Technical information on Kappa products

Instrument transformers are used for measurement and protective application, together with equipment such as meters and relays. Their role in electrical systems is of primary importance as they are a means of "stepping down" the current or voltage of a system to measurable values, such as 5A or 1A in the case of a current transformers or 11 ! or 1 ! in the case of a voltage transformer. This offers the advantage that measurement and protective equipment can be standardi"ed on a few values of current and voltage.

!oltage transformers #urrent transformers $appa has published a reference manual on instrument transformers

Voltage transformers

%rinciple of operation &efinitions 'tandards Tests Typical 'pecifications

Principle of operation The standards define a voltage transformer as one in which "the secondary voltage is substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle which is appro(imately "ero for an appropriate direction of the connections." This, in essence, means that the voltage transformer has to be as close as possible to the "ideal" transformer. In an "ideal" transformer, the secondary voltage vector is e(actly opposite and equal to the primary voltage vector, when multiplied by the turns ratio. In a "practical" transformer, errors are introduced because some current is drawn for the magneti"ation of the core and because of drops in the primary and secondary windings due to lea)age reactance and winding resistance. *ne can thus tal) of a voltage error,which is the amount by which the voltage is less than the applied primary voltage ,and the phase error, which is the phase angle by which the reversed secondary voltage vector is displaced from the primary voltage vector. $appa designs its !T+s so that the resistance and reactance drops are

minimi"ed. It also uses the best grades of cold rolled grain oriented electrical steels which enables operation at optimum levels of magnetic induction, thus reducing both the si"e and the cost of the !T. Definitions Typical terms used for specifying a voltage transformer ,!Ta. Rated primary voltage: This is the rated voltage of the system whose voltage is required to be stepped down for measurement and protective purposes. b. Rated secondary voltage: This is the voltage at which the meters and protective devices connected to the secondary circuit of the voltage transformer operate. c. Rated burden: This is the load in terms of volt.amperes ,!A- posed by the devices in the secondary circuit on the !T. This includes the burden imposed by the connecting leads. The !T is required to be accurate at both the rated burden and /50 of the rated burden. d. Accuracy class required: The transformation errors that are permissible, including voltage ,ratio- error and phase angle error. %hase error is specified in minutes. Typical accuracy classes are #lass .5, #lass 1 and #lass 1. 2oth metering and protection classes of accuracy are specified. In a metering !T, the !T is required to be within the specified errors from 3 0 to 1/ 0 of the rated voltage. In a protection !T, the !T is required to be accurate from 50 upto the rated voltage factor times the rated voltage. e. Rated voltage factor: &epending on the system in which the !T is to be used, the rated voltage factors to be specified are different. The table below is adopted from Indian and International standards. Rated Rated time Method of connecting primary voltage inding in system factor 1./ #ontinuous 2etween phases in any networ) 2etween transformer star.point and earth in any networ) #ontinuous 2etween phase and earth in an effectively for 1 earthed neutral system seconds #ontinuous 2etween phase and earth in a non.effectively for 1 earthed neutral system with automatic fault seconds tripping #ontinuous 2etween phase and earth in an isolated neutral

1./ 1.5 1./ 1.4 1./

system without automatic fault tripping or in a resonant earthed system without automatic fault tripping f. Temperature class of insulation: The permissible temperature rise over the specified ambient temperature. Typically, classes 5, 2 and 6. g. Residual voltage transformer !RVT": 7!Ts are used for residual earth fault protection and for discharging capacitor ban)s. The secondary residual voltage winding is connected in open delta. 8nder normal conditions of operation, there is no voltage output across the residual voltage winding. 9hen there is an earth fault, a voltage is developed across the open delta winding which activates the relay. 9hen using a three phase 7!T, the primary neutral should be earthed, as otherwise third harmonic voltages will appear across the residual winding. 1 phase 7!Ts typically have 5 limb construction. h. Metering #nits:11)! metering units consist of one 1 phase !T and / #T+s connected together in a single housing. This can be used for three phase monitoring of energy parameters. It is used with trivector meters and energy meters.

