UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

GEOLOGY/ SOIL MECHNICS

COURSE CODE: CEC 108 YEAR I- SEMESTER PRACTICAL/
Version 1: December 2008
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CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY GEOLOGY/ SOIL MECHNICS PRACTICAL COURSE INDEX WEEK 1. WEEK 2. WEEK 3. WEEK 4. WEEK 5 WEEK 6. WEEK 7. WEEK 8. WEEK 9. WEEK 10. WEEK 11. WEEK 12. WEEK 13. WEEK 14. WEEK 15. 1.0 VIEW AND DESCRIBE ROCK SPECIMEN ---------- 1-2 2.0 VIEW AND DESCRIBE ROCK SPECIMEN ----------3-4 3.0 SOIL CLASSIFICATION TEST -------------------------5-7 4.0 CONSISTANCY ATTERBAGS LIMIT ---------------8-9 5.0 PLASTIC LIMIT TEST ---------------------------------10-11 6.0 PLASTICITY INDEX -----------------------------------12-13 7.0 VIEW AND IDENTIFY TYPES OF ROCK --------14-16 8.0 IDENTIFY SOIL TYPES -------------------------------17-18 9.0 IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS MINERALS ---19-21 10.0 LIQUID LIMIT TEST -----------------------------22-23 11.0 CONSISTENCY TEST ---------------------------24-25 12.0 PLASTIC LIMIT TEST ----------------------------26-27 13.0 POROSITY TEST -----------------------------------28- 29 14.0 WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION TEST 30-31 15.0 VIEW AND SCALE MAPS -------------------------31-33

EXPERIMENT NO.1 VIEW AND DESCRIBE ROCK SPECIMENS OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the different rock species.

Apparatus:
Rock Specimens .

Theory ;

Smithsonite Often found layered in ore deposits, smithsonite provided most of the worlds supply of zinc until the 1880s. Smithsonite is used in the manufacture of calamine lotion.

Advancing Lava Flow The edge of the lava flow from Kilauea craters eruption of April 1990 advances through the Kalapana Gardens on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. The outer surface of the lava flow cools and hardens from contact with the air, while underneath, the lava may remain molten for days.

Method:
The students given different specimens of rock and asked to describe them

Conclusions:
1. The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) discussion of principle rock types (ii) description of the specimens examined

EXPERIMENT NO.2 VIEW AND DESCRIBE ROCK SPECIMENS OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the different rock species.

Apparatus:
Rock Specimens .

Theory ;

Bitumen Processing Plant The world's only commericial bitumen plant, shown here, is located in Fort McMurray, Canada. In 1995 this plant accounted for 25 percent of Canada's crude oil production.

Oil Excavation, Alberta Alberta, Canada, is home to large reserves of oil-bearing sands. Pictured here is a giant excavator in the Athabasca deposit. Alberta also has large deposits of natural gas and other minerals.

Method:
The students were taking round and explain different speciments

Conclusions:
2. The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , state tensile stress and youngs modulus (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . 2 Do the calculated values agree with the observed values?

EXPERIMENT NO.3 SIOL CLASSIFICATION TEST OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the Specific gravity of soil

Apparatus:
1. Pycnometer ( volumetric bottle ) 2. 3. 4. 5. . Distilled water Balance ( 0.01g ) Drying oven Desicators

Theory ; The specific gravity of a soil is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of
soil particles to the weight of an equal volume of water . Therefore , specific gravity of particles ( Gs ) . Weight of soil particles Weight of an equal volume of water.

Method:
( a ) FINE GRAINED SOILS ( COHESSIONLESS SOIL )

1. Obtain air free distilled water. 2. A standard density bottle ( pycnometer ) is obtained and weighed taken up to 0.01g. 3. A soil sample of weight 150g 200g is weighed and carefully poured into the pyconmeter bottle. 4. A bout 300-500 ml of distilled water is added to the soil sample. 5. The bottle is then shaken for about 10- 20 minutes to remove any air and suspended particles in the sample. 6. Dry the outside of the bottle properly to remove any water around it. 7. Weigh the bottle with water and soil in it to 0.01g 8. Repeat this procedure for more than one specific gravity test as needed , at different room tempreture.

