Flexibility Method - Temp. and Pre-Strain

Lecture 10: Flexibility Method Temp.
and Pre-Strain
Effects Of Temperature, Pre-strain & Support Displacement
In the previous sections we have only considered loads acting on the structure. We
would also like to consider the effects of
Temperature changes {D
QT
}
Prestrain of members {D
QP
}
These effects are taken in to account by including them in the calculation of
displacements (next page) inthereleasedstructurein a manner similar to {D
QL
} The
effects will produce displacements in the released structure, and the displacements are
associated with the redundant actions {Q}in the released structure.
The temperature displacements {D
QT
} in the released structure may be due to either
uniform changes in temperature or to differential changes in temperature. A
differential change in temperature assumes that the top and the bottom of the member
changes temperature and thus will undergo a curvature along the axis of the structural
component. A uniform change in temperature will increase or decrease the length of
the structural component.
Lecture 10: Flexibility Method Temp. and Pre-Strain
When the matrices {D
QT
} and {D
QP
}are found they can be added to the matrix {D
QL
}
of displacements due to loads in order to obtain the sum of all displacements in the
released structure. By superposition
As before the superposition equation is solved for the matrix of redundants {Q}.
Consider the possibility of known displacements occurring at the restraints (or
supports) of the structure. There are two possibilities to consider, depending on
whether the restraint displacements corresponds to one of the redundant actions {Q}.
If the displacement does correspond to a redundant, its effect can be taken into account
by including the displacement in the vector {D
Q
}.
In a more general situation there will be restraint displacements that do not correspond
to any of the selected redundants. In that event, the effects of restraint displacements
must be incorporated in the analysis of the released structure in a manner similar to
temperature displacements and prestrains. When restraint displacements occur in the
released structure a new matrix {D
QR
} is introduced.
{ } { } { } { } | |{ } Q F D D D D
QP QT QL Q
+ + + =
Thus the sum of all matrices representing displacements in the released structure will be
denoted by {D
QS
} and is expressed as follows
{ } { } { } { } { }
QR QP QT QL QS
D D D D D + + + =
{ } { } | |{ } Q F D D
QS Q
+ =
{ } | | { } { } { }
QS Q
D D F Q =
1
The generalized form of the superposition equation becomes
When this expression is inverted to obtain the redundants we find that
Joint Displacements, Member End Actions And Reactions
In previous sections we have focused on finding redundants using flexibility (force) methods.
Typically redundants (Q
1
, Q
2
, , Q
n
) specified by the structural engineer are unknown
reactions. However, we have also stipulated, and found, redundants that are internal actions,
i.e., shear forces, bending moments and/or axial forces. Redundants are determined by
imposing displacement continuityat the point in the structure where redundants are applied.
If the redundants specified are unknown reactions then after these redundants were found
other actionsin the released structure could be found using equations of equilibrium.
When all actions in a structure have been determined it is possible to compute displacements
by isolating the individual subcomponents of a structure. Displacements in these
subcomponents can be calculated using concepts learned in Strength of Materials. These
concepts allow us to determine displacements anywhere in the structure but usually the
unknown displacements at the joints are of primary interest if they are non-zero.
Instead of following the procedure just outlined we will now introduce a systematic
procedure for calculating non-zero joint displacements, member end actions and reactions
directly using flexibility methods.
Consider the two span beam below where the redundants Q
1
and Q
2
have been computed
previously given the applied loads. The non-zero joint displacements D
J1
and D
J2
, both
rotations, as well as reactions A
R1
and A
R2
. But initially we focus on the joint displacements
D
J1
and D
J2
and these non-zero joint displacements are associated with the redundants Q
1
and
Q
2
because the displacements act at the same joints as the redundants. Keep in mind that
when using flexibility methods translations are associated with forces, and rotations are
associated with moments.
Reactions other than redundants will be denoted {A
R
} and these quantities can be determined
as well. The objective here is the extension of the flexibility (force) method so that it is more
generally applied.
The principle of superposition is used to obtain the joint displacement vector {D
J
}, which is
a vector of displacements that occur in the actual structure. For the structure depicted on
the previous page the rotations in the actual structure at joints B ( =D
J1
) and C ( =D
J2
) are
required. Initially, when the redundants Q
1
and Q
2
are found superposition is imposed on
the released structure requiring the displacement associated with the unknown redundants
to be equal to zero. In finding unknown, non-zero, joint displacements in the actual
structure superposition is used again and displacements in the released structure must be
equated to the displacement in the actual structure. Focusing on joint B, superposition
requires
Here
D
J 1
= non-zero displacement (a rotation) at joint B in the actual structure, at
the joint associated with Q
1
D
J L1
