Steve Goddard

Mechanical Principles – Assignment 1

Complex Loaded Systems & Cylinders

1. Using a diagram define Poisson’s ratio and give typical values for
steel, Titanium and Aluminum Alloy.

When a sample of material is stretched in one direction, it tends to get thinner in

the other two directions. Poisson's ratio (v - Greek letter Nu), named after Simeon
Poisson, is a measure of this tendency.
Poisson's ratio is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain
(normal to the applied load), divided by the relative extension strain, or axial
strain (in the direction of the applied load). For a perfectly incompressible material
deformed elastically at small strains, the Poisson's ratio would be exactly 0.5.
Most practical engineering materials have ν between 0.0 and 0.5. Cork is close to
0.0, most steels are around 0.3, and rubber is almost 0.5.

Some materials, mostly polymer foams, have a negative Poisson's ratio; if these
auxetic materials are stretched in one direction, they become thicker in
perpendicular directions.

For the materials in question Poisons ratio is as follows:

Steel – 0.27 – 0.30

Titanium – 0.34

Aluminium Alloy – 0.33

Poisson's ratio values for different materials

poisson's
material
ratio

concrete 0.20

cast iron 0.21-0.26

glass 0.24

clay 0.30-0.45

saturated
0.40-0.50
clay

copper 0.33

cork ca. 0.00

magnesium 0.35

stainless
0.30-0.31
steel

rubber 0.50

foam 0.10 to 0.40

sand 0.20-0.45

auxetics negative

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Values based on www.answers.com

2. A bar 300mm long and 30mm diameter is pulled by a tensile load of

40kN. If Poisson’s ratio is 0.3 and the Modulus of Elasticity is 100GN/m2,
find the reduction in diameter of the bar.

Firstly I drew out the question:

Ø 30mm 40kN

E = 100GN/m2
300mm
v = 0.3

Next I had to work out the stress applied using the formula:

Force
Stress σ =
Area

I worked out the area:

π D 2 π × ( 9 ×10 −4 ) 0.0028
A= = = = 7.06 × 10 −4 m 2
4 4 4

F 40 × 10 3
σ x Stress = = −4
= 56.593 ×10 6 N / m 2
A 7.06 × 10

σ x 56.593 × 10 6
Strain in the x direction e x = = = 5.6593 × 10 − 4 = 1.697 × 10 − 4
E 100 × 10 9

Change in diameter
Using ey =
Oringinal diameter

Change in Diameter =
ey ×original diameter
−4
=1.697 ×10 ×0.030
−6
= 5.091 ×10 m

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3. A brass plate shown is subjected to stresses as shown below. Find the

changes in the 160mm length and in the 7-mm width if for brass E = 105
GN/m2 and poisson’s ratio is 0.3.

10 MN/m2

E = 105 GN/m2

180mm
20 MN/m2 20 MN/m2
V = 0.3
70mm

10 MN/m2

X Direction

σx σy
ex = − −υ
E E

20 ×10 6 0.3 ×10 ×10 6

ex = − −
105 ×10 9 105 ×10 9

e x = −1.904 ×10 −4 − 2.857 ×10 −5 = −2.1897 ×10 −4

Change in x = e × L

= −2.1897 ×10 −4 ×0.07 m

=1.5327 ×10 −5

Y Direction

σy σx
ey = −υ
E E

10 ×10 6 0.3 ×20 ×10 6

ey = − −
105 ×10 9 105 ×10 9

e y = −9.5238 ×10 −5 +5.7142 ×10 −5 =1.5238 ×10 −4

Change in y = e × L

=1.5238 ×10 −4 ×0.16 m

= 24 .3808 ×10 −6

4. The plate shown is made from a metal for which Poisson’s ratio is 0.29
and E=180 GN/m2. Find the changes in the 100mm and 45mm direction.

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10 kN

5m
m

100m
15 kN
15 kN

m
45m
m

10 kN

Force
Firstly I need to convert the forces into stresses with the equation:
Area

15 ×10 3
σx = = 30 ×10 6 = 30 MN / m 2
(0.005 × 0.1)

10 ×10 3
σx = = 44 .44 ×10 6 = 44 .44 MN / m 2
(0.005 × 0.045 )

Now that I have the stresses I can work out the changes in direction.

X Direction Y Direction

σx υσy σy υσx
ex = − ey = −
E E E E

30 ×10 6 0.29 × 44 .4 ×10 6 44 .44 ×10 6 0.29 × 30 ×10 6

ex = − ex = −
180 ×10 9 180 ×10 9 180 ×10 9 180 ×10 9

e x = 1.666 ×10 −4 − 7.153 ×10 −5 e x = 2.466 ×10 −4 − 4.833 ×10 −5

e x = 9.507 ×10 −5 e x = 1.9827 ×10 −4

5. Find the change in volume of a square cross section 80mm by 80mm

and 1.2m long when subjected to an axial load of 20kN.
Take R as 200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio as 0.3.

