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Solutions to Home Practice Test-5/Chemistry
1. Work done due to change in volume against constant pressure,
2 1
W p(V V ) =
=
5 2 2 3 3
1 10 Nm (1 10 1 10 ) m

= , ) 900 Nm 900J 1 Nm 1J = =
2. The reactions in which products has lesser energy than reactants, then energy is released in the reaction and such reactions are known as
exothermic reactions e.g.
2 2 3
N 3H 2NH 92k J + +
In this equation energy is released, so, it is an example of exothermic reaction.
3. Bond breaking process or decomposition process are endothermic process.
4. Macroscopic properties which determine the state of a system are referred as state functions. The change in the state properties depends
only upon the initial and final state of the system. All thermodynamics functions are state functions except work and heat.
5. Word done , ) , )
ext 2 1
W p V V =
= , ) 3 6 4 6Latm =
= , ) 6 101.32J 1 L atm 101.32 J =
= 607.92 608 J ~
6. The properties of the system whose value is depends upon the amount of substance present in the system is called extensive property.
Gibbs free energy is an extensive property.
7. In the adiabatic process no heat enters or leaves the system i.e., q = 0.
8. Internal energy, enthalpy and entropy are state functions but work and heat are path functions.
9. For exothermic reaction, , ) H A = for endothermic reaction, , ) H A = + .
10. For an isothermal process, E 0 A =
As the process is taking place at constant T and p hence, from
Equation, H E p.V A = A + A
We have, H 0 0 V 0 A = + =
Hence, for the process, H E 0 A = A =
1. For an endothermic reactions H A is positive because in endothermic reaction heat is always absorbed.
2. For an isothermal process T 0 and E 0 and q 0 A = A = = .
3.
1
TV constant

=
1
2
final 1
T V
T V

| |
=
|
\ .
, )
, )
5/ 3 1
2/ 3
final
T 2
2
T 1

| |
= =
|
\ .
, ) 2/ 3
final
T T
T
2
=
4. Endothermic reaction are those in which heat energy is absorbed.
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5. As we know that,
Work done
2
1
V
(W) 2.303 nRT log
V
= .
Hence, V
1
and V
2
are in ratio in the relation. So, unit may be expressed in any one of m
3
, dm
3
or cm
3
.
6. V
1
= 100 mL ; V
2
= 250 mL
Pressure
5 2
p 2 atm or 2 1.01 10 Nm

=
Work done by the gas , )
2 1
W p V or p V V = A
Put the value in given formula
, )
5 3 3
W 2 1.01 10 0.250 10 0.100 10

= =
5 3
2 1.01 10 0.15 10

= 30.30 J
7. From first law of thermodynamic.
E q W Given, q 300 cal A = + = + ( Heat is absorbed)
W 500 cal = ( Work done on surroundings)
, ) E q W 300 500 A = + = + = 200cal
8. The heat of formation of CO is calculated by using Hesss law. According to it, the total heat changes occurring during a chemical
reaction are independent of path.
2 2
2CO(g) O (g) 2CO (g) ; H 135.2 kcal + A =
I.
2
1 135.2
CO(g) CO(g) O (g) ; H kcal
2 2
+ A =
II.
2 2
C(s) O (g) CO (g) ; H 94 kcal + A =
Required equation :
2
1
C(s) O (g) CO(g) ; H ?
2
+ A =
Add Eqs. (I) and (II)
2
1
C(s) O (g) CO(g) ; H 26.4 kcal
2
+ A =
9. Every system having some quantity of matter, is associated with a definite amount of energy. This energy is known as internal energy. It
is sum of many type of energies, such as translation energy, rotational energy, vibrational energy, electronic energy and bonding energy
of the molecule.
trans rot vib bonding electronic
E E E E E E = + + + +
10.
2 2
C(s) O (g) CO (g) ; H r + A =
2 2
1
CO(g) O (g) CO (g); H s
2
+ A =
2
1
C(s) O (g) CO(g); H ?
2
+ A =
Subtract Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i)
2 2
C(s) O (g) CO (g); H r + A =
2 2
1
CO(s) O (g) CO (g); H s
2
+ A =
2
1
C(s) O (g) CO(g); H r s
2

