41. (1972) 12; de Jong Galinsky Cf. pitality.
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rulesofhospitality inhishouse. Takentogether, thecontrasts andparallels between thepastand thepresent a rather of provide and interesting juxtaposition Odysseus Herakles.83 Itis tempting tosearch for further between thehistory ofthebowandtheplot correspondences intheOdyssey. to later hisdaughter, According accounts, who Eurytos promised Iole,to anyone couldsurpass himinarrow-shooting. When Herakles defeated but was denied he him, Iole, sacked OichalieandkilledEurytos with hissons. Thereis no indication that theHomeric together bards and their audienceswerefamiliar withthisstory,84 butifthey were,thebow would evoke an tothebow contest in Odyssey 21. This,however, interesting parallel must remain speculation. Itis wellknown that in the often shed on the main analepses epics light plotinmanifold ways, and Griffin has brought thesignificance ofmaterial butit is objectsin Homerto ourattention,85 still howoften which enrich theepicnarrative, arepresented noteworthy flashbacks, the through ofgoods. biographies IV. READING THE 'ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PAST' In theprevious I havetried to applytheapproach ofthe'archaeology sections, ofthepast'tothe Iliad and Odyssey.It has emerged that thepastin theHomeric material side. epicshas a strong with andwithout a commemorative function holdmemories ofthepast:tombs, Things wallsand commodities totheplot. Furthermore, this ofthepast'has givetemporal depth epic 'archaeology narrative andmeta-poetic the evoked material significance: past by goodsoften closelyinteracts with theplot,andtheepic claimto preserve is highlighted ofthe ko ccpGixov by thecontrast semiotic which undermine thesignificance ofmaterial relics. No striking processes differences between theIliad andtheOdyssey couldbe noted, as theAppendix theIliad is richer but, shows, in old objectswitha history. the book withthemostbiographies of things in the Accordingly, is book4, which centres ontheIliadicfigure ofMenelaos.On theother Odyssey theOdyssey hand, contains more reflections on thememory that material areexpected topreserve for thefuobjects an observation that tiesinwellwith theOdyssey's concern ture, with kleos.*6 It is nowtime to suggest that theHomeric evidence for the'archaeepicsalso provide precious focuson pastandilliterate itis rather ologyofthepast'. Sincemostinvestigations difficultures, cult toprove inwhat relics evoked thepast. Evena pioneer suchas Cornelius Holtorf waymaterial concedes that theground onwhich reconstructions arebasedis shaky: 'In welchem many Umfang die damaligen Menschen ein Bewutsein ihrer hatten undihnen. . . klarwar,da Vergangenheit Generationen wordenwaren,ist derartige Objektevon Menschenviel frherer geschaffen nicht zu klren'.87 endgltig TheIliad andtheOdyssey, on theother arebasedon oraltraditions, andtheir references hand, to material thehermeneutics ofrelicsin an oralculture. goodscan therefore helpus to elucidate Of course, we cannot drawdefinite after a conclusions, for, all,theHomeric epicsarenotsimply butarepoeticconstructions which refract in mirror, Even if do shed reality complex ways. they newlight on memory in archaic thisneednotapplyto other oralcultures. AndyetI beGreece, lievethat theIliad andtheOdyssey allowsometentative for both the'archaeology of suggestions thepast'ingeneral andfor archaic Greeceinparticular. corroborates the 'archaeology of thepast' and showsthat material Essentially, myreading of different kinds can evoke thepast. Morespecifically, itelucidates twoaspects that goods have
83 Thescholion ad Od. 21.22 andEusth.1899.38point knewthestory ofEurytos andargues that he modelled the outthat Homer didnotknowIole. Cf.Galinsky inbook2 1 after it. (1972) 11- contest 85 for a Griffin 12; Clay (1983) 93-6. See Davies (1991) xxii-xxxvi (1980) 1-49. 86 of the tradition. Macleod(1983) andSegal(1983). survey mythical See, for example, 84 87 Krischer Holtorf Cf.Clay (1983) 92 n. 70. See, however, (2005) 102. itfor that the (1992) whotakes granted poetoftheOdyssey
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JONASGRETHLEIN
