JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech. ECE. I-Sem T P C 4+ !

" 4 #ANAGERIAL ECONO#ICS AND $INANCIAL ANALYSIS UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO #ANAGERIAL ECONO#ICS % Definition, Nature and Scope Managerial EconomicsDemand Analysis: Demand Determinants, Law of Demand and its exceptions. UNIT II ELASTICITY O$ DE#AND % Definition, ypes, Measurement and Significance of Elasticity of Demand. Demand !orecasting, !actors go"erning demand forecasting, met#ods of demand forecasting $sur"ey met#ods, statistical met#ods, expert opinion met#od, test mar%eting, controlled experiments, &udgmental approac# to demand forecasting&. UNIT III THEORY O$ PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS % 'roduction !unction (so)uants and (socosts, M* S, Least +ost +om,ination of (nputs, 'roduction function, Laws of *eturns, (nternal and External Economies of Scale. C'() A*a+,(-( % +ost concepts, -pportunity cost, !ixed .s..aria,le costs, Explicit costs .s.(mplicit costs, -ut of poc%et costs "s. (mputed costs. /rea%0e"en Analysis $/EA10termination of /rea%0E"en 'oint $simple pro,lems10 Managerial Significance and limitations of /EA. UNIT IV INTRODUCTION TO #AR.ETS / PRICING STRATEGIES % Mar%et structures: ypes of competition, !eatures of 'erfect competition, Monopoly and Monopolistic +ompetition. 'rice0-utput Determination in case of 'erfect +ompetition and Monopoly. 'ricing Strategies UNIT V BUSINESS / NEW ECONO#IC ENVIRON#ENT % +#aracteristic features of /usiness, !eatures and e"aluation of Sole 'roprietors#ip, 'artners#ip, 2oint Stoc% +ompany, 'u,lic Enterprises and t#eir types, +#anging /usiness En"ironment in 'ost0li,erali3ation scenario. UNIT VI CAPITAL AND CAPITAL BUDGETING : +apital and its significance, ypes of +apital, Estimation of !ixed and 4or%ing capital re)uirements, Met#ods and sources of raising finance. Nature and scope of capital ,udgeting, features of capital ,udgeting proposals, Met#ods of +apital /udgeting: 'ay,ac% Met#od, Accounting *ate of *eturn $A**1 and Net 'resent .alue Met#od $simple pro,lems1. UNIT VII INTRODUCTION TO $INANCIAL ACCOUNTING % Dou,le0Entry /oo% 5eeping, 2ournal, Ledger, rial /alance0 !inal Accounts $ rading Account, 'rofit and Loss Account and /alance S#eet wit# simple ad&ustments1. UNIT VIII $INANCIAL ANALYSIS THROUGH RATIOS % +omputation, Analysis and (nterpretation of Li)uidity *atios $+urrent *atio and )uic% ratio1, Acti"ity *atios $(n"entory turno"er ratio and De,tor urno"er ratio1, +apital structure *atios $De,t0E)uity ratio, (nterest +o"erage ratio1, and 'rofita,ility ratios $6ross 'rofit *atio, Net 'rofit ratio, -perating *atio, '7E *atio and E'S1. TE0TBOO.S % 8. Managerial Economics and !inancial Analysis Aryasri, M9,:7E, :;;<. :. Managerial Economics 0 .ars#ney = Ma#eswari, Sultan +#and, :;;>. RE$ERENCES % 8. !inancial Accounting for Management 0 Am,ris# 6upta, 'earson Education, New Del#i, :;;?. :. !inancial Accounting 0 Sc#aum@s -utlines, S#im =Siegel, M9, :7E,:;;? >. 'roduction and -perations Management +#ary, M9, >7e, :;;?. ?. Managerial Economics (n a 6lo,al Economy 0 Domnic% Sal"atore, #omson, ?t# Edition :;;>. <. !inancial AccountingAA Managerial 'erspecti"e Narayanaswamy, '9(, :;;< B. Managerial Economics 0 'eterson = Lewis, 'earson Education, ?t# Edition, :;;? C. Managerial Economics= !inancial Analysis 0 *ag#unat#a *eddy = Narasim#ac#ary, Scitec#, :;;<. D. !inancial Accounting 0 S.N.Ma#eswari = S.5. Ma#eswari, .i%as, :;;<. E. Managerial Economics:Analysis, 'ro,lems and +ases 0 ruet and ruet, 4iley, :;;?. 