+ A =
1. , )
1/ 2
2 1
1/1
W pdV p V V = =
}
, )
3
W 1 20 10 10 dm atm = = =
1 1
3
3 1 1
8.314 JK mol
10dm 1013 J
0.0821 dm K mol


=
From, 1
st
law of thermodynamics
U q W A = + = , ) 800 J 1013 J 213 J + =
2. Hesss law is based upon law of conservation of energy i.e., first law of thermodynamics.
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3. According to Hesss law, the total heat changes occurring during a chemical reaction are independent of path.
4. The first law of thermodynamics can be expressed as:
E q W A = +
q E W = A
5. According to Hesss law total heat changes during a chemical reaction are independent of path of reaction.
Given,
2 2 1
I (s) I (g), H 57.3 kJ / mol A = (i)
2 2 2
I (s) I (g), H 15.5 kJ / mol A = + (ii)
Required equation
2 2
I ( ) I (g), H ? A = l subtract
Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i)

2 2
I ( ) I (g), H 57.3 ( 15.5) 41.8 kJ / mol A = + = + l
6.
4 2 2 2 g
CH (g) 2O (g) CO (g) 2H O( ) n 1 3 2 + + A = = l
We know that,
g
E H n RT A = A + A
, ) , ) H 885389 2 8.314 298 A = = 885389 4955.1440 + =
1
880433.86 J mol

7. According to second law of thermo chemistry the law states that the total heat change ( H A ) accompanying a chemical reaction is the
same whether the reaction takes place in one or more steps. It means that heat of a reaction depends only on the initial reactants and final
products and not on intermediate products that may be formed.
Now,
1 2 3
H H H H A = A + A + A
Enthalpy change in a reaction is always constant and independent of the path followed.
8. Internal energy of a gas depends upon its pressure and temperature. Thus, if a gas expands at constant temperature and pressure, then its
internal energy remains same.
9. Relation between H A (enthalpy change) and E A (internal energy change) is :
g
n
H E RT A = A + A
Where,
g
n
A = moles of gaseous products-moles of gaseous reactants
= 2 1 =

3
1366.5 E 1 8.314 10 300

= A
1
E 1364.0 kJ mol

A =
10.
2 2 2 5
4NO (g) O (g) 2N O (g); 111 kJ +
, )
2 5 2 5 s
2 2 2 5 r
2N O (g) 2N O (s); H 54 2 kJ
4NO (g) O (g) 2N O (s); H 219kJ
A =
+ A =
Note: H A of sublimation of
1
2 5
N O (s) is 54 kJ mol

+ .
Thus, for reverse process, it is
1
54 kJ mol

1.
2
100 0.1
20 0.5 10 millimole produced
NaOH HCl NaCl H O

+ +
2.
f
H A

of elements in their standard state is taken to be zero.
Cl
2
is gas, Br
2
is liquid and I
2
is solid at room temperature.
3. Given,
2 2 3
1 3
N (g) H (g) NH (g)
2 2
+
1
f
H 46.0 kJ mol

A =

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1
2 f
2H(g) H (g) H 436 kJ mol

A =

1
2 f
2N(g) N (g) H 712 kJ mol

A =

Assuming X is the bond energy of N H bond

, )
1
in kJ mol

, ) , )
1 3
712 436 3X 46.0
2 2
+ =
1
3X 1056 kJ mol

=
So,
1
X 352 kJ mol

= .
4. In neutralization reaction, when acid and base both are weak, a large amount of heat is utilized to ionise them. Thus, for such reactions,
enthalpy of the reaction is least.
Hence, enthalpy is least for
4 4 2
HCN NH OH NH CN H O + +
5. A B, H 24 kJ / mol A = +