tendto focuson thepastas a toolused andpre-historians so far.Archaeologists beenneglected claimsto authorthisaspect:as thesceptre confirms shows, inpowerstruggles. My examination that often another is unnoticed, there perhaps on traditions. goes aregrounded However, point ity ofsigns the on reflections subtle are There social ambiguity on the focus to very dynamics. owing was an episthere inoralcultures that account we havetotakeinto intheepics. Obviously, already the made can be relics material Before the of objectof the to side past'. 'archaeology temological the in hand both since hand, better be interpreted. must go socialstruggle, operations Or, yet, they considerations. with intertwined semantic epistemological capitalofthepastis strongly butonly for media as serve can of wide that a parseen have we memory, range objects Second, into sink will wall his own that fears Poseidon For havethissignificance. example, items ticular a wide it. Moreover willoutshine built array becausethenewfortification oblivion bytheGreeks the alert items.Thisshould arevery butall ofthem callsup memories, ofcommodities precious it For memories. bore relic material not that fact the to the example, of every past' 'archaeology the on in to reflect ofsimple theremains past. that is doubtful depth people buildings prompted inalso can the of the of the from the and Iliad the past' 'archaeology angle Odyssey Reading in that Greecein a newway. It is wellknown in archaic on theroleofmemory us toreflect spire old that and reused were of often old and seventh theeighth origin, centuries, tombs, Mycenean archaic that for Ithas alwaysbeentaken attention.88 attracted likeMycenean granted relics, gems, another them.However, a time with items these emerges associated Greeks possibility longbefore between the for as an their to oftheheroes' ifwe see therelation relationship analogy past present andtheheroic thenarrator's age. present is prompted Such a transfer by a parallel:in theIliad, somerelicssuchas Peleus' spearand times outfour thenarrator tobe used inthepresent. Nestor's points Similarly, cup aretooheavy lift. to able be would in the man than heavier Here, lift to stones able are that heroes present any between relation the mirrors heroic andthe ofthenarrator thepresent between therelationship age the itappears then this If we their and theheroes' possiblethat comparison, pursue past. present a recent to them attributed rather but didnotsee therelicsas signsof a distant Greeks past, age, and at thesame timewas linkedto itby short thepresent from to be different whichwas felt ties. genealogical Is itpossible andapplyittotheIliad andtheOdyssey? further thissuggestion Can we extend This thesis event?89 recent of theTrojanWaras a fairly that Greeksin thearchaicage thought bards. the the ruins that Moreover, wouldbe supported inspired epic suggestion bytheplausible and thepresent,90 from different recent thevery theepicsshowthat pastcouldbe seenas rather the'floating that effect fora 'telescoping' studies gap' bridges parallels provide anthropological it is traditions.91 in oral events historical the However, events so that directly precede mythical narrator of the and the War theTrojan intheHomeric that present epicsthegap between striking aretoday and menas they the heroes of the direct is There is never juxtaposition only bridged. as an read be can which in //. the wall of the destruction of the 12.3-33, and,perhaps, prolepsis
88Forthereuseof old tombs, see Antonaccio (1995) in (1994) 403 n. 73. For old gems in and theliterature tombs,see Boardman(1970) 107; forold findsin the tombsat Eleusis,see Overbeck (1980) 89-90. See also 's qualsee Antonaccio Boardman (2002) 81-2.However, of relics, when ification(1994) 404: 'The findspots actualBronze do notinclude recorded, Age tombs'. 89This is anticipated by Rohde'simpressuggestion timeof thepoetdirectly thepresent sion(1898) 103 that Ainias(1999) Mazarakis theheroic follows age. However, the 34 voices thecommunis opiniowhenhe emphasizes andthe themselves between felt which theGreeks distance oftheTrothedating about epicheroes.Mostsuggestions Greecearebasedonthefive-ages myth jan WarinArchaic aretherace theheroes andDays,where inHesiod's Works Antime(160). For example, theauthor's livingbefore 'If locatedin heranalysis: tonaccio (1994) 407 concludes livedat thecusp theheroes ofabsolute terms chronology, IronAge'. Whitley of thehistorical (1994) 222 suggests Hesiod'ssilwith wereidentified that BronzeAge graves WarintheclasthedateoftheTrojan verrace. Forsetting sical age see Burkert (1995). 90 Grethlein (2006a) 55-8. Cf. 91 inoraltraditions, On 'telescoping' see,for example, gap' see Vansina Henige(1974) 27-38; on the 'floating (1985)23-4; 168-9.