8;. Managerial Economics Dwi"ed, .i%as, Bt# Ed.,:;;: 88. Managerial Economics 0 Foges# Ma#eswari, '9(, :nd Ed., :nd Ed. :;;<.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech. ECE. I-Sem T P C 4+ ! " 4 CO#PUTER ORGANI1ATION UNIT-I BASIC STRUCTURE O$ CO#PUTERS% +omputer ypes, !unctional units, /asic operational concepts, /us structures, Software, 'erformance, multiprocessors and multi computers. Data types, +omplements, Data *epresentation. !ixed 'oint *epresentation. !loating 'oint *epresentation. Error Detection codes. UNIT-II REGISTER TRANS$ER LANGUAGE AND #ICROOPERATIONS% *egister ransfer language. *egister ransfer, /us and memory transfer, Arit#metic Mircro operatiaons, logic micro operations, s#ift micro operations, Arit#metic logic s#ift unit. (nstruction codes. +omputer *egisters +omputer instructions (nstruction cycle. Memory *eference (nstructions. (nput -utput and (nterrupt. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT - Stac% organi3ation. (nstruction formats. Addressing modes. DA A ransfer and manipulation. 'rogram control. *educed (nstruction set computer UNIT-III #ICRO PROGRA##ED CONTROL% +ontrol memory, Address se)uencing, micro program example, Design of control unit09ard wired control. Micro programmed control UNIT-IV CO#PUTER ARITH#ETIC % Addition and su,traction, multiplication Algorit#ms, Di"ision Algorit#ms, !loating point Arit#metic operations. Decimal Arit#metic unit, Decimal Arit#metic operations. UNIT-V THE #E#ORY SYSTE# % Memory 9ierarc#y, Main memory, Auxiliary memory, Associati"e memory, +ac#e memory, .irtual memory, Memory management #ardware UNIT-VI INPUT-OUTPUT ORGANI1ATION % 'erip#eral De"ices, (nput0-utput (nterface, Async#ronous data transfer Modes of ransfer, 'riority (nterrupt, Direct memory Access, (nput -utput 'rocessor $(-'1, Serial communicationG UNIT-VII PIPELINE AND VECTOR PROCESSING% 'arallel 'rocessing, 'ipelining, Arit#metic 'ipeline, (nstruction 'ipeline, *(S+ 'ipeline .ector 'rocessing, Array 'rocessors. UNIT-VIII #ULTI PROCESSORS% +#aracteristics of Multiprocessors, (nterconnection Structures, (nterprocessor Ar,itration. (nterprocessor +ommunication and Sync#roni3ation, +ac#e +o#erance. TE0T BOO.S% 8. +omputer System Arc#itecture M.Moris Mano, (((rd Edition, '9( 7 'earson, :;;B. :. +omputer -rgani3ation +ar 9amac#er, H"on%s .ranesic, Safwat Ha%y, . Edition, Mc6raw 9ill, :;;:. RE$ERENCE% 8. +omputer -rgani3ation and Arc#itecture 4illiam Stallings Se"ent# Edition, '9(7'earson, :;;B. :. +omputer Arc#itecture and -rgani3ation 2o#n '. 9ayes, Mc 6raw 9ill (nternational editions, 8EED.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY2 HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech. ECE. I-Sem T P C 4+ ! " 4 LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS UNIT I INTEGRATED CIRCUITS % Differential Amplifier0 D+ and A+ analysis of Dual input /alanced output +onfiguration, 'roperties of ot#er differential amplifier configuration $Dual (nput In,alanced -utput, Single Ended (nput /alanced7 In,alanced -utput1, D+ +oupling and +ascade Differential Amplifier Stages, Le"el translator. UNIT