see example 5-12

This arrow horizontal if assumed vacuum above the pistons.

Less entropy at the end in Case A than in Case B because it did some work.

The device with the brick ended with a higher temperature and larger volume because the compression was irreversible (more work was done on the system).

The device with the brick ended with a higher temperature and more entropy because the compression was irreversible.

On the T-S diagram, the process must begin and end on the saturated vapor line, just like it does on the P-V diagram. This transition can be accomplished by compressing the system reversible (isentropically and adiabatically) by piling sand on the piston. No entropy is generated during the isentropic compression, pushing the system into the superheated region, as shown on the T-S diagram. Heat is then removed at constant pressure until the system returns to a saturated vapor.

If the isentropic efficiency of either turbine was 100%, then that turbine would generate no entropy. More entropy is generated by the turbine on the left because its isentropic efficiency is smaller. Note that and are the same for both turbines but is higher for the one on the left. This means that the mass flow rate of air through the turbine on the left is higher than the turbine on the right (it's wasting more of the air flowing through it because of the inefficiency).