1.4

for 3 hours

$tandards The Indian and international standard references for !T s are as given in the table below: $tandard Indian 2ritish 2ritish International 5lectro technical #ommission ,I5#Australian Australian American $tandard %umber 115; 2' 5< ; 2' >>/4 I5# ; ==./ ==./ &ear 144/ 144> 144= 144>

A' 1/=1 A' ; ==./ A<'I #.5>.11

143/ / > 1441

$appa manufactures !T s to international standards. *ur designs are bac)ed up by e(tensive type testing at national and international laboratories. Tests

A number of routine and type tests have to be conducted on !T s before they can meet the standards specified above. The tests can be classified as: a. Accuracy tests to determine whether the errors of the !T are within specified limits b. Dielectric insulation tests such as power frequency withstand voltage test on primary and secondary windings for one minute, induced over. voltage test , impuse tests with 1./u?5 u wave, and partial discharge tests ,for voltage@A;.; )!- to determine whether the discharge is below the specified limits. c. Temperature rise tests d. $hort circuit tests e. Verification of terminal mar'ings and polarity $appa conducts routine tests on each and every !T produced and all designs are type tested. Typical specification for a (( 'V VT 'ystem voltage: 11 )! Insulation level voltage ,IB!- : 1/ ?/3?>5 )! <umber of phases: Three !ector Croup: 'tar ? 'tar 7atio: 11 )!? 11 ! 2urden: 1 !A Accuracy: #lass .5 !oltage 6actor: 1./ continuous and 1.5 for 1 seconds 9ith provision for fuse &ouble and triple secondary !T s are also manufactured. )urrent transformers

%rinciple of operation &efinitions 'tandards Tests Typical 'pecifications

Principle of operation A current transformer is defined as "as an instrument transformer in which the

secondary current is substantially proportional to the primary current ,under normal conditions of operation- and differs in phase from it by an angle which is appro(imately "ero for an appropriate direction of the connections." This highlights the accuracy requirement of the current transformer but also important is the isolating function, which means no matter what the system voltage the secondary circuit need be insulated only for a low voltage. The current transformer wor)s on the principle of variable flu(. In the "ideal" current transformer, secondary current would be e(actly equal ,when multiplied by the turns ratio- and opposite to the primary current. 2ut, as in the voltage transformer, some of the primary current or the primary ampere. turns is utili"ed for magneti"ing the core, thus leaving less than the actual primary ampere turns to be "transformed" into the secondary ampere.turns. This naturally introduces an error in the transformation. The error is classified into two.the current or ratio error and the phase error. $appa #T s are designed to minimise the errors using the best quality electrical steels for the core of the transformer. 2oth toroidal ,round- and rectangular #T s are manufactured. Definitions Rated primary current: The value of current which is to be transformed to a lower value. In #T parlance, the "load" of the #T refers to the primary current. Rated secondary current: The current in the secondary circuit and on which the performance of the #T is based. Typical values of secondary current are 1 A or 5 A. In the case of transformer differential protection, secondary currents of 1? root 1 A and 5? root 1 A are also specified. Rated burden: The apparent power of the secondary circuit in !olt.amperes e(pressed at the rated secondary current and at a specific power factor , .3 for almost all standardsAccuracy class: In the case of metering #T s, accuracy class is typically, ./, .5, 1 or 1. This means that the errors have to be within the limits specified in the standards for that particular accuracy class. The metering #T has to be accurate from 50 to 1/ 0 of the rated primary current, at /50 and 1 0 of the rated burden at the specified power factor. In the case of protection #T s, the #T s should pass both the ratio and phase errors at the specified accuracy class, usually 5% or 1 %, as well as composite error at the accuracy limit factor of the #T. )omposite error: The rms value of the difference between the instantaneous primary current and the instantaneous secondary current multiplied by the

turns ratio, under steady state conditions. Accuracy limit factor: The value of primary current upto which the #T complies with composite error requirements. This is typically 5, 1 or 15, which means that the composite error of the #T has to be within specified limits at 5, 1 or 15 times the rated primary current. $hort time rating: The value of primary current ,in )A- that the #T should be able to withstand both thermally and dynamically without damage to the windings, with the secondary circuit being short.circuited. The time specified is usually 1 or 1 seconds. *nstrument security factor !factor of security": This typically ta)es a value of less than 5 or less than 1 though it could be much higher if the ratio is very low. If the factor of security of the #T is 5, it means that the composite error of the metering #T at 5 times the rated primary current is equal to or greater than 1 0. This means that heavy currents on the primary are not passed on to the secondary circuit and instruments are therefore protected. In the case of double ratio #T+s, 6' is applicable for the lowest ratio only. )lass P$+ , )T: In balance systems of protection, #T s with a high degree of similarity in their characteristics are required. These requirements are met by #lass %' ,D- #T s. Their performance is defined in terms of a )nee.point voltage ,$%!-, the magneti"ing current ,Imag- at the )nee point voltage or 1?/ or 1?= the )nee.point voltage, and the resistance of the #T secondary winding corrected to >5#. Accuracy is defined in terms of the turns ratio. Knee point voltage: That point on the magneti"ing curve where an increase of 1 0 in the flu( density ,voltage- causes an increase of 5 0 in the magneti"ing force ,current-. $ummation )T: 9hen the currents in a number of feeders need not be individually metered but summated to a single meter or instrument, a summation current transformer can be used. The summation #T consists of two or more primary windings which are connected to the feeders to be summated, and a single secondary winding, which feeds a current proportional to the summated primary current. A typical ratio would be 5E5E5? 5A, which means that three primary feeders of 5 are to be summated to a single 5A meter. )ore balance )T !)-)T": The #2#T, also )nown as a "ero sequence #T, is used for earth lea)age and earth fault protection. The concept is similar to the 7!T. In the #2#T, the three core cable or three single cores of a three phase system pass through the inner diameter of the #T. 9hen the system is fault free, no current flows in the secondary of the #2#T. 9hen there is an earth fault, the residual current ,"ero phase sequence current- of the system flows

