PHYSICAL QUANTITIES VECTORS & SCALARS

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Any number that is used to describe a physical phenomenon quantitatively using a standard measurable unit or units.
Example : Length 3 m (meters) Mass 80 kg (kilograms)

Time 3600 seconds

Weight 100 N (Newtons)

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

SCALAR QUANTITIES
Quantities that are described by only a single number which is its Magnitude. Magnitude just tells how much or the size of the quantity theres present. Ex. 10 km, 100 km/hr Mass, Volume and Time are scalars

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

VECTOR QUANTITIES
Quantities that are described by both magnitude and the direction in space.
Ex. 10 km to the left, 100 km per hour, eastward Force , Velocity and Acceleration are vectors

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7/20/2013

VECTOR QUANTITIES
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF A VECTOR Tip / Head

Tail Vector Notation : Scalar Notation :

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ANGLE / DIRECTION

A A
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VECTOR QUANTITIES
DIRECTION :
Given in terms of :

STANDARD ANGLES :

Degrees () Radians (rad) 180 = 3.1416 rad

180 = rad
Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate 7/20/2013

VECTOR QUANTITIES
DIRECTION :
East Northeast North Northwest West Southwest

Given in terms of NAVIGATIONAL (COMPASS) BEARINGS :

N 0 45 90 135 180 225 90

NW

135

NE

45

W
180

E
0

South
Southeast

270
315 SW 225 S 270
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SE

315

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

VECTOR QUANTITIES
DIRECTION :
With Angles measured or starting from the horizontal (East or West) as reference

, North of East , South of East Ex:

, North of West , South of West

1. 50 , South of East 2. 30 , North of West 3. 40 , South of West 4. 80 , North of East

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

30 40

80

E
50

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VECTOR QUANTITIES
DIRECTION :
With Angles measured or starting from the vertical (North or South) as reference

, East of North , East of South Ex:

, West of North , West of South

N
30
80

1. 50 , East of South 2. 30 , West of North 3. 40 , West of South 4. 80 , East of North

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

W
40 50

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VECTOR RESOLUTION

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

VECTOR RESOLUTION
A process of combining two or more vectors acting at the same point on an object to determine a single equivalent vector known as the Resultant vector.
The resultant has the same effect as the multiple vectors that originally acts on the object. The resultant vector is also known as the Net vector.

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

VECTOR RESOLUTION
Resultant Can be determined in two ways :

1. Graphical Methods
These involve plotting and drawing the vectors (using a convenient scale) and directly measuring the resultant from these vectors.

2. Analytical Methods
These involve no scaled drawings. These are purely computation that mostly involves trigonometry. Provides the most accurate value for the resultant.
Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate 7/20/2013

VECTOR RESOLUTION
Graphical Methods
A

1. Polygon Method
The resultant is determined by laying the vectors tail to head in series. Once the last vector is in placed, the resultant is drawn from the tail of the origin vector up to the tip of the last vector.

R A

A
C C B
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The commutative property applies here, you can start at any vector and the resultant is always going to be the same 7/20/2013

VECTOR RESOLUTION
Graphical Methods
A

2. Parallelogram Method
Start with a pair of vectors drawn from the same origin. Make a parallelogram by projection. The diagonal will be the resultant of the two vectors. If you have more than two given vectors, pair the earlier resultant with the next given vector, and so on. The very last diagonal will be the final resultant.

R A
Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate 7/20/2013

VECTOR RESOLUTION
Graphical Methods
NEGATIVE VECTORS
To graphically make a vector negative. Just shift the arrow head 180. The magnitude remains the same

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

VECTOR RESOLUTION
Analytical Methods
1. Sine & Cosine Laws
Useful when given two vectors

Sine Law :
R

A B
A

A = B = R sin A sin B sin

Cosine Law :

R2 = A2 + B2 2AB cos

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

VECTOR RESOLUTION
Analytical Methods
2. Component Method
Useful for two or more vectors

Components of a Vector can be thought of as the horizontal & vertical projections of a vector

AY

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AX
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VECTOR RESOLUTION
Analytical Methods
2. Component Method
Useful for two or more vectors

Mathematically the components of a vector are expressed as : Case 1 : measured from Case 2 : measured from horizontal axis vertical axis

AY = A sin

AY = A cos

AX = A cos
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AX = A sin
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VECTOR RESOLUTION
Analytical Methods
2. Component Method : Sign Convention
+y

-x

+x

-y

The usual vector sign convention follows the Cartesian coordinate system. x component values : to the right (or East) are positive to the left ( or West) are negative y component values : going up (or North) are positive going down (or South) are negative.