Firstly I drew out the problem so it was easier to interpret.

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1200m
m

80mm
E = 200 GN/m2
V
= 0.3
20kN

Y
Z 80mm

Change in volume
Volumetric Strain =
Original volume

F 20 ×10 3
σ= = = 3.125 ×10 6
A 0.08 × 0.08

Linear Stresses

σx 3.125 ×10 6
ex = = = 15 .625 ×10 −6
E 200 ×10 9

υ σx 0.3 × 3.125 ×10 6

ey = = = −4.6875 ×10 −6
E 200 ×10 9

υ σx 0.3 × 3.125 ×10 6

ez = = = −4.6875 ×10 −6
E 200 ×10 9

Volumetric Strain = e x + e y + e z = 15 .625 ×10 −6 − 4.6875 ×10 −6 − 4.6875 ×10 −6 = 6.25 ×10 −6 m 3
Change in volume = Volumetric Strain x Original Volume

Original Volume = 7.68 ×10 −3

Volumetric Strain = 6.25 ×10 −6

∴(7.68 ×10 −3 ) × (6.25 ×10 −6 ) = 48 ×10 −9 = 48 nM 3

6. A round steel bar 25mm diameter and 250mm long is loaded with an
axial tensile force of 200kN.
Calculate the change in volume if E=200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio is
0.32.

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200 kN

Ø
25mm E = 200
GN/m2
V
= 0.32

250mm

Converting force to stress:

F 200 ×10 3 200 ×10 3

σ= = = = 407 .497 ×10 6
A  π × 0.025 2  4.908 ×10 −4
 
 4 

Linear Strains:

σx 407 .497 ×10 6

ex = = = 2.0375 ×10 −3
E 200 ×10 9

υσx
ey = = −0.32 × 2.0375 ×10 −3 = −6.52 ×10 −4
E

υσx
ez = = −0.32 × 2.0375 ×10 −3 = −6.52 ×10 −4
E
−3
( )
Volumetric Strain = e x + e y + e z = 2.0375 ×10 + 2 − 6.52 ×10 = 7.335 ×10
4 −4

Change in volume = Volumetric Strain x Original Volume

∴7.335 ×10 −4 ×1.227 ×10 −4 = 90 .000 ×10 −9 = 90 Nm 3

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7. A Component in a machine which is submerged in water is subjected,

as a result, to a hydrostatic pressure of 5 bar. The Modulus of Elasticity
of the material of the component is 200GN/m2.
If poisson’s ratio is 0.25 and the original volume was 20 x 10-6 m3, find:

7.1 The volumetric strain

1 Bar = 100
σ KN/m2
e = −3 (1 − 2υ)
E

500 ×10 3
e = −3 (1 − 0.5) = −3.75 ×10 −6 m 3
200 ×10 9

7.2 Change in volume

Volumetric Strain ×Original Volume

3.75 ×10 −6 ×20 ×10 −6 =7.5 ×10 −11 m 3

8. Find the value of the Shear Modulus G of a material if the Young’s

Modulus of Elasticity is 210GN/m2 and poisson’s ratio is 0.3.

E 210 ×10 9 210 ×10 9

G= = = = 80 .769 ×10 9
(
2 1 +υ ) (
2 1 + 0 .3) 2 .6

9. Find the value of the Bulk Modulus of a material if it has an Elastic

Modulus of 200GN/m2 and poisson’s ratio of 0.3.

E 200 ×10 9 200 ×10 9

G= = = = 1.666 ×10 11
3(1 −υ) 3(1 − 0.3) 1.2

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10. A Cylinder 1.5m in length has an internal diameter of 75mm and a

wall thickness of 1.5mm.

Determine

10.1 The Hoop Stress

Hoop stress =
pd
=
pressure ×diameter
=
(3 ×10 ) ×0.075 m = 75 MPa
6

2t 2 × wall thickness 2 ×1.5

10.2 The Longitudinal Stress

Hoop Stress
I know longitudinal stress is equal to = 37 .5 MPa
2

To check this I can use the equation:

pd (3 ×10 6 ) × 0.075
= = 37 .5MPa
4t 4 ×1.5

10.3 The percentage increase in internal volume of the tube.

Original Volume
pd
I can calculate this using the following equation ( 5 − 4υ)V π × 0.075 2
4tE × 1.5 = 6.626 × 10 −3
4


∴
( 3 ×10 6 × 0.075 ) 
× ( 5 − ( 4 × 0.3) ) × (6.626 ×10 −3 )  = 4.721 ×10 −6
 4 × 0.0015 × ( 200 ×10 )
9


Percentage increase = 7.125 ×10 −4 %

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11. A cylindrical air compressor is 2m internal diameter and made of

plate 15mm thick. If the hoop stress is not to exceed 90MN/m2 and the
axial stress is not to exceed 60MN/m3, find the maximum safe air
pressure.