through the secondary of the #2#T and this operates the relay. In order to design the #2#T, the inner diameter of the #T, the relay type, the relay setting and the primary operating current need to be furnished. *nterposing )T.s !*)T.s" : Interposing #T+s are used when the ratio of transformation is very high. It is also used to correct for phase displacement for differential protection of transformers. $tandards The Indian and international standard references for #T s are as given in the table below: $tandard Indian 2ritish International 5lectro technical #ommission ,I5#Australian Australian American $tandard %umber /> 5 2' 5< ; I5# ; ==.1 ==.1 &ear 144/ 1444 /

A' 1;>5 A' ; ==.1 A<'I #.5>.11

143; / > 1441

$appa manufactures #T s to international standards. *ur designs are bac)ed up by e(tensive up by e(tensive type testing at national and international laboratories. Tests A number of routine and type tests have to be conducted on #T s before they can meet the standards specified above. The tests can be classified as : a. Accuracy tests to determine whether the errors of the #T are within specified limits. b. Dielectric insulation tests such as power frequency withstand voltage test on primary and secondary windings for one minute, inter.turn insulation test at power frequency voltage, impulse tests with 1./u?5 wave, and partial discharge tests ,for voltage @A;.;)v- to determine whether the discharge is below the specified limits. c. Temperature rise tests/ d. $hort time current tests/ e. Verification of terminal mar'ings and polarity/

$appa conducts routine tests on each and every #T produced and all designs are type tested. Typical specification for a (( 'V )T 'ystem voltage:11 )! Insulation level voltage ,IB!- : 1/?/3?>5 )! 7atio: / ?1 . 1 . .5>> A #ore 1: 1A, metering, 15 !A?class 1, I'6F1 #ore /: 1 A, protection, 15 !A?5%1 #ore 1: .5>> A, #lass %', $%!@A 15 !, Imag at !)?/ FA1 mA, 7#T at >5 #FA/ ohms 'hort time rating:/ )A for 1 second *nstrument transformers 0 A reference manual $appa has published a handy reference manual for instrument transformers. The manual runs to about 1; pages and further details on all of the above topics as well as on much more, including Australian and A<'I standards can be found in the manual. The table of contents of the manual is reproduced below: *ntroduction to instrument transformers #urrent transformers . a discussion on theory1 specifications and operational aspects. &efinitions . Ideal and practical #T . Gagnetic alloys for cores . equivalent circuits . open circuits voltages in #Ts . lea)age reactance . modification of current transformer errors . operational aspects . standard specifications for #T s. Metering or measurement current transformers Accuracy . instrument security factor . accuracy requirements for various applications . use of #T s in indicating and metering units . summation #T. Protection )Ts #omposite error . Accuracy limits . transient stability and class %' #Ts . 2asic protection schemes . #T requirement for various protection schemes . #2#Ts. 2urther notes on current transformers Transient performance . non conventional #Ts . screening of #Ts. Voltage transformer 0 theory and specifications *perating principles . difference between power transformer and !T . circle diagrams and !T errors . three phase !Ts . voltage transformer protection .

transients in !Ts . construction of !T s. specifications for !Ts. Voltage transformers for measurement and protection Geasurement !Ts protection !Ts. 7esidual !Ts . #ascade !Ts . #apacitors !Ts . A discussion on partial discharge &efinition . partial discharge and brea)down in a cavity . study of partial discharges Appendi3 * 0 Testing of instrument transformers by the user Appendi3 ** 0 Information required with enquiries and orders Appendi3 *** 0 Bist of Indian and international standards that may be read in conHunction with this boo). -ibliography If you would li)e to have to buy a copy of the manual, please contact $appa.
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