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Note ; Due to the difficulty in ensuring the removal of air from the sample , the soil should be left under vacuum for several hours , preferably for 24 hours.

Calculations
The specific gravity of the soil particles, is therefore Gs = m2 m1 ( m4 m1 ) ( m3 m2 )

Where; M1 = the mass of density bottle ( g ) = 542 g M2 = the mass of bottle + soil ( g ) = 1, 243 g M3 = the mass of bottle , soil and water ( g ) = 1, 832g M4 = the mass of bottle + water only ( g ) The specific gravity of must soil lies within the range of 2,65 to 2,85 . Soil with porous particles with measurable organic content e.g. diatomaceous earth , may have specific gravity values below 2.0 . Soil containing heavy substance, such as iron , may have specific gravity values above 3.0.

Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , state tensile stress and youngs modulus (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . Do the calculated values agree with the observed values?

LIMITS (EXPERIMENT NO.4 CONSISTENCY ATTERBERGS Llimit) OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the liquid limit test ; The minimum moisture content at which the soil will flow under its own weight.

Apparatus:
1. Liquid limit device and grooving tools 2. Distilled water 3. Drying oven 4. Balance water 5. Desicators 6. Evaporating dish 7. Watch glasses drying cans 8. Spatula

Theory ; As moisture is removed from a fine grained soil it passes through a series of
states i.e. liquid , plastic , semi solid and solid . The moisture content of soil at the points where it passes from one stage to the next are known as consistency.

Method:
1. The limits should be determined on what portion of the soil finer than a No. 40 sieve or 36 sieve. 2. Take above 100gms of moist soil and miss it thoroughly with distilled water to form a uniform paste. 3. Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit depth smooth the surface off to a maximum depth of in ( 12.5 ) mm and draw the grooving tool through the sample along the symmetric axisbof the cup , holding the tool perpendicular to the cup at the point of contact. 4. Turn the crank at a rate of about two revolutions per second and count the blows necessary to close the groove in the soil on a distance of in ( 12.5 )

mm . The groove should be closed by flow of the soil and not by slippage between the soil and the cup. 5. Take approximately 10gms of soil near the closed groove for a water content determination. 6. By altering the water content of the soil and repeating step 2 and 5 , obtain four water content determinations in the range of ten to forty blows .

Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . Do the calculated values agree with the observed values? .

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LIMITS (EXPERIMENT NO.5 CONSISTENCY ATTERBERGS LIMIT ) PLASTIC LIMITS ( PL ) OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the Plastic limit test ; The minimum moisture content at which the soil will rolled into a thread of 3mm diameter without breaking

Apparatus:
9. Liquid limit device and grooving tools 10. Distilled water 11. Drying oven 12. Balance water 13. Desicators 14. Evaporating dish 15. Watch glasses drying cans 16. Spatula

Theory ; As moisture is removed from a fine grained soil it passes through a series of
states i.e. liquid , plastic , semi solid and solid . The moisture content of soil at the points where it passes from one stage to the next are known as consistency.

Method:
7. Mix thoroughly about 15ms of the moist soil 8. Roll the soil on a glass plate with the hand until it is in diameter. 9. Repeat step 2 until 3mm diameterthread shows sign of. 10. Take some of the crumbling material obtained in step 3 a water content determination 11. Repeat step 2- 4 to obtain three determination which average to give the plastic limit. .

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Conclusions:
3. The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . 2 Do the calculated values agree with the observed values? .

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LIMITS (EXPERIMENT NO.6 PLASTICITY INDEX OJECTIVE:

This is arrange of moisture content over which a soil is plastic

Apparatus:
1. Liquid limit device and grooving tools 2. Distilled water 3. Drying oven 4. Balance water 5. Desicators 6. Evaporating dish 7. Watch glasses drying cans 8. Spatula

Theory ; As moisture is removed from a fine grained soil it passes through a series of states i.e. liquid , plastic , semi solid and solid . The moisture content of soil at the points where it passes from one stage to the next are known as consistency.