II +#aracteristics of -'0Amps, (ntegrated circuits0 ypes, +lassification, 'ac%age ypes and temperature ranges, 'ower supplies, -p0amp /loc% Diagram, ideal and practical -p0amp specifications, D+ and A+ c#aracteristics, C?8 op0amp = its features, !E input. -p0Amps,-p0Amp parameters = Measurement, (nput = -ut put -ff set "oltages = currents, slew rates, +M**, 'S**, drift, !re)uency +ompensation tec#ni)ue. UNIT III LINEAR APPLICATIONS O$ OP- A#PS % (n"erting and Non0in"erting amplifier, (ntegrator and differentiator, Difference amplifier, (nstrumentation amplifier, A+ amplifier, . to (, ( to . con"erters, /uffers. UNIT IV NON-LINEAR APPLICATIONS O$ OP- A#PS % Non0 Linear function generation, +omparators, Multi"i,rators, riangular and S)uare wa"e generators, Log and Anti log amplifiers, 'recision rectifiers. UNIT V OSCILLATORS AND WAVE$OR# GENERAGTORS % (ntroduction, /utter wort# filters 8st order, :nd order L'!, 9'! filters. /and pass, /and re&ect and all pass filters. Applications of .+- $<BB1. UNIT VI TI#ERS / PHASE LOC.ED LOOPS : (ntroduction to <<< timer, functional diagram, Monosta,le and Asta,le operations and applications, Sc#mitt rigger. 'LL 0 introduction, ,loc% sc#ematic, principles and description of indi"idual ,loc%s, <B< 'LL, Applications of 'LL fre)uency multiplication, fre)uency translation, AM, !M = !S5 demodulators. UNIT VII D )' A / A )' D CONVERTERS % (ntroduction, ,asic DA+ tec#ni)ues, weig#ted resistor DA+, *0:* ladder DA+, in"erted *0:* DA+, and (+ 8?;D DA+, Different types of AD+s 0 parallel comparator type AD+, counter type AD+, successi"e approximation AD+ and dual slope AD+. DA+ and AD+ Specifications, Specifications AD <C? $8: ,it AD+1. UNIT VIII ANALOG #ULTIPLIERS AND #ODULATORS % !our Juadrant multiplier, ,alanced modulator, (+ 8?EB, Applications of analog switc#es and Multiplexers, Sample = 9old amplifiers. TE0T BOO.S % 8. Linear (ntegrated +ircuits D. *oy +#owd#ury, New Age (nternational $p1 Ltd, :nd Edition,:;;>. :. -p0Amps = Linear (+s 0 *ama%ant# A. 6aya%wad, '9(,8EDC. RE$ERENCES % 8. Design wit# -perational Amplifiers = Analog (ntegrated +ircuits 0 Sergio !ranco, Mc6raw 9ill, 8EDD. :. -perational Amplifiers = Linear (ntegrated +ircuits*.!.+oug#lin = !redric% Driscoll, '9(, Bt# Edition. >. Micro Electronics Millman, Mc6raw 9ill,8EDD. ?. -perational Amplifiers +.6. +layton, /utterwort# = +ompany 'u,l. Ltd.7 Else"ier, 8EC8.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech. ECE. I-Sem T P C 4+ ! " 4 DIGITAL IC APPLICATIONS UNIT I C#OS LOGIC : (ntroduction to logic families, +M-S logic, +M-S steady state electrical ,e#a"ior, +M-S dynamic electrical ,e#a"ior, +M-S logic families. UNIT II BIPOLAR LOGIC AND INTER$ACING % /ipolar logic, ransistor logic, L families, +M-S7 L interfacing, low "oltage +M-S logic and interfacing, Emitter coupled logic, +omparison of logic families, !amiliarity wit# standard C?KK and +M-S ?;KK series0(+s Specifications. UNIT III THE VHDL HARDWARE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE : Design flow, program structure, types and constants, functions and procedures, li,raries and pac%ages. UNIT IV THE VHDL DESIGN ELE#ENTS % Structural design elements, data flow design elements, ,e#a"ioral design elements, time dimension and simulation synt#esis. UNIT V CO#BINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN % Decoders, encoders, t#ree state de"ices, multiplexers and demultiplexers, +ode +on"erters, EK0-* gates and parity circuits, comparators, adders = su,tractors, ALIs, +om,inational multipliers. .9DL modes for t#e a,o"e (+s. UNIT VI DESIGN E0A#PLES 3USING VHDL& % Design examples $using .9DL1 0 /arrel s#ifter, comparators, floating0point encoder, dual parity encoder. UNIT VII SE4UENTIAL LOGIC DESIGN % Latc#es and flip0flops, 'LDs, counters, s#ift register, and t#eir .9DL models, sync#ronous design met#odology, impediments to sync#ronous design. UNIT VIII #E#ORIES % RO#( % (nternal structure, :D0decoding commercial types, timing and applications. Static *AM: (nternal structure, S*AM timing, standard S*AMS, sync#ronous S*AMS. D,*am-c RA# % (nternal structure, timing, sync#ronous D*AMs. !amiliarity wit# +omponent Data S#eets +ypress +FB88B,+FC+8;;B, Specifications. TE0T BOO.S % 8. Digital Design 'rinciples = 'ractices 2o#n !. 4a%erly, '9(7 'earson Education Asia, >rd Ed., :;;<. :. .9DL 'rimer 2. /#as%er, 'earson Education7 '9(,>rd Edition. RE$ERENCES % 8. Digital System Design Ising .9DL +#arles 9. *ot# 2r., '4S 'u,lications,8EED. :. (ntroduction to Logic Design Alan /. Marco"it3, M9,:nd Edition,:;;<. >. !undamentals of Digital Logic wit# .erilog Design Step#en /rown, H"on%o .ransesic, M9, :;;>. ?. +ypress Semiconductors Data /oo%$Download from we,site1. <. !undamentals of Digital Logic wit# .9DL Design Step#en /orwn and H"on%o .ramesic, Mc6raw 9ill,:nd Edition.,:;;<. B. Linear (ntegrated +ircuit Applications ,y 5. Lal %is#ore, 'earson Educations :;;<

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech. ECE. I-Sem T P C 4+ ! " 4 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION UNIT I ANTENNA $UNDA#ENTALS % (ntroduction, *adiation Mec#anism single wire, : wire, dipoles, +urrent Distri,ution on a t#in wire antenna . Antenna 'arametersL 0 *adiation 'atterns, 'atterns in 'rincipal 'lanes, Main Lo,e and Side Lo,es, /eamwidt#s, /eam Area, *adiation (ntensity, /eam Efficiency, Directi"ty, 6ain and *esolution, Antenna Apertures, Aperture Efficiency, Effecti"e 9ig#t. *elated 'ro,lems. UNIT II Th-* L-*ear W-re A*)e**a(% *etarded 'otentials, *adiation from Small Electric Dipole, Juarterwa"e Monopole and 9alfwa"e Dipole +urrent Distri,utions, E"aluation of !ield +omponents, 'ower *adiated, *adiation *esistance, /eamwidt#s, Directi"ity, Effecti"e Area and Effecti"e 9ig#t. Natural current distri,utions, fields and patterns of #in Linear +enter0fed Antennas of different lengt#s, *adiation *esistance at a point w#ic# is not current maximum. Antenna #eorems Applica,ility and 'roofs for e)ui"alence of directional c#aracteristics, Loop Antennas : Small Loops 0 !ield +omponents, +omparison of far fields of small loop and s#ort dipole, +oncept of s#ort magnetic dipole, D and *r relations for small loops. UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS % : element arrays different cases, 'rinciple of 'attern Multiplication, N element Iniform Linear Arrays /roadside, Endfire Arrays, E!A wit# (ncreased Directi"ity, Deri"ation of t#eir c#aracteristics and comparisonG +oncept of Scanning Arrays. Directi"ity *elations $no deri"ations1. *elated 'ro,lems. /inomial Arrays, Effects of Iniform and Non0uniform Amplitude Distri,utions, Design *elations. UNIT IV NON-RESONANT RADIATORS : (ntroduction, ra"elling wa"e radiators ,asic concepts, Longwire antennas field strengt# calculations and patterns, .0antennas, *#om,ic Antennas and Design *elations, /road,and Antennas: 9elical Antennas Significance, 6eometry, ,asic propertiesG Design considerations for monofilar #elical antennas in Axial Mode and Normal Modes $Jualitati"e reatment1. UNIT V VH$2 UH$ AND #ICROWAVE ANTENNAS - I % Arrays wit# 'arasitic Elements, Fagi 0 Ida Arrays, !olded Dipoles = t#eir c#aracteristics. *eflector Antennas : !lat S#eet and +orner *eflectors. 'ara,oloidal *eflectors 6eometry, c#aracteristics,types of feeds, !7D *atio, Spill -"er, /ac% Lo,es, Aperture /loc%ing, -ff0set !eeds, +assegrainian !eedsL. UNIT VI VH$2 UH$ AND #ICROWAVE ANTENNAS - II % 9orn Antennas ypes, -ptimum 9orns, Design +#aracteristics of 'yramidal 9ornsG Lens Antennas 6eometry, !eatures, Dielectric Lenses and Honing, Applications. Antenna Measurements 'atterns *e)uired, Set Ip, Distance +riterion, Directi"ity and 6ain Measurements $+omparison, A,solute and >0Antenna Met#ods1. UNIT VII WAVE PROPAGATION - I% +oncepts of 'ropagation fre)uency ranges and types of propagations. 6round 4a"e 'ropagation+#aracteristics, 'arameters, 4a"e ilt, !lat and Sp#erical Eart# +onsiderations. S%y 4a"e 'ropagation !ormation of (onosp#eric Layers and t#eir +#aracteristics, Mec#anism of *eflection and *efraction, +ritical !re)uency, MI! = S%ip Distance +alculations for flat and sp#erical eart# cases, -ptimum !re)uency, LI9!, .irtual 9eig#t, (onosp#eric A,normalities, (onosp#eric A,sorption. UNIT VIII WAVE PROPAGATION 5 II% !undamental E)uation for !ree0Space 'ropagation, /asic ransmission Loss +alculations. Space 4a"e 'ropagation Mec#anism, L-S and *adio 9ori3on. roposp#eric 4a"e 'ropagation *adius of +ur"ature of pat#, Effecti"e Eart#@s *adius, Effect of Eart#@s +ur"ature, !ield Strengt# +alculations, M0 cur"es and Duct 'ropagation, roposp#eric Scattering. TE0T BOO.S % 8. Antennas for All Applications 2o#n D. 5raus and *onald 2. Mar#ef%a, M9l, >rd Edn., :;;>. :. Electromagnetic 4a"es and *adiating Systems E.+. 2ordan and 5.6. /almain, '9(, :nd ed., :;;;. RE$ERENCES % 8. Antenna #eory 0 +.A. /alanis, 2o#n 4iley = Sons, :nd ed., :;;8. :. Antennas and 4a"e 'ropagation 5.D. 'rasad, Satya 'ra%as#an, ec# (ndia 'u,lications, New Del#i, :;;8. >. ransmission and 'ropagation E...D. 6la3ier and 9.*.L. Lamont, #e Ser"ices ext /oo% of *adio, "ol. <, Standard 'u,lis#ers Distri,utors, Del#i. ?. Electronic and *adio Engineering !.E. erman, Mc6raw09ill, ?t# edition, 8E<<. <. Antennas 2o#n D. 5raus, Mc6raw09ill, SE+-ND ED( (-N, 8EDD.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech. ECE. I-Sem T P C 4+ ! " 4 DIGITAL CO##UNICATIONS UNIT I PULSE DIGITAL #ODULATION % Elements of digital communication systems, ad"antages of digital communication systems, Elements of '+M: Sampling, Juanti3ation = +oding, Juanti3ation error, +ompading in '+M systems. Differential '+M systems $D'+M1. UNIT II DELTA #ODULATION % Delta modulation, its draw ,ac%s, adapti"e delta modulation, comparison of '+M and DM systems, noise in '+M and DM systems. UNIT III DIGITAL #ODULATION TECHNI4UES % (ntroduction, AS5, !S5, 'S5, D'S5, DE'S5, J'S5, M0ary 'S5, AS5, !S5, similarity of /!S5 and /'S5. UNIT IV DATA TRANS#ISSION % /ase ,and signal recei"er, pro,a,ility of error, t#e optimum filter, matc#ed filter, pro,a,ility of error using matc#ed filter, co#erent reception, non0co#erent detection of !S5, calculation of error pro,a,ility of AS5, /'S5, /!S5,J'S5. UNIT V IN$OR#ATION THEORY % Discrete messages, concept of amount of information and its properties. information, Entropy and its properties. (nformation rate, Mutual information and its properties, A"erage