B A
H H 24 = + (i)
B C, H 18 kJ / mol A =

C B
H H 18 = (ii)

B C
H H 18 = +
From Equations (i) and (ii), we have
C A
H H 6 =
B C A
H H H > >
6. I.
2 5 2 2 2
5
C H O 2CO H O; H 310 kcal
2
+ + A =
II.
2 2
C O CO ; H 94 kcal + A =
III.
2 2 2
1
H O H O; H 68 kcal
2
+ A =
(Equation (II) ) + Equation (I) gives
, ) , ) , )
2 2 2
2C H C H ; H 94 2 68 310 ( + A = +

= + 54 kcal
7.
3 2 2
2NH (g) N (g) 3H (g) +
, )
r 3
H 2 enthalpy of formation of NH A =
= , ) 2 46 92kJ =
8. Given,
2 2
H O(g) C(g) CO(g) H (g); H 131kJ + + A = + (i)
2 2
1
CO(g) O (g) CO (g); H 282 kJ
2
+ A = (ii)
2 2 2
1
H (g) O (g) H O(g); H 242 kJ
2
+ A = (iii)
2 2
C(g) O (g) CO (g); H ? + A = (iv)
On adding Equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get Equation (iv)
2 2
H O(g) C(g) VO(g) H (g); H 131 kJ + + A =+
2 2
1
CO(g) O (g) CO (g); H 282 kJ
2
+ A =
, )
2 2 2
2 2
1
H (g) O (g) H O(g); H 242 kJ
2
C(g) O (g) CO (g) H 131 282 242 KJ
+ A =
+ A =
= 393 kJ
9.
reaction f f
H H product H reactant _ _ A = A A
f
H A of a single element O
2
, H
2
Cl
2
is considered equal to zero.
4 2 2 2
CH 2O CO 2H O + +
reaction f 2 f 2 f 4 f 2
H H (CO ) 2 H (H O) H (CH ) 2 H (O ) A =A + A A A
= , ) 400 2( 280) 70) 0 + =
1
800 kJ mol

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10. Given,
1
2 3
3
S(rh) O (g) SO (g); H 2x kJ mol
4

+ A = (i)
1
2 2 3
1
SO (g) O (g) SO (g); H y kJ mol
2

A = (ii)
2 2
S(s) O (g) SO (g); H ? + A =
Subtract Equation (ii) from Equation (i)
1
2 3
3
S(rh( O (g) SO (g); H 2x kJ mol
2

+ A = (i)
1
2 2 3
1
SO (g) O (g) SO (g); H y kJ mol
2

+ A = (ii)
, )
1
2 2
3 1
S(rh) O (g) SO (g); H 2x y kJ mol
2 2

+
| |
+ A = +
|
\ .
, )
1
2 2
S(rh) O (g) SO (g); H y 2x kJ mol

+ A =
1.
f
H A

is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of the substance is formed from its elements in the standard state. Reaction (a) does not
represent
f
H A

because standard state of carbon is graphite and not diamond.
2.
g
H U n RT A = A + A
H A = enthalpy change (at constant pressure)
U A = internal energy change (at constant volume) given reaction is exothermic)
g
n A = mole of (gaseous products gaseous reactants)
= ve
Thus, H U A < A
3. The relationship between Hand U A A is H U nRT A = A + A
4. The bond energy is the energy required to break one mole of similar bonds.
5. The heat of reaction for an ideal gas, at constant pressure and constant volume are related as
H E nRT A = A + A

p v
q q nRT = + A
6. The molar heat capacity for any process is given by a following expression
V
v
R
C C when p constant
1