pd
σh Hoop Stress =
2t

σ h × 2t
∴ =p
d

90 ×10 6 ×( 2 ×0.015 )
= 1.35 ×10 6 = 1.35 MPa
2

pd
σa Axial Stress =
4t

σ a × 4t 60 ×10 6 × ( 4 × 0.015 )
∴p = = = 1.8 MPa
d 2

Therefore the maximum safe pressure would be 1.35 Mpa

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12. A closed cylinder has an internal diameter of 60mm and an external

diameter of 100mm. It is subject to an internal pressure of 20Mpa and
an external pressure of 5Mpa.
Determine the radial and hoop stresses at the inner and outer wall
surfaces and the longitudinal stress experienced at the cylinder wall.

b 
σr = a − 
r2


b 
− 20 ×10 6 = a − 2
 Internal
0.03 


− 20 ×10 6 = a −1111 .11b  Equation

 1

b 
σr = a + 
r2


b 
− 5 ×10 6 = a −  External
0.05 2 


− 5 ×10 6 = a − 400 b  Equation
 2

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

−5 ×10 6 + 20 ×10 6 =15 ×10 6

−400 b +1111 .11 b = 711 .11 b

∴15 ×10 6 = 711 .11 b

b = 0.0211

Using b in equation 1

− 20 ×10 6 = a −1111 .11 × 0.0211

a = 3.4375

Now I can work out the radial and hoop stresses by substituting a and b into the
original equations:

0.0211
σ r = 3.4375 − = 26 .88 Mpa
i
0.03 2
0.0211
σ re = 3.4375 − = 11 .88 Mpa
0.05 2
0.0211
σ hi = 3.4375 + = 20 .00 Mpa
0.03 2
0.0211
σ ri = 3.4375 − = 5 Mpa
0.05 2

Longitudinal Stress:

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2 2
p1r1 − p2 r2 20 ×10 6 × 0.05 2 − 5 ×10 6 × 0.05 2 18000 − 12500
σc = = = −3
= 3.4375 ×10 6
2
r2 − r1
2
0.05 − 0.03
2 2
1.6 ×10

= 3.4375 MPa

13. A thick cylinder having an external diameter of 230mm and an

internal diameter of 120mm is subjected to an internal pressure of
48MPa and an external pressure of 9MPa.
Find:
13.1 the maximum direct stress in the cylinder
13.2 the change in the external diameter
Given that E is 200Gpa and Poisson’s ratio is 0.28

13.1

Inner Radius
I will call this
Equation 1
b b
σ r = −48 ×10 6 = a + 2
=a+ = a + 277 .7b
r 0.06 2

Outer Radius I will call this

Equation 2
b b
σ r = −9 ×10 6 = a + 2
=a+ = a + 75 .614 b
r 0.115 2

Subtract Equation 1 from Equation 2

(− 48 ×10 ) − (− 9 ×10 ) → −39 ×10

6 6 6

277 .77 − 75 .614 → 202 .163

− 39 ×10 6
b= = 192 .914 ×10 3
202 .163

b = −192 .914 ×10 3

Substitute b into equation 1

− 48 ×10 6 = a + (277 .77 × −192 .914 ×10 3 ) = a + 53 .587 ×10 6

a = −48 ×10 6 + 53 .587 ×10 6

a = 5.587 ×10 6

Inner Radius – Circumferential Stress

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b
σc = a −
r2
− 192 .914 ×10 3
σ c = 5.587 ×10 6 −
0.06 2
σ c = 5.587 ×10 6 + 53 .587 ×10 6 Maximum
Direct Stress
σ c = 59 .174 ×10 = 59 .174 MN / m
6 2

Outer Radius – Circumferential Stress

b
σc = a −
r2

−192 .914 ×10 3

σ c = 5.587 ×10 6 −
0.115 2

σ c = 5.587 ×10 6 +14 .587 ×10 6

σ c = 20 .174 ×10 6 = 20 .174 MN / m 2

Radial Stress at outer radius

b
σr = a +
r2

−192 .914 ×10 3

σ r = 5.587 ×10 6 +
0.115 2

σ r = 5.587 ×10 6 −14 .587 ×10 6

σ r = −9 ×10 6

Change in Diameter

σ c υ σr 20.174 × 10 6 0.28 × −9 × 10 6
e= + = + = 1.0087 × 10 −4 + 1.26 × 10 −5 = 1.1347 × 10 −4
E E 200 × 10 9
200 × 10 9

Change in Diameter

e ×original length =1.1347 ×10 −4 ×0.23 = 26 .0981 ×10 −6 = 26 .0981 µ m

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Bibliography
http://www.answers.com/poisons%20ratio

Lecture Notes

HNC/HND Book – Tooley & Dingle

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