Method:
1. The limits should be determined on what portion of the soil finer than a No. 40 sieve or 36 sieve. 2. Take above 100gms of moist soil and miss it thoroughly with distilled water to form a uniform paste.

3. Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit depth smooth the surface off to a maximum depth of in ( 12.5 ) mm and draw the grooving tool through the sample along the symmetric axisbof the cup , holding the tool perpendicular to the cup at the point of contact.

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4. Turn the crank at a rate of about two revolutions per second and count the blows necessary to close the groove in the soil on a distance of in ( 12.5 ) mm . The groove should be closed by flow of the soil and not by slippage between the soil and the cup. 5. Take approximately 10gms of soil near the closed groove for a water content determination. 6. By altering the water content of the soil and repeating step 2 and 5 , obtain four water content determinations in the range of ten to forty blows .

Conclusions:
1. The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . 2 Do the calculated values agree with the observed values? .

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EXPERIMENT NO.7 VIEW AND IDENTIFY VARIOUS TYPES OF ROCK OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the different rock species.

Apparatus:
Rock Specimens .

. Theory ;
Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary rock, such as this sandstone, forms when layers of sediment are compacted and cemented together. Sedimentologists use sedimetary rocks to learn about past environments.

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Igneous Rock: Pegmatite Pegmatite is a variety of igneous rock with extremely large crystals; individual crystals can be as large as a bathtub. Pegmatites are the last rocks to crystallize from a solidifying body of magma. The slow rate of cooling and the presence of large amounts of water dissolved in the magma account for the large size of the crystals.

Metamorphic Rock

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Metamorphic rock forms when extreme temperatures and pressures deep within the earth alter the mineralogical or structural aspects of existing rock and change it into metamorphic rock. This temperature and pressure alteration within rock causes its set of minerals, or mineral assemblages, to change into other minerals. The change from one mineral assemblage to another is called metamorphism.

Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method . (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion .

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EXPERIMENT NO.8 IDENTIFYING VARIOUS SOIL TYPE OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the different soil species.

Apparatus:
soil Specimens

Theory ;

Cross-Section of Soil Soil forms over many thousands of years from weathered rock fragments and the decaying remains of living organisms. As soil develops, it forms distinct layers, known as horizons. Each horizon has a specific color, texture, and mineral content, as seen in the vertical cross-section of soil above. The number and type of horizons in a particular soil vary, but in general the uppermost horizon of soil forms the nutrientrich topsoil. Beneath the topsoil lies the subsoil, which contains minerals that have trickled down from the topsoil. Rock fragments reside below the subsoil, and the horizon forming the foundation of soil consists of unweathered parent rock.

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Loess Landscape Terraced fields cover the hills of the Loess Plateau in northern China. Loess, which mainly consists of yellowish wind-deposited dust, forms productive soils that are of major economic importance in China and elsewhere.

Method:
The students were taking round and explain different speciments

Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method (iv) Observations , conclusions and discussion .

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EXPERIMENT NO.9 IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS MINERALS OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the different type of minerals.

Apparatus:
Mineral Specimens .

Theory ;

Diamond
Diamonds are formed under incredible pressure deep in the Earth. They are he hardest known substance

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Brilliant Gems
Rough diamonds are cut by experts into beautiful gems that sparkle and shine.

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Diamonds must be mined from deep in the Earth. Some of the worlds biggest diamond mines are in Africa. This mine is located in Namibia
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Diamond Mine

Method:
The students were taking round and explain different speciments

Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion .

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LIMITS (EXPERIMENT NO.10 CONSISTENCY ATTERBERGS LIMIT ) LIQUID LIMITS ( LL ) OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the Plastic limit test ; The minimum moisture content at which the soil will rolled into a thread of 3mm diameter without breaking

Apparatus:
9. Liquid limit device and grooving tools 10. Distilled water 11. Drying oven 12. Balance water 13. Desicators 14. Evaporating dish 15. Watch glasses drying cans 16. Spatula

Theory ; As moisture is removed from a fine grained soil it passes through a series of
states i.e. liquid , plastic , semi solid and solid . The moisture content of soil at the points where it passes from one stage to the next are known as consistency.