UNIT VI SOURCE CODING % (ntroductions, Ad"antages, S#annon@s t#eorem, S#anon0!ano coding, 9uffman coding, efficiency calculations, c#annel capacity of discrete and analog +#annels, capacity of a 6aussian c#annel, ,andwidt# S7N trade off. UNIT VII LINEAR BLOC. CODES % (ntroduction, Matrix description of Linear /loc% codes, Error detection and error correction capa,ilities of Linear ,loc% codes, 9amming codes, /inary cyclic codes, Alge,raic structure, encoding, syndrome calculation, /+9 +odes. UNIT VIII CONVOLUTION CODES % (ntroduction, encoding of con"olution codes, time domain approac#, transform domain approac#. 6rap#ical approac#: state, tree and trellis diagram decoding using .iter,i algorit#m. TE0T BOO.S % 8. Digital communications 0 Simon 9ay%in, 2o#n 4iley, :;;< :. 'rinciples of +ommunication Systems 9. au, and D. Sc#illing, M9, :;;> RE$ERENCES % 8. Digital and Analog +ommunication Systems 0 Sam S#anmugam, 2o#n 4iley, :;;<. :. Digital +ommunications 2o#n 'roa%is, M9, 8ED>. +ommunication Systems Analog = Digital Sing# = Sapre, M9, :;;?. >. Modern Analog and Digital +ommunication /.'.Lat#i, -xford reprint, >rd edition, :;;?.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech. ECE. I-Sem T P " 6 DIGITAL CO##UNICATIONS LAB 8. 'ulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation. :. 'ulse 4idt# Modulation and demodulation. >. 'ulse 'osition Modulation and demodulation. ?. Sampling #eorem "erification. <. ime di"ision multiplexing. B. 'ulse code modulation. C. Differential pulse code modulation. D. Delta modulation. E. !re)uency s#ift %eying. 8;. '#ase s#ift %eying . 88. Differential p#ase s#ift %eying. E89-:me*) re89-re; <'r La='ra)'r-e(% 8. *'S 0 ; >; . :. +*0 ; :; M 93. >. !unction 6enerators 0 ; 8 M 93 ?. *! 6enerators 0 ; 8;;; M 93.7; 8;; M 93. <. Multimeters B. La, Experimental %its for Digital +ommunication C. +omponents D. *adio *ecei"er7 . *ecei"er Demo %its or rainees.

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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech. ECE. I-Sem T P " 6 IC APPLICATIONS AND ECAD LAB #-*-m9m T>e+?e E@:er-me*)( )' =e c'*;9c)e; % 3S-@ <r'm each :ar) A / B& Par) A 3IC A::+-ca)-'* La=&% 8. -' AM' Applications Adder, Su,tractor, +omparator +ircuits. :. Acti"e !ilter Applications L'!, 9'! $first order1 >. !unction 6enerator using -' AM's. ?. (+ <<< imer Monosta,le and Asta,le -peration +ircuit. <. (+ <BB .+- Applications. B. .oltage *egulator using (+ C:>. C. ? ,it DA+ using -' AM'. Par) B 3ECAD La=&%

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E89-:me*) re89-re; <'r La='ra)'r-e(% 8. *'S :. +*>. !unction 6enerator ?. Multi Meters <. (+ rainer 5its $-ptional1 B. /read /oards C. +omponents:0 (+C?8, (+<<<, (+<BB, (+8?EB, (+C:>, CD;<, CD;E, CE8: and ot#er essential components. D. Analog (+ ester $'r S'<)>are S-m9+a)-'* 8 +omputer Systems : LAN +onnection $-ptional1 > -perating Systems ? .9DL7 .E*(L-6 < !'6AS7+'LDS $Download ools1