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inthepresent. as a areno relicsleft theheroic for Otherwise, pastunfolds whythere explanation have located undermines the that archaic Greeks would sui This clearly suggestion past generis. itcouldbe argued as with local cults, Warin therecent theTrojan that, hand, past. On theother inorder toestablish a panhellenic tothepresent theepicssuppress appeal. Itis also anyreferences No matlinks with the heroic tried to establish that aristocrats genealogies.92 pastthrough likely ruins and in time archaic located the reflection on where Greeks the ter howwe turn it, Mycenaean in itopensup newpossibilities a Warremains a 'Gedankenexperiment'; theTrojan nevertheless, oftext andruin. on thepositivist identification beencentred that has hitherto discussion V. HEROIC HEIRLOOMS AND MODERN MUSEUMS Greece. The prominence andarchaic thisarticle Letme conclude beyond epicpoetry bylooking corofmemory as to from memorials material ofvarious goods bearers everyday ranging objects that hisage inold material with an interest diagnosed goodsinourowntime.Nietzsche responds the topreserve andsincehisdaystheefforts historical a consuming with was 'infected fever',93 past the between crucial differences inthewestern world.There increased havesteadily are,however, memwith obsession our in the and items material of function commemorative contemporary epics to butitis equallyimportant on literacy, does notdepend awareness historical that ory.It is right fever'. 'historical themodern from Greecewas different the'gripofthepast'in archaic notethat Iliad andtheOdyssey inthematerial areinscribed that thetraditions Atfirst goodsinthe glance, relicsaremoreand material In ourage as well, crusade'.94 us ofthecurrent 'heritage mayremind different to thepast. And yetthatis a rather morevaluedas testimonies story.As Lowenthal tothevernacular and the elite 'from has of the grand out, concept heritage grown, moving points to the material the and from the to theremote from andeveryday; Although recent; intangible'.95 arespeintheHomeric theobjects use,we couldalso notethat they everyday poemsaregoodsfor rethisfairly does notreachfar evokedbythem cial pieces,andwhilethememory back,already the from is distanced cent present. past - objects aretaken leadsto 'musealisation' crusade' thecurrent Evenmore 'heritage important, The Homeric andassembled.96 collected hand, outoftheir goods,on theother contexts, original the intheepicswith tradition theunbroken onecouldjuxtapose To putitbluntly, inuse.97 arestill This difference in traditions.98 the breaks is motivated that in the interest by past contemporary theLindianchronicle evidence.Therewere,as forexample to Homeric seemsnotto be limited arerather inancient Greece.99 ofmaterial collections However, they reveals, goodsinthetemples character. sacral of their because least not modern from different museums, absence outbythevirtual is borne memoria andmodern ancient between The samedifference in thepast interest andclassicalGreece. Whilethemodern in archaic ofbuildings ofrestoration
92 Morris the of changes; thus, bytheacceleration pastis triggered (1986a) 129. Cf. 93 inthepast. An intertheinterest creates Nietzsche (1954) (1873) 1210 (myowntranslation). loss oftraditions 94 that Lowenthal mysuggesparallels argument anthropological esting (1996). 95 tionis offered Lowenthal (1987) 12, whojuxtaposes by Parmentier (1996) 14. 96 Preis(1990); Zacharias thepast'in hermetically toputobjectsfrom (1995) ourtendency (1990); Huyssen Cf. - time capsules, archivalvaults, sealed environments 13-35. 97Thereis one in theOdyssey.Odysseus guardedmuseums'withthe use of old goods in Belau exception andby insocialaction, but leaves it as a which'are extensionally bow to Troy, does not take Eurytos' deployed courseofhistorical thelayered thisshould encoding change. . . make uvf||iaevoio(pilotoinhishouse. However, senseofcultural an intensional museums.The bow is an possible modern from continuity through be distinguished time'. Morefor its owner. with a significance particular object 99Boardman in on Ithaca(Od. 21.41). itis usedbyOdysseus (2002) 8 (cf.27) speaksof 'museums over, 98 the dedicaon 240-8 Pritchett also See forward the thesis to indebted a view is Such (1979) by temples'. put War. theTrojan from someofthem Nora's conceptof tionofold weapons, Ritter (1974) 105-40and underlying inthe interest that themodern de mmoire lieux (1984-92),