= + =

and
p
V
C
C
=
Here,
1
V
p
1 i.e. p constant
V

= =
, )
3 R 3 R 4
C R R R
2 1 1 2 2 2
= + = + =

7. A(g) 2B(g) 2C(g) 3D(g) + +
n 5 3 2 A = =
H E nRT A =A + A
19000 E 2 2 300 = A +
E 17800 cal A = = 17.8 kcal
8. H E p V A = A + A
For isochoric process V 0 A =
H E A = A
49. The enthalpy of H
2
O(l) is less than that of H
2
O (g), hence more energy will be released when H
2
O(l) is formed, therefore
1 2
H H A < A .
50. H E A = A for
2 2
1
CO(g) O (g) CO (g)
2
+
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1. The amount of heat evolved or absorbed in the formation of one mole of product from its elements. So, the correct answer is
, ) , )
2 2
C O 1 atm CO 1 atm + .
2. The formation of one mole of HCl can be represented as, , ) , )
1 1
H H Cl Cl H Cl; H 90kJ
2 2
+ A =
Hence, for the reaction,
Heat evolved = heat evolved in bond formation heat required for bond breaking
j
1 1
90 KJ H Cl bond energy 430 240
2 2
| |
= +
|
\ .
, ) , ) H Cl bond energy 90 215 120 = + +
=
1
425 kJ mol

3. Given, 20 mL, of 0.5 M NaOH

100 mL of 0.1 M HCl
Milliequivalents (or millimoles) of NaOH = 20 0.5 = 10
Milliequivalents (or millimoles) of HCl = 100 0.1 = 10
10 milliequivalents on neutralisation give = x kJ heat
lg-eq (i.e., 1000 milliequivalents) will give = x 100 = 100x kJ heat
4. Given,
2
H OH H O; H 55.9 kJ
+
+ A = (i)
2
HCN OH H O CN H 12.1 kJ

+ + A = (ii)
On reversing (i) we get :
2
H O H OH ; H 55.9kJ
+
+ A = + (iii)
On adding (iii) to (ii) we get :
HCN H CN ; H 43.8 kJ
+
+ A = +
5. Formation of XY is known as :
2 2
X Y 2XY +
, ) , ) , )
X X Y Y X Y
H BE BE 2 BE

A = +
If (BE) of X Y a =
Then (BE) of (X X) a =
And , )
a
(BE) of Y Y
2
=

f
H (X Y) 200 kJ A =

a
400(for 2mol XY) a 2a
2
= +
a
400
2
=
a = + 800 kJ
The bond dissociation energy of
1
2
X 800 kJ mol

= .
6.
3
3 3 3 2 2 2
CH
|
13
CH CH CH CH O 4CO 5H O
2
+ +
H E nRT A = A + A
n A = mole of (gaseous productsgaseous reactants)
= + ve
Thus, H E A > A
7. This is based on Joule-Thomson effect.
8. 0.5 mol
3
HNO 0.5 mol H and 0.3 mol OH
+

2
0.5 H (aq) 0.3 OH (aq) 0.3 H O( )
+
+ l
(0.3 mole of OH

is neutralised by 0.3 mole of H

+
)
= 17.13 kJ
H 0.3 57.1 A = = 17.1 kJ
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9. Enthalpy of formation of H
2
SO
4
can be represented by the following equation:
2 2 2 4
H S 2O H SO + +
Given,
2 2
S O SO , H 298.2 kJ + A =
2 2 3
1
SO O SO , H 98.7 kJ
2
+ A =
3 2 2 4
SO H O H SO , H 130.2 kJ + A =
2 2 2
1
H O H O, H 287.3 kJ
2
+ A =
On adding all the four equations, we get the equation (i),
Hence, , ) , ) , ) , )
f
H 298.2 98.7 130.2 287.3 A = + + + = 814.4 kJ
10. The heat of neutralisation of strong acid and strong base is constant because it is infact heat of formation of water by H and OH
+
.
Its value is almost equal to 57.3 kJ .
1. Molar heat capacity Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 C

is called molar heat capacity.