= the displacement (a rotation) at joint B associated with D
J1
caused by
the external loads in the released structure.
D
J Q11
= the rotation at joint B associated with D
J1
caused by a unit force at
joint B corresponding to the redundant Q
1
in the released structure
D
J Q12
= the rotation at joint B associated with D
J1
caused by a unit force at joint
C corresponding to the redundant Q
2
2 12 1 11 1 1
Q D Q D D D
JQ JQ JL J
+ + =
Thus displacements in the released structure must be further evaluated for information
beyond that required to find the redundants Q
1
and Q
2
. In the released structure the
displacements associated with the applied loads are designated {D
JL
} and are depicted
below. The displacements associated with the redundants are designated [D
JQ
] and are
similarly depicted.
In the figure to the right unit
loads are shown applied at the
redundants. These unit loads
were used earlier to find
flexibility coefficients [F
ij
].
These coefficients were then
used to determine Q
1
and Q
2
.
Now the unit loads are used to
find the components of [D
JQ
].
released structure
A similar expression can be derived for the rotation at C ( =D
J2
), i.e.,
Here
D
J 2
= non-zero displacement (a rotation) at joint C in the actual structure, at
the joint associated with Q
2
D
J L2
= the displacement (a rotation) at joint C associated with D
J2
caused by the
external loads in the released structure.
D
J Q21
= the rotation at joint C associated with D
J2
caused by a unit force at joint B
corresponding to the redundant Q
1
D
J Q22
= the rotation at joint C associated with D
J2
caused by a unit force at joint C
2
The expressions D
J1
and D
J2
can be expressed in a matrix format as follows
where
{ } { } | |{ } Q D D D
JQ JL J
+ =
{ }
)
`
=
2
1
J
J
J
D
D
D { }
)
`
=
2
1
JL
JL
JL
D
D
D
{ }
)
`
=
2
1
Q
Q
Q
2 22 1 21 2 2
Q D Q D D D
JQ JQ JL J
+ + =
| |
(
=
22 21
12 11
JQ JQ
JQ JQ
JQ
D D
D D
D
In a similar manner we can find member end actions via superposition
For the first expression
A
M1
= is the shear force at B on member AB
A
ML1
= is the shear force at B on member AB caused by the external loads on
the released structure
A
MQ11
= is the shear force at B on member AB caused by a unit load
1
A
MQ12
= is the shear force at B on member AB caused by a unit load
2
The other expressions follow in a similar manner.
2 12 1 11 1 1
Q A Q A A A
MQ MQ ML M
+ + =
2 22 1 21 2 2
Q A Q A A A
MQ MQ ML M
+ + =
2 32 1 31 3 3
Q A Q A A A
MQ MQ ML M
+ + =
2 42 1 41 4 4
Q A Q A A A
MQ MQ ML M
+ + =
{ } { } { }{ } Q A A A
MQ ML M
+ =
{ }
)
`
=
2
1
Q
Q
Q
{ }
=
4
3
2
1
M
M
M
M
M
A
A
A
A
A { }
=
4
3
2
1
ML
ML
ML
ML
ML
A
A
A
A
A { }
=
42 41
32 31
22
21
12 11
MQ MQ
MQ MQ
MQ
Q
M
MQ MQ
MQ
A A
A A
A A
A A
A
The expressions on the previous slide can be expressed in a matrix format as follows
where
The sign convention for member end actions is as follows:
+ when up for translations and forces
+ when counterclockwise for rotation and couples
In a similar manner we can find reactions via superposition
For the first expression
A
R1
= the reaction in the actual beam at A
A
R2
= the reaction in the actual beam at A
A
RL1
= the reaction in the released structure due to the external loads
A
RL2
= the reaction in the released structure due to the external loads
A
RQ11
= the reaction at A in the released structure due to the unit action
1
A
RQ22
2
A
RQ12
2
2 12 1 11 1 1
Q A Q A A A
RQ RQ RL R
+ + =
2 22 1 21 2 2
Q A Q A A A
RQ RQ RL R
+ + =
The expressions on the previous slide can be expressed in a matrix format as
where
{ } { } | |{ } Q A A A
RQ RL R
+ =
{ }
)
`
=
2
1
R
R
R
A
A
A
{ }
)
`
=
2
1
RL
RL
RL
A
A
A
{ }
)
`
=
2
1
Q
Q
Q
| |
(
=
22 21
12 11
RQ RQ
RQ RQ
RQ
A A
A A
A
When the effects of joint displacements, member end actions and reactions are accounted for
the only change in the superposition equation is in the first term. Take
here
where
{D
JT
} = joint displacement due to temperature
{D
JP
} = joint displacement due to prestrain
{D
JR
} = joint displacement corresponding to redundants
Hence there is no need to generalize the expression for {A
M
} and {A
R
} to account for
temperature effects, prestrain and displacement effects. None of these effects will produce
any actions or reactions in the statically determinate released structure. Instead the released
structure will merely change its configurations to accommodate these effects. The effects of
these influences are merely propagated into matrices {A
M
} and {A
R
} through the value of the
redundants {Q}, values that account for temperature, prestrain and displacement effects.
{ } { } { } { } { }
JR JP JT JL JS
D D D D D + + + =
{ } { } | |{ } Q D D D
JQ JS J
+ =
Example
P P
P P
PL M
P P
=
=
=
=
3
2
1
2
Consider the two span beam to the left
where it is assumed that the objective is
to calculate the various joint
displacements D
J
, member end actions
A
M
, and end reactions A
R
. The beam has
a constant flexural rigidity EI and is acted
upon by the following loads
Consider the released
structure and the attending
moment area diagrams.
The (M/EI) diagram was
drawn by parts. Each
action and its attending
diagram is presented one at
a time in the figure starting
with actions on the far
right.
From first moment area theorem
( ) ( )
1
2
1 1
2 1 1.5 0.5
2 2
1
2 2
5
4
JL
PL PL
D L L
EI EI
PL PL L
L
EI EI
PL
EI
= + +
+
=
2
2
1 2 1 3 3
2
2 2 2 2
1
2 2
13
8
JL
PL PL L
D L
EI EI
PL PL L
L
EI EI
PL
EI
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
| |
+
|
\ .
=
| |
(
=
13
10
8
2
EI
PL
D
JL
P A
P P P A
F
RL
RL
Y
2
2
0
1
1
=
+ =
=
2
2
2
3
2
2
0
2
2
PL
A
L P
L
P PL
L
P A
M
RL
RL
A
=
+ + =
=
Using the following free body diagram of the released structure