Method:
7. Mix thoroughly about 15ms of the moist soil 8. Roll the soil on a glass plate with the hand until it is in diameter. 9. Repeat step 2 until 3mm diameter thread shows sign of.

10. Take some of the crumbling material obtained in step 3 a water content determination 11. Repeat step 2- 4 to obtain three determination which average to give the plastic limit. .

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Conclusions:
2. The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . 2 Do the calculated values agree with the observed values? .

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LIMITS (EXPERIMENT NO. 11 CONSISTENCY ATTERBERGS LIMIT] OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the Plastic limit test ; The minimum moisture content at which the soil will rolled into a thread of 3mm diameter without breaking

Apparatus:
17. Liquid limit device and grooving tools 18. Distilled water 19. Drying oven 20. Balance water 21. Desiccators 22. Evaporating dish 23. Watch glasses drying cans 24. Spatula

Theory ; As moisture is removed from a fine grained soil it passes through a series of
states i.e. liquid , plastic , semi solid and solid . The moisture content of soil at the points where it passes from one stage to the next are known as consistency.

Method:
12. Mix thoroughly about 15ms of the moist soil 13. Roll the soil on a glass plate with the hand until it is in diameter. 14. Repeat step 2 until 3mm diameter thread shows sign of.

15. Take some of the crumbling material obtained in step 3 a water content determination 16. Repeat step 2- 4 to obtain three determination which average to give the plastic limit.

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Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . Do the calculated values agree with the observed values? .

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LIMITS (EXPERIMENT NO.12 PLASTIC LIMITS ( PL ) OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the Plastic limit test ; The minimum moisture content at which the soil will rolled into a thread of 3mm diameter without breaking

Apparatus:
25. Liquid limit device and grooving tools 26. Distilled water 27. Drying oven 28. Balance water 29. Desicators 30. Evaporating dish 31. Watch glasses drying cans 32. Spatula

Theory ; As moisture is removed from a fine grained soil it passes through a series of states i.e. liquid , plastic , semi solid and solid . The moisture content of soil at the points where it passes from one stage to the next are known as consistency.

Method:
17. Mix thoroughly about 15ms of the moist soil 18. Roll the soil on a glass plate with the hand until it is in diameter. 19. Repeat step 2 until 3mm diameter thread shows sign of. 20. Take some of the crumbling material obtained in step 3 a water content determination 26 21. Repeat step 2- 4 to obtain three determination which average to give the plastic limit. .

Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory

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( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . Do the calculated values agree with the observed values? .

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LIMITS (EXPERIMENT NO. 13 POROSITY TEST OJECTIVE:

TO Measure the denseness of a soil. The computation of porosity involves the same measurements as the computation of void ratio

Apparatus:
33. Liquid limit device and grooving tools 34. Distilled water 35. Drying oven 36. Balance water 37. Desicators 38. Evaporating dish 39. Watch glasses drying cans 40. Spatula

Theory ; As moisture is removed from a fine grained soil it passes through a series of
states i.e. liquid , plastic , semi solid and solid . The moisture content of soil at the points where it passes from one stage to the next are known as consistency.

Method:
22. Mix thoroughly about 15ms of the moist soil 23. Roll the soil on a glass plate with the hand until it is in diameter. 24. Repeat step 2 until 3mm diameter thread shows sign of.

25. Take some of the crumbling material obtained in step 3 a water content determination 26. Repeat step 2- 4 to obtain three determination which average to give the plastic limit. .

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Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . Do the calculated values agree with the observed values? .

