OSCILLATING SYSTEMS

Submitted in the requirement of

SUPERVISED LEARNING
By:

NEERAJ RANJAN 11D260005

Supervisor:

Prof. PARINDA VASA

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY

November 2013
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Certificate of Acceptance
This is to certify that this project, titled Oscillating Systems, is submitted by Neeraj Ranjan , Roll Number 11D260005, has been carried out under my guidance.

PARINDA VASA DEPT. OF PHYSICS IIT BOMBAY

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Prof. Parinda Vasa for giving me this opportunity to work on such an interesting topic. I am grateful for the continuous support and encouragement she has given me, in addition to helping me out whenever I faced difficulties during the course of this project.

NEERAJ RANJAN

Contents
Introduction Harmonic Oscillator Damped Oscillator Driven Oscillator Simulation in Matlab Different values of Zeta Underdamped Oscillation Criticaldamped Oscillation Overdamped Oscillation Forced Oscillation Resonant Frequency Plotting in Origin Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D Sample E Conclusion Appendix: Codes used in simulation Code for underdamped oscillation Code for criticaldamped oscillation Code for overdamped oscillation
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6 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 21 22

Code for driven oscillator Code for amplitude vs frequency plot

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INTRODUCTION Harmonic Oscillator : In mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system that, when displaced from its equilibrium position experiences a restoring force, F, proportional to the displacement, x: where, k is a proportionality constant. If F is the only force acting on the system, the system is called a simple harmonic oscillator, and it undergoes simple harmonic motion i.e., sinusoidal oscillations about the equilibrium point, with a fixed amplitude and a fixed frequency. A simple harmonic oscillator is an oscillator that is neither driven nor damped. It consists of a mass m, which experiences a single force, F, which pulls the mass in the direction of the point x=0 and depends only on the mass's position x and a constant k. By applying Newton's second law, for the system we get

Solving this differential equation, we find that the motion is described by the function where,

The motion is periodic, repeating itself in a sinusoidal fashion with a constant amplitude, A. In addition to its amplitude, the motion of a simple harmonic oscillator is characterized by its time period T, the time for a single oscillation or its frequency f = 1T, the number of cycles per unit time. The position at a given time t also depends on the phase,, which determines the starting point on the sine wave. The period and frequency are determined by the size of the mass m and the proportionality constant k, while the amplitude and phase are determined by the initial position and velocity. The velocity and acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator, oscillate with the same frequency as the position but with shifted phases. The velocity is maximum
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for zero displacement, while the acceleration is in the opposite direction as the displacement. Damped Oscillator: If a frictional force (damping) proportional to the velocity is also present, the harmonic oscillator is called as a damped oscillator. Depending on the friction coefficient, the system can:

Oscillate with a frequency smaller than in the non-damped case, and an amplitude decreasing with time which is called underdamped oscillator. Decay to the equilibrium position without oscillations which is called overdamped oscillator.

Oscillate between an underdamped oscillator and an overdamped oscillator occurs at a particular value of the friction coefficient which is called "critically damped." In real oscillators, friction or damping slows the motion of the system. Due to frictional force, the velocity decreases proportional to the acting frictional force. Simple harmonic motion oscillates only with the restoring force acting on the system whereas, damped harmonic motion experiences friction. In many vibrating systems the frictional force Ff can be modeled as being proportional to the velocity v of the object: Ff =cv, where c is called the viscous damping coefficient. By appling Newton's second law, for damped harmonic oscillators is then

This is rewritten into the form

where,

is called the 'undamped angular frequency of the oscillator' and

is called the 'damping ratio'.

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The value of the damping ratio critically determines the behavior of the system. A damped harmonic oscillator can be:

Overdamped ( > 1): The system returns (exponentially decays) to steady state without oscillating. Larger values of the damping ratio return to equilibrium slower. Critically damped ( = 1): The system returns to steady state as quickly as possible without oscillating. This is often desired for the damping of systems such as doors. Underdamped ( < 1): The system oscillates (with a slightly different frequency than the undamped case) with the amplitude gradually decreasing to zero.

Driven Oscillator: If an external time dependent force is present, the harmonic oscillator is described as a driven oscillator. Driven harmonic oscillators are damped oscillators further affected by an externally applied force F(t). By Newton's second law driven oscillator can be written as,

It is usually rewritten into the form

In the case of a sinusoidal driving force

where, is the driving amplitude and driving force.

is the driving frequency for a sinusoidal

For a particular driving frequency called the resonance, the amplitude (for a given ) is maximum. For strongly underdamped systems the value of the amplitude can become quite large near the resonance frequency.