Then from the equations of equilibrium
0
2 2
0
1
1
=
+ =
=
ML
ML
Y
A
P P A
F
Using a free body diagram from segment AB of the entire beam, i.e.,
then once again from the equations of equilibrium
2
3
2
2 2
2
0
2
2
PL
A
PL
PL L
P A
M
ML
ML
B
=
+ =
=

0
0
3
3
=
+ =
=
ML
ML
Y
A
P P A
F
0
4
2
4
2
M
B
P L
A P L
M L
P L
A
M L
=
= +
=
Using a free body diagram from segment BC of the entire beam, i.e.,
then once again from the equations of equilibrium
=
2
0
2
3
0
PL
PL
A
ML
2
2
RL
P
A
PL

=
`

)
Thus the vectors A
ML
and A
RL
are as follows:
Member end actions in the released structure.
Reactions in the released structure.
Consider the released beam with a unit load at point B
EI
L
L
EI
L
D
JQ
2
2
1
2
11
=
=
EI
L
L
EI
L
D
JQ
2
2
1
2
21
=
=
L
Consider the released beam with a unit load at point C
( )
EI
L
L
EI
L
D
JQ
2
3
1 2
2
1
2
12
=
+ =
EI
L
L
EI
L
D
JQ
2
22
2
2
2
2
1
=
=
2L
L
2
1 3
1 4 2
JQ
L
D
E I
(
( =
(