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LIMITS (EXPERIMENT NO.14 WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION OBJECTIVE; To verify the amount of water content in the soil . Apparatus:
41. Liquid limit device and grooving tools 42. Distilled water 43. Drying oven 44. Balance water 45. Desicators 46. Evaporating dish 47. Watch glasses drying cans 48. Spatula

Theory ; As water is removed from a fine grained soil it passes through a series of states i.e. liquid , plastic , semi solid and solid . The water content of soil at the points where it passes from one stage to the next are known as consistency.Water content among the most frequently determined soil characteristic is water content . The water content , w , of a soil mass is defined as a ratio of soil to the weight of water. to the weight of dry soil grains in the mass, or the equation w = W1 W2 W2 - W0

Method:
27. Mix thoroughly about 15ms of the moist soil 28. Roll the soil on a glass plate with the hand until it is in diameter. 29. Repeat step 2 until 3mm diameter thread shows sign of. 30. Take some of the crumbling material obtained in step 3 a water content determination 31. Repeat step 2- 4 to obtain three determination which average to give the plastic limit. .

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Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . Do the calculated values agree with the observed values? .

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EXPERIMENT NO.15 VIEW AND DESCRIBE GEOLOGICAL MAPS OJECTIVE:

To be familiarize with the different map reading

Apparatus:
Map Specimens Theory ; National Earthquake Information Center Glossary Terms Term Definition An earthquake which follows a larger earthquake or main shock and originates in or near the rupture zone of the larger earthquake. Generally, Aftershock major earthquakes are followed by a larger number of aftershocks, decreasing in frequency with time. Amplitude The maximum height of a wave crest or depth of a trough. An ordered arrangement of seismometers or geophones, the data from Array which feeds into a central receiver. Arrival The appearance of seismic energy on a seismic record. Arrival time The time at which a particular wave phase arrives at a detector. Not associated with an earthquake, as in aseismic slip. Also used to Aseismic indicate an area with no record of earthquakes; an aseismic zone. A seismic wave that can travel through the interior of the earth. P-waves Body wave and S-waves are body waves. An angle with the vertex at the center of the Earth, with one ray passing Central angle through the hypocenter (and also the epicenter) and the other ray passing through the recording station. Consolidated Tightly packed. Composed of particles that are not easily separated. The innermost layers of the Earth. The inner core is solid and has a radius of 1,300 km (800 mi). (Compare this radius to the radius of the Earth, at Core 6,371 km/3,960 mi.) The outer core is fluid and is 2,300 km (1,400 mi) thick. S-waves cannot travel through the outer core. The theory, first advanced by Alfred Wegener, that Earth's continents Continental were originally one land mass. Pieces of the land mass split off and drift migrated to form the continents. The thin outer layer of the Earth's surface, averaging 10 km (6 mi) thick Crust under the oceans and up to 50 km (30 mi) thick on the continents. This is the only layer of the Earth that humans have actually seen. Earthquake Shaking of the Earth caused by a sudden movement of rock beneath its

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Earthquake swarm

surface. A series of minor earthquakes, none of which may be identified as the main shock, occurring in a limited area and time.

Topographic Map In addition to showing general locations and political boundaries, topographic maps depict the geology and special features of an area. This type of map offers many advantages. For instance, most backpackers use topographic maps to navigate through wilderness, planning their routes with obstacles and landmarks in mind. If they should get lost, they can find their bearings again by aligning their map and compass to a prominent feature observed nearby. A key on each map indicates the distance scales and special symbols (for features such as railroads, schools, airstrips and water towers) used to create it. Generally, the green on a topographic map indicates forest or vegetation, while the white areas indicate areas that are bare of growth. Series of brown lines indicate mountains and hills, showing elevation and relative steepness. Each line represents a specific unit of elevation; where the lines are very close together, the terrain is quite steep.

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Wetland Erosion on the Louisiana Coast A United States Geological Survey map of coastal Louisiana illustrates the extent of lost marshland over the last century. Red areas indicate land that has been lost. Many experts believe that the Hurricane Katrina disaster in 2005 was aggravated by the loss of wetlands, which act as a barrier to help protect New Orelans and other areas from storm surges.

Method:
The students were taking round and explain different speciments

Conclusions:
The students to write a laboratory report including; (i) objective (ii) theory ( iii) method ( iv ) result graph, formulae , (v) Observations , conclusions and discussion . Do the calculated values agree with the observed values? .

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