2. HF is more stable than HCl. The reason is that in the formation of HF, more energy is produced. It means, HF has less energy than HCl
and hence is more stable.
In other words, we need more energy to break HF bond, hence HF is more stable.
3. According to question,
2 2 3
3
2Al O Al O ; H 1596 kJ
2
+ A = (i)
2 2 3
3
2Cr O Cr O ; H 1134 kJ
2
+ A = (ii)
Reversing Equation (ii) and adding both reactions, we get :
2 3 2 2 3
2Al Cr O 2Cr Al O ; H 462 kJ + + A =
4. Standard heat of formation of substance is the amount of heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of substance is formed from its
elements in their standard states.
Graphite is the standard state of carbon and hydrogen is found in form of H
2
.
Standard heat of formation of methane is , )
2 4
C graphite 2H (g) CH (g) +
5. CH
4
has four C H bonds. So, 4 416 kJ is required to break CH
4
into C and 4H.
6. We know, H U nRT A = A + A
n A = [total number of moles of gaseous products] [Total number of moles of gaseous reactants]
For this reaction j A(s) 3B(g) 4C(g) D( ) n 4 3 + + A = l = 1
H U RT A = A +
7. We know that,
g
H E n RT A = A + A
For reaction,
2 4 2
N O 2NO
g
n 2 1 1 A = =
H E RT A = A + or H E A > A
8.
g
H E p V E n RT A = A + A = A +
5 3 2
PCl (g) PCl (g) Cl (g) +
g g
g (p) (r)
n n n 2 1 1 A = = =
H E 1 RT A = A + H E A > A
9. The structure of N
2
H
4
is as follows
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Hence, in the reaction,
2 4
N H (g) 2N(g) 4H(g); +
, ) , ) H N Nbond energy N H bond energy 4 A = +
1724 N N = bond energy =1724 1564 = 160 kJ/mol
10. The amount of heat either evolved or absorbed when one gram mole of a substance is formed form its constituent elements, is known as
the standard heat of formation
f
( H ) A

.
For standard state temperature is 25 C

or 298 K and pressure of gaseous substance is one atmosphere.

Thus, in given thermochemical equation 'b' represents the standard heat of formation of HF.
2 2 f
1 1
H (g) F (g) HF(g); H ?
2 2
+ A =

[standard heat of formation of HF (g)].

1. According to Troutons rule
vap
1 1
b
H
88 JK mol
T

A
=
Troutons rule is relationship between enthalpy of vaporization and boiling point.
2. Heat of decomposition of water is
2 2 2
1 573.2
H O(g) H (g) O (g) H 286.6 kJ / mol
2 2
+
+ A = =
3. Bond energy O H bond = 109 kcal/mol
Energy absorbed in the dissociation of 1 mol of water (H
2
O) = 2 109 = 218 kcal
Energy released in the formation of 1 mole of water = 218 kcal.
4. G RT ln K A =

or, H T S RT ln K A A =

or,
H S
ln K
RT R
A A
= +

Comparing with y = m.x + c
y intercept is
S
R
A

5. G H T S A = A A
At equilibrium, G 0 A =
For a reaction to be spontaneous G A should be negative, so T should be greater than T
e
.
6. Standard Gibbs energy of formation
f
( G ) A

of a substance is defined as the Gibbs energy change when mole of the substance is
formed from its elements in their standard states. The following reaction define
f
G A

,
2 2
1 1
H (g) F (g) HF(g)
2 2
+
7. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation is a follows: G H T S A = A A
From Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, it is clear that G A will always be negative, if H A is negative and T S A is positive.
8.
2 2 3
1 3
X Y XY
2 2
+
reaction products reactants
S S S A =
reaction
3 1
S 50 40 60
2 2
| |
A = +
|
\ .
=
1
40J mol