{ }
=
L
L
A
MQ
0
1 0
0
1 1
1 1
2
R Q
A
L L

(
( =
(

Thus
In a similar fashion, applying a unit load associated with Q
1
and Q
2
in the previous
cantilever beam, we obtain the following matrices
{ }
69
64 56
P
Q

=
`
)
Previously (Lecture #6)
with
{ }
2 2
2
10 1 3 69
13 1 4 64 8 2 56
17
5 112
J
P L L P
D
E I E I
P L
E I
( (
= +
`
( (

)

=
`
)
{ } { } | |{ } Q D D D
JQ JL J
+ =
then
{ }
0
1 1
3
0 69
2
0 0 1 64 56
0
2
5
20
64 56
36
M
PL
L
P
A
P L L
L
P
L

= +
` ` `

)

)

=
`

)
Similarly, with
and knowing [A
ML
], [A
MQ
] and [Q] leads to
{ } { } | |{ } Q A A A
MQ ML M
+ =
Finally with
{ }
2
1 1 69
2 64 56
2
107
31 56
R
P
P
A
P L
L L
P
L

(

= +
` `
(

)

)

=
`
)
{ } { } | |{ } Q A A A
RQ RL R
+ =
then knowing [A
RL
], [A
RQ
] and [Q] leads to
Summary Of Flexibility Method
The analysis of a structure by the flexibility method may be described by the following steps:
1. Problem statement
2. Selection of released structure
3. Analysis of released structure under loads
4. Analysis of released structure for other causes
5. Analysis of released structure for unit values of redundant
6. Determination of redundants through the superposition equations, i.e.,
{ } { } | |{ } Q F D D
QS Q
+ =
{ } { } { } { } { }
QR QP QT QL QS
D D D D D + + + =
| | | | { } { } { }
QS Q
D D F Q =
1
7. Determine the other displacements and actions. The following are the four flexibility
matrix equations for calculating redundants member end actions, reactions and joint
displacements
where for the released structure
All matrices used in the flexibility method are summarized in the following tables
{ } { } | |{ } Q D D D
JQ JS J
+ =
{ } { } | |{ } Q A A A
MQ ML M
+ =
{ } { } | |{ } Q A A A
RQ RL R
+ =
{ } { } { } { } { }
JR JP JT JL JS
D D D D D + + + =
MATRIX ORDER DEFINITION
qx1 Unknownredundantactions(q=Numberofredundant)
qx1
DisplacementsintheactualstructureCorrespondingtothe
redundant
qx1
Displacementsinthereleasedstructurecorrespondingtothe
redundantsandduetoloads
qxq
redundantsandduetounitvaluesoftheredundants
(Flexibilitycoefficients)
qx1
redundantsandduetotemperature,prestrain,andrestraint
displacements(otherthanthoseinDQ)
qx1
Q
D
QL
D
JQ
D or F
QR QP QT
D D D ,
,
QS
D
QR QP QT QL QS
D D D D D + + + =
Q
jx1 Jointdisplacementintheactualstructure(j=numberof
jointdisplacement)
jx1 Jointdisplacementsinthereleasedstructureduetoloads
jx1 Jointdisplacementsinthereleasedstructureduetounit
valuesoftheredundants
jx1
Jointdisplacementsinthereleasedstructuredueto
temperature,prestrain,andrestraintdisplacements(other
thanthoseinDQ)
jx1
JL
D
QL
D
JR JP JT
D D D ,
,
JR JP JT JL JS
D D D D D + + +
=
J
D
JS
D
mx1 Memberendactionsintheactualstructure
(m=Numberofendactions)
mx1 Memberendactionsinthereleasedstructureduetoloads
mxq Memberendactionsinthereleasedstructureduetounit
valuesoftheredundants
rx1 Reactionsintheactualstructure(r=numberofreactions)
rx1 Reactionsinthereleasedstructureduetoloads
rxq
Reactionsinthereleasedstructureduetounitvaluesofthe
redundants
ML
A
R
A
M
A
RL
A
MQ
A
RQ
A

Flexibility Method - Temp. and Pre-Strain

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Lecture 10: Flexibility Method Temp.

Using the following free body diagram of the released structure

Lecture 10: Flexibility Method Temp. and Pre-Strain

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