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JONASGRETHLEIN
showsthat a forthcoming hasinitiated restoration countless Dally100 study byOrtwin programmes, and even then restoration before theHellenistic there are onlya fewsignsof deliberate Age, as to secure the future fameof not so much as testimonies to the were restored past buildings individuals. prominent in theinterest inthe The boominmuseums as well as inrestoration is grounded programmes the as different from the As the of the heroes of War present. comparisons past specifically Trojan men the with heroes and also and as different show, epics previous present envisage past present from butthedifference is rather inquantity than in quality.Mostheroes one another, maybe too weaktowieldancient who but those have the use them them instead of weapons, strength storing as testimonies to thepast. It seemsthat Greek the notion of a throughout antiquity, pastthat is radically has little different from thepresent Even Thucydides, hailedas the prominence.101 father of critical thePeloponnesian Warwith War theTrojan directly historiography, juxtaposes in order to reconstruct thelatter, that the character and laws of warfare have implicitly assuming notchanged much.102 It is notuntil theaxial age around 1800AD that theheightened awareness ofdevelopments makestheviewofthepastas a foreign thedominating country concept.103 Only then doestheantiquarianism which made Nietzsche 'There is a of emerge grumble, degree sleepofruminating, ofhistorical awareness theliving is harmed andperishes, be it lessness, bywhich a man,a peopleora culture'.104 JONASGRETHLEIN Universitt Heidelberg
100 See thechapter 'Vorstufen derDenkmalpflege' in On restoration inancient see Dally(forthcoming). Greece, also Buchert (2000). 101 Thisthesis evmaybe supported byarchaeological idence.Hainsworth theuse from (1987) 211 notes:'Apart ofbronze about dress (andsomedetails pinsandthelength ofchitons) most Greeks seemtohavethought that thematerial culture of their ancestors was muchliketheir own. The vase painters always depictedHomericheroesin "modern" dressandgear'. In an unpublished Giupaper, lianiuses thedepiction ofshields to argue that there is no distinction between events invase pastandcontemporary paintings.
102 Kallet(2001) 97-115. See, for example, 103 On this see Koselleck development, (1975); (1979). For a new approachto 'axial ages', see Arnasonet al. that I do notarguethat theGreeks (2005). Let me stress had not 'discovered'the idea of development yet,but, whereas 1800AD developmental around started concepts to dominate historical didnotplaya reconstructions, they roleinancient Greece. Fora juxtaposition ofmodmajor ernnotions ofhistory with theidea ofhistory that underlies theIliad, see Grethlein (2006a) 97-105. 104 Nietzsche(1954) (1873) I 213 (my own translation).
47
VI. APPENDIX: OLD OBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY ofobjectsin thefuture butreflect on thecommemorative function which are not on old objects Passages not that to the of an item are listed. refer areindented. only production Analepses Iliad on divine horses ofAchilles tree 16.866-7: narrator on sceptre that was cutfrom 1.234-9: Achilles that thegodsgaveto Peleus that was madeby on sceptre 2.100-9: narrator the 17.1 94-7: narrator on weaponsofAchillesthat Zeus to andpassedon from Hephaistos to Peleus to Thyestes to PelopstoAtreus Hermes godsgave that thegods ofAchilles 17.443-4: Zeus on horses toAgamemnon (cf.2. 186) to Peleus ofAipytos on tomb 2.603-4: narrator gave thegods 18.84-5: Achilleson hisweaponsthat on tomb ofAisyetes : narrator 2.792-3 a to Peleus for ofMyrine on tomb 2.811-14: narrator wedding present gave on spearofAchillesthat 19.387-91 : narrator on tomb ofMenelaos 4.174-82:Agamemnon from Cheiron Peleusreceived (hypothetically) theTrojans the wall that narrator on 20. 