SIMULATION IN MATLAB 1) Simulation for different value of zeta(=0.05, 0.2 and 0.5) in the eqn.

and the result was following plot:

Hence, it clearly shows that for values of zeta less than 1 oscillation is underdamped, and as the value of zeta is increased oscillation stabilizes more quickly.
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2) Simulation for solving the eqn.

using, Runge-Kutta eqn. for underdamped oscillation,

and obtained plot was as above. Here natural angular frequency is 10Hz and coefficient of is 2Hz

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3) Simulation for solving the eqn.

using, Runge-Kutta eqn. for criticaldamped oscillation,

and obtained plot was as above. Here natural angular frequency is 10Hz and coefficient of is 20Hz

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4) Simulation for solving the eqn.

using, Runge-Kutta eqn. for overdamped oscillation,

and obtained plot was as above. Here natural angular frequency is 10Hz and coefficient of is 28Hz

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5) Simulation for solving the eqn.

using, Runge-Kutta eqn. for forced oscillation,

and obtained plot was as above. Here natural angular frequency is 10Hz, coefficient of is 2Hz, F0/m=5N/Kg and forced frequency is 10Hz.
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6) Simulation for Resonant Frequency in forced oscillation,

From the above plot we see that resonant angular frequency is approximately 10Hz, which is natural angular frequency of the oscillation. Here natural angular frequency is 10Hz, coefficient of is 2Hz and F0/m=5N/Kg. Here maximum amplitude is 0.2513m and full width at half maximum(fwhm) is 3.54Hz . So the lifetime of the given oscillation is 3.611s, which can be easily seen in the above plot.
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PLOTTING IN ORIGIN 5 Different samples whose reflectivity vs frequency with Lorentz fitting are plotted below : For sample A:

Here maximum amplitude is 0.760 and full width at half maximum(fwhm) is 1.4421X1013Hz. So the lifetime of the given oscillation is 6.93X10-14s.

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For sample B:

Here maximum amplitude is 0.860 and full width at half maximum(fwhm) is 7.736X1012Hz. So the lifetime of the given oscillation is 1.29X10-13s.

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For sample C:

Here maximum amplitude is 0.577 and full width at half maximum(fwhm) is 6.411X1012Hz. So the lifetime of the given oscillation is 1.55X10-13s.

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For sample D:

Here maximum amplitude is 0.923 and full width at half maximum(fwhm) is 2.637X1012Hz. So the lifetime of the given oscillation is 3.79X10-13s.

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For sample E:

Here maximum amplitude is 0.392 and full width at half maximum(fwhm) is 1.950X1012Hz. So the lifetime of the given oscillation is 5.12X10-13s.

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CONCLUSION To conclude ,we found the lifetime of different oscillating system given either its natural frequency, damping factor, driven force amplitude and frequency by Runge-Kutta method in Matlab or plot of amplitude vs frequency as done in Origin. I would like to thank Prof. Parinda Vasa for introducing me to this topic and for useful insights into these methods of finding lifetime of the oscillations.

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Appendix:Codes used in simulation Code for underdamped oscillation using Runge-Kutta method
h=0.1; x = 0:h:1000; t = 0:h:1000; y = 0:h:1000; x(1,1)=5.0; y(1,1)=0.0; g=2;%damping factor =c g=c/m w=10;% (k/m)^1/2 axis([0 10 -8 8]) f=@(a,b,c) -g*a-w*w*b; for i=1:(length(x)-1) k1=y(1,i); l1=f(y(1,i),x(1,i),t(i)); l2=f(y(1,i)+h/2*l1,x(1,i)+h/2*k1,t(1,i)+h/2); k2=y(1,i)+h/2*l1; l3=f(y(1,i)+h/2*l2,x(1,i)+h/2*k2,t(1,i)+h/2); k3=y(1,i)+h/2*l2; k4=y(1,i)+h*l3; l4=f(y(1,i)+h*l3,x(1,i)+h*k3,t(1,i)+h); x(1,i+1)=x(1,i)+h/6*(k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4); y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+h/6*(l1+2*l2+2*l3+l4); hold all; end plot (t,x); grid on; xlabel('time'); ylabel('Displacement'); title('Displacement Vs Time');

Code for critical damped oscillation using Runge-Kutta method

h=0.1; x = 0:h:1000; t = 0:h:1000; y = 0:h:1000; x(1,1)=5.0; y(1,1)=0.0; g=20;%damping factor =c g=c/m w=10;% (k/m)^1/2 axis([0 10 -8 8]) f=@(a,b,c) -g*a-w*w*b; for i=1:(length(x)-1) k1=y(1,i); l1=f(y(1,i),x(1,i),t(i)); l2=f(y(1,i)+h/2*l1,x(1,i)+h/2*k1,t(1,i)+h/2); k2=y(1,i)+h/2*l1;

