BIOLOGI

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SB016 / DB015

CHAPTER 3

CELL DIVISION
3.1 The concept of cell division a) Explain cell division. State the importance of cell division in living organisms.

Key points: cell division - new cells are reproduced from old ones - enables organisms to grow and reproduce - parent cells divide equally into two daughter cells - cell division in eukaryotes involves karyokinesis and or cytokinesis. cell division important in living organisms - responsible for growth of organisms replacement - repair - reproduction

3.2 The cell cycle a) Explain the stages in cell cycle. [Emphasize on interphase]

Key points: cell cycle - sequence of stages that a cell passes through between one cell division and the next - interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis - interphase is resting phase between successive mitotic divisions - interphase is longest stage 90% of cycle cell duplicates genetic material - at G1, metabolic activities - transcription and translation - cell increases in size - at S phase, DNA synthesis - then G2 - at G2, cell produces new proteins, synthesize microtubules mitosis (M) after G2 is followed by cytokinesis (C) - complete cell cycle is G1, S, G2, M and C.

BIOLOGI 3.3 Mitosis

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SB016 / DB015

a) Describe the four stages of the mitotic cell division. b) Explain the behavior of the chromosomes at each stage.

Key points: four stages of the mitotic cell division - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - at prophase, chromatin begins to condense - each chromosome consists of 2 identical [or sister] chromatids - nucleolus disappears - mitotic spindle begins to form and is complete at the end of prophase - at metaphase, the centrioles have moved to opposite poles of the cell - chromosomes line up at metaphase plate - at anaphase, the centromeres separate contraction of spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles - at telophase, spindle fibres disappear - chromosomes uncoil - nucleus begins to form at each pole

c) Describe briefly the cytokinesis process. Key points: cytokinesis process - division of the cytoplasm - separate daughter nuclei - may begin before or after mitosis is completed - in animal cells, cytokinesis begins with cleavage furrow in plant cells, vesicles are formed at equator that fuse to form a cell plate

d) Compare cell division in animal and plant. Key points: cell division in animal and plant similarity - differences due to absence of centriole in plant cells different in that asters are formed only in animal cells difference in cytokinesis processes difference in tissues involved in cell division and their location[

e) State the significance of mitosis. Key points:

significance of mitosis - growth of organism - cell replacement - asexual reproduction - maintaining genetic stability - regeneration in some organisms

BIOLOGI 3.4 Meiosis

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SB016 / DB015

a) Explain the position and changes of the chromosomes at each stage.

Activity: Meiosis I includes these phases _____________________ while Meiosis II includes these phases____________________. 5 sub-stages In early in Prophase I are the

_______________________________________.

prophase,

leptotene,

chromosomes first appear as ___________________.

At zygotene, the homologous

chromosomes seem to ________________________. By pachytene, the chromosomes have ______________________________. Each homologous chromosome is seen as

___________________________. While, at prophase II, the chromatin ________________ again. As in prophase I, spindle fibre formation ______________ and the centrosomes

_________________________________. At metaphase I, the bivalents _________________ at the _________________. While, a metaphase II, the chromosomes ____________________________________. At anaphase I, the bivalents ______________ and ______________________. Each chromosome still has 2 sister chromatids, attached at their centromeres; the centromeres do not separate in anaphase I. While, at anaphase II, the centromeres of sister chromatids _____________________________. At telophase I, the chromosomes _________________. Cytokinesis occurs with the formation of ________________in animal cell or __________________ in plant cell. interkinesis or interphase II, no DNA replication occurs. At

While, at telophase II, the

chromosomes also ____________________. Cytokinesis also occurs with the formation of ________________in animal cell or __________________ in plant cell. _______________________ and ________________________ reforms. The nucleolus Cytokinesis

separates the cells and produces _______________________.

BIOLOGI

SELANGOR MATRICULATION COLLEGE

SB016 / DB015

b) Define chromatid, synapsis, bivalent, tetrad, chiasma, crossing over and centromere Activity: _____________________ are the daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome which are joined by a single centromere. A _________________ is a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids. ___________________ is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. During the prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses. The paired chromosomes are called ________________. The ___________________ have two chromosomes and four chromatids, with one chromosome coming from each parent. Exchanged of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, is called ___________________________. The point at which crossing over takes place is a ____________________.

c) State the significance of meiosis. Activity: Meiosis is important in keeping the ______________________ across generations. If meiosis did not occur, the chromosome number would _______________________ over the generations. Meiosis ensures that ___________________ contains only 1 member of each _______________________ so that when they combine, a __________________ is produced. Meiosis produces ___________________, the source for evolution. ___________________in meiosis I results in variation because it produces gametes with new

______________________. environment.

Genetic variation allows a species to ______________ to the

BIOLOGI

SELANGOR MATRICULATION COLLEGE

SB016 / DB015

d) Compare meiosis and mitosis.

Activity: Both meiosis and mitosis are ___________________ processes. preserves the ________________________, meiosis will But, while mitosis the

_____________

chromosome number.

Mitosis involves only __________ nuclear division or

_________________, but meiosis involves ____________ nuclear divisions. In mitosis, homologous chromosomes remain _____________, while in meiosis homologous chromosomes _______________________. _____________________ does not occur in mitosis; but in meiosis, crossing over occurs in_________________. Since there is no crossing over in mitosis, ________________ are not formed. But in meiosis

________________ are formed. Duplicated chromosomes _____________________ in metaphase in mitosis. But in meiosis, ______________ line up at the equator in metaphase I. In mitosis, ________________ separate to form daughter chromosomes in anaphase. While in meiosis, ______________________ separate in anaphase I. In mitosis, ___________________ are are produced; In mitosis, while the in meiosis, cells are

____________________

produced.

daughter

____________________l to each other and to the parent cell.

But in meiosis, the

daughter cells are ___________________________ to each other or to the parent cell. In mitosis, the centromeres separate in anaphase. But in meiosis, ______________ remain intact during anaphase I. ________________. The _________________ only separate in

Mitosis may occur in ____________, _______________ or

polyploidy cells. But meiosis occurs only in ______________ and ___________ cells. Mitosis occurs during the formation of _______________ and _____________ spores. But meiosis occurs in the formation of _______________ and ______________ spores.