144-8: ofAineas, 5.265-72: Diomedeson horses Poseidon Athene built for and that Zeus from thehorses descending that was setup as on stone 2 1.403-6: narrator gavetoTros a hows Oineus beltthat Diomedeson warrior 6.219: he andApollo 2 1.446-7: Poseidonon wall that gaveto Bellerophontes built : Diomedeson cup inhishomethat 6.220-1 that wereusedfor on fountains 22.147-56:narrator gaveto Oineus Bellerophontes inpeace that Alexander on clothes 6.289-92: narrator laundry that he ofHektor on armour : narrator 22.322-3 from Sidonia brought Patroklos tookfrom ofhisopponent on tomb : Hektor 7.87-91 's headwear onAndromache 22.470-2 : narrator (hypothetically) as a wedding that shereceived Ereuthalion on clubthat 7.137-50: Nestor gift from whohadtaken from received Aphrodite Lykurgos that thegods 23.276-8: Achilleson hishorses Areithoos itfrom to his that willtestify on gifts 7.299-302:Hektor gaveto Peleus ofDiomedesthat on horses 23.291-2: narrator Aias duelwith Aineas took from he the of 7.451-3:Poseidonon thefuture glory ofMenelaos,one on horses 23.294-8: narrator newwall oftheGreeks who toAgamemnon ofwhich he took that onAchilles'lyre 9.186-9: narrator belongs itfrom received Eetion from Echepolos race on sma in chariot that went 23.326-32:Nestor helmet on Meriones' narrator 10.261-70: he tookfrom that on armour Achilles 23.560-2: to to from Amyntor Autolykos Amphidamasto Molos to Meriones Asteropaios Nestor 23.616-20:Achilleson bowlas prizefor ofIlos Dolon on tomb 10.414-16: thefuneral he willremember so that that armour onAgamemnon's 11.19-28: narrator from he received games Kinyras Phoinicians that on kratr 23.741-7: narrator ofIlos on tomb 11.166-8: narrator gave Euneosgaveto toThoas andthat ofIlos on tomb 11.371-2: narrator for Patroklos on Nestor's 11.632-7: narrator Lykaon cup that he tookfrom : Achilleson sword 23.807-8 oftheGreeks' on thefuture 12.9-33:narrator wall Asteropaios to on discusthat his 23.826-9: narrator ofMegeswhich on armour narrator 15.529-33: belonged Eetion from received father Euphetes Phyleus Priam received on cupthat 24.234-5: narrator which on spearofAchilles 16.140-4: narrator Thracians from from Cheiron Peleusreceived Priam received on mulesthat 24.277-8: narrator twoof ofAchilles narrator on horses 16.148-54: from and from which stem Mysians Zephyros ofIlos on tomb 24.349: narrator Achilles andone ofwhich Podarges Eetion tookfrom
48
JONASGRETHLEIN
to 11.75-6:ghost ofElpenor asking Odysseus he willbe hima tomb so that erect remembered from Menelaos on gifts 15.51-5:Peisistratos andthememory created bygifts bride of future 15.125-8:Helenonpeplos for as memory ofHelen Telemachos on bow which 21.11-41: narrator Odysseus received from Iphitos on shield that to 22.184-5:narrator belonged Laertios 23.184-205:Odysseus on hisbed (see also 19.392466: narrator on scarofOdysseus) that 24.32-4: ghost ofAchilleson tomb wouldhavereceived had Agamemnon he diedatTroy 24.73-5: ghost ofAgamemnon on amphora for Achilles'bonesthat was madeby andgiventoThetis Hephaistos by Dionysos ofAgamemnon of 24.80-4:ghost on tomb Patroklos andAntilochos as Achilles, memorial
Odyssey 1.239-41 (Eumaios) (=14.369-71)Telemachos that wouldhave on tomb Odysseus hadhe diedat Troy received on seaton which Neleus 3.406-10:narrator sat already ofhis goods 4.81-91: Menelaoson theorigin that Helen narrator on received 4.125-32: basket Alkandre andon bathing-tubs, from andgoldthat Menelaosreceived tripods from Polybos 4.227-32:narrator which Helenreceived on drugs from Polydamna 4.590-2:Menelaoson cupthat he is giving to him Telemachos so that hewillremember that 4.613-19(=15.113-19):Menelaoson kratr he was madebyHephaistos andthat received from Phaidimos 5.308-12:Odysseus on kleosthat he wouldhave received funeral through goodsifhe haddiedatTroy 8.430-2:Alkinous on cupthat to he is giving so that him he willremember Odysseus 9.196-215: as narrator on thewinethat Odysseus he received Maronwith from other guest gifts
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MEMORY AND MATERIAL OBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY Author(s): JONAS GRETHLEIN Source: The Journal

Journal ofHellenicStudies128 (2008) 27-51

MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY*

MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

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MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

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MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

MEMORY AND MATERIALOBJECTS IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

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