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l3=f(y(1,i)+h/2*l2,x(1,i)+h/2*k2,t(1,i)+h/2); k3=y(1,i)+h/2*l2; k4=y(1,i)+h*l3; l4=f(y(1,i)+h*l3,x(1,i)+h*k3,t(1,i)+h); x(1,i+1)=x(1,i)+h/6*(k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4); y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+h/6*(l1+2*l2+2*l3+l4); hold all; end plot (t,x); grid on; xlabel('time'); ylabel('Displacement'); title('Displacement Vs Time');

Code for overdamped oscillation using Runge-Kutta method

h=0.1; x = 0:h:1000; t = 0:h:1000; y = 0:h:1000; x(1,1)=5.0; y(1,1)=0.0; g=28;%damping factor =c g=c/m w=10;% (k/m)^1/2 axis([0 10 -8 8]) f=@(a,b,c) -g*a-w*w*b; for i=1:(length(x)-1) k1=y(1,i); l1=f(y(1,i),x(1,i),t(i)); l2=f(y(1,i)+h/2*l1,x(1,i)+h/2*k1,t(1,i)+h/2); k2=y(1,i)+h/2*l1; l3=f(y(1,i)+h/2*l2,x(1,i)+h/2*k2,t(1,i)+h/2); k3=y(1,i)+h/2*l2; k4=y(1,i)+h*l3; l4=f(y(1,i)+h*l3,x(1,i)+h*k3,t(1,i)+h); x(1,i+1)=x(1,i)+h/6*(k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4); y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+h/6*(l1+2*l2+2*l3+l4); hold all; end plot (t,x); grid on; xlabel('time'); ylabel('Displacement'); title('Displacement Vs Time');

Code for Driven oscillator using Runge-Kutta method

h=0.1; x = 0:h:1000; t = 0:h:1000;

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y = 0:h:1000; x(1,1)=5.0; y(1,1)=0.0; g=2;%damping factor =c g=c/m w=10;% (k/m)^1/2 Fa=5;%F/m Fw=10;%Force frequency axis([0 10 -8 8]) f=@(a,b,c) -g*a-w*w*b+Fa*cos(Fw*c); for i=1:(length(x)-1) k1=y(1,i); l1=f(y(1,i),x(1,i),t(i)); l2=f(y(1,i)+h/2*l1,x(1,i)+h/2*k1,t(1,i)+h/2); k2=y(1,i)+h/2*l1; l3=f(y(1,i)+h/2*l2,x(1,i)+h/2*k2,t(1,i)+h/2); k3=y(1,i)+h/2*l2; k4=y(1,i)+h*l3; l4=f(y(1,i)+h*l3,x(1,i)+h*k3,t(1,i)+h); x(1,i+1)=x(1,i)+h/6*(k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4); y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+h/6*(l1+2*l2+2*l3+l4); hold all; end plot (t,x); grid on; xlabel('time'); ylabel('Displacement'); title('Displacement Vs Time');

Code for Amplitude vs Frequency plot

Fa=5; Fw=0:.01:20; g=2; w=10; axis([0 20 0 0.3]) A=Fa./sqrt(((w).^2-(Fw).^2).^2+(g*(Fw)).^2); hold all; plot(Fw,A); Amax=0; i=1; while(1) if Amax<A(i) Amax=A(i); else break; end i=i+1; end display(Amax); lf=0;rf=0; j=i; while(1) if A(i)<Amax/2 lf=i;

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break; end i=i-1; end while(1) if A(j)<Amax/2 rf=j; break; end j=j+1; end delta=(rf-lf)*0.01; display(delta); xlabel('Angular Frequency'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Amplitude Vs Angular Frequency'); grid;

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References:
[1]http://rotorlab.tamu.edu/Dynamics_and_Vibrations/Other%20docs/MATLAB_Handbook.pdf [2] http://frog.gatech.edu/talks.html [3]https://skydrive.live.com/?cid=651160a0fab1c3ef&id=651160A0FAB1C3EF%21283&authkey=! AILFfkCeet5h1gk#!/? cid=651160a0fab1c3ef&id=651160A0FAB1C3EF%21283&authkey=%21AILFfkCeet5h1gk [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic oscillator [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damping [6] http://www.myoops.org/cocw/mit/NR/rdonlyres/Mathematics/18-03Spring2004/B76E6F4F-7B054DA0-A5A5-03FA4ACCB6B2/0/sup_13.pdf [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_width_at_half_maximum [8] Robert W. Boyd-Nonlinear optics-Academic Press (2008) [9] Eugene Hecht, Optics, 4th ed

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