G H T S A = A A
At equilibrium as S 0 A =
H T S A = A
3
H 30 10
T 750K
S 40
A
= = =
A
9. Entropy is a measure of randomness of the system, so entropy of a substance in different physical states is in the order
Gas > liquid > solid
product reactant
S S S A = In option (c) solid is converted into gaseous state, so S A will be positive.
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10. In going from initial to final state, the entropy change, S A for an ideal gas is given by the following reactions
2 2
v
1 1
T V
S nC ln nR ln
T V
A = + or
2 1
p
1 2
T p
S nC ln nR ln
T p
A = +
But at constant temperature,
2
1
V
S nR ln
V
A = i.e.,
1
2
p
S nR ln
p
A =
1. H ve A = (combustion reaction)
S ve A = + (spontaneous at all temperature)
G ve A = (because reaction is spontaneous)
2. The standard free energy change ( G ) A

is related to equilibrium constant K as
G RT ln K A =

G 2.303 RTlogK A =

3. C D
B A
! !

Given,
(A C)
S 50eu

A =
(C D)
S 30eu

A =
(B D)
S 20 eu

A =
Where, eu is entropy unit
Therefore,
(A B) (A C) (C D) (D B)
S S S S

A = A + A + A
=
(A C) (C D) (B D)
S S S

A + A A = 50 30 20 60 eu + =
4. For spontaneous reaction, the energy change ( G) A should be negative.
5. G H T S A = A A

= , ) 29.8 298 0.1 = 29.8 29.8 + = 0
6. G nFE A =

G 2.303RT logK A =

2.303 RT
E log K
nF
=

At 298 K,
2.303 8.314 298
E logK
n 96500

=

0.0591
E log K
n
=

7. The unit of entropy is

1 1
J mol K

.
8. Variation of K
eq
with temperature t is given by vant Hoff equation.
eq
H S
logK
2.303RT R
B
A
A A
= +

Slope of the given line is positive indicating that term A is positive thus H A

is negative. Thus, reaction is exothermic.
9. For a reaction to be spontaneous G A must be negative.
According to relationship of G A ,
G H T S A = A A
If H and S A A both are positive, then term T. S A will be greater than H A at high temperature and consequently G A will be negative at
high temperature. (boiling point of water) and reaction becomes feasible.
10. For a system in equilibrium, G 0 A = , when all the reactants and products are in the standard state [at constant temperature and pressure]
and K
c
= 1.
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1.
1 1 1
v
S 16 J mol K H 6 kJ mol

A = A =
vapour
bp
vapour
H
6 1000
T 375K
S 16
A

= = =
A
2.
2 2 p R
H (g) Cl (g) 2HCl(g) S S S _ _ + A =

= , ) 2 187 131 223 + = 374 354 =
1 1
20 JK mol

3. Given, H 31400 cal A =
1 1
S 32 cal K mol

A =
T 1000 273 1273K = + =
G ? A =
From Gibbs-Helmholtz equation G H T S A = A A = 31400 1273 32 = 31400 40736 9336 cal =
4. For spontaneous adsorption process, standard Gibbs free energy ( G) A must be negative as well as the degree of randomness of gas
molecule on the surface of solid decreases. For exothermic process, H A must be negative. Hence, with the help of following equation.
H G T S A = A + A
T S A is negative.
Thus, during adsorption S A decreases.
5. Given that,
3
vaps
H 30 kJ / mol 30 10 J / mol A = =
1 1
vaps
S 75 JK mol

A =
We know that,
G H T S A = A A
At equilibrium, G 0 A =
H T S A = A or
3
30 10 T 75 =
3
30 10
T 400K
75

= =
6.
vap
vap
H
S
T
A
A =

3
1 1
vap
40.8 10
S 109.4 JK mol
373

A = =

7. For spontaneity of a cell, G A is always negative and E A is positive.

8. As we know that, G H T S A = A A
Hence, G A may be greater, lesser or equal to H A .
9. For a reversible process
system surroundings
S S 0 A + A >
10. For spontaneous process, G ve A =
G H T S A = A A
For G to be negative
H 0 A < (i.e., negative)
S 0 A > (i.e., positive)
Thermodynamics HWT - 10