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

VECTOR RESOLUTION
Analytical Methods
2. Component Method
Useful for two or more vectors

Standard Sign Convention

Algebraic Sum of ALL X-components

RX = X = AX + BX + CX + + ZX
Algebraic Sum of ALL Y-components

If X is + , it is going to the right or east If X is , it is going to the left or west If Y is + , it is going upward or north If Y is , it is going downward or south

RY = Y = AY + BY + CY + + ZY
Computing for the Resultant :

|R| = X2 + Y2
= tan-1 |Y|

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

|X|

Note : The angle computed here is ALWAYS measured from the horizontal axis. ALWAYS between zero to 90. Refer to the sign convention above for the correct bearing
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APPLICATION OF VECTOR RESOLUTION :

NAVIGATION via Displacement

Displacement (s) : A vector quantity that is the change in position of an object. Distance is the scalar counter part of displacement. It may vary because there is a multiple (if not infinite) number of ways to get from one point to another. The magnitude of the displacement is considered as a distance, in fact it is the shortest possible value for distance.

This reads as displacement vector S

7/20/2013

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

APPLICATION OF VECTOR RESOLUTION :

NAVIGATION via Displacement

Steps in Solution :
1.Read the problems carefully, draw the vectors (best-estimate sketch) complete with their arrowheads pointing at the correct direction. 2.Determine if there is a resultant or none. a. If there is a resultant identify it among the given vectors then set your equation, with this resultant vector equal to the vector sum of the other vectors. b. If there is no resultant, equate the vector sum of all the given vectors to zero. 3.Resolve the respective x and y components from the formula, it has the same format as your resultant equation. Sometimes you may need to solve one of the unknown vectors , it may not always going to be the resultant that is missing! Use a standard sign convention for the vectors. 4.Solve for the magnitude of the required vector and its direction using right triangle equations : Pythagorean formula and the arctangent formula

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

NAVIGATION via Displacement

1. Ace City lies 36.80 km, 40.4 West of North of Blues City. A bus, beginning at Chapel City travels 54.50 km at 37.6 North of West to reach Ace City. How far and in what direction is Blues City to Chapel City?

Ace

Chapel

Blues

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

NAVIGATION via Displacement

2. An escaped convict runs 1.70 km due east of the prison. He then runs 7.40 km due north to a friend's house. A few hours later, he left his friends house, moving 4.35 km due west to hide in an abandoned warehouse. Determine his displacement from the warehouse to the prison.

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

APPLICATION OF VECTOR RESOLUTION :

RELATIVE VELOCITY
Velocity : A vector quantity that is the rate of change in position (displacement) over a time interval Speed is the scalar part or the magnitude of velocity

Relative Velocity : The observed velocity of an object with respect or relative to where the observer is (frame of reference of the observer) .
Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate 7/20/2013

RELATIVE VELOCITY
Double Subscript Notation :

vAB

This reads as velocity of object A relative to object B

Example :

Velocity of car on the road (earth)

vCE

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

RELATIVE VELOCITY
Double Subscript Notation : Given two objects with different relative velocities :

This reads as velocity of object B relative to object C If we want to know the relative velocity of A with respect to C , then we get the resultant of these two :

vAB vBC

This reads as velocity of object A relative to object B

vAC = vAB + vBC

vAC
This reads as velocity of object A relative to object C
7/20/2013 Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

RELATIVE VELOCITY
1. An airplane heading due south with an airspeed of 200kph is in a crosswind of 10kph due west. How far does the airplane go in 2 hours and in what direction?

ANS : S = 400.5 km, = 87.138 S of W

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

RELATIVE VELOCITY
2. A boat is capable of making 9kph in still water is used to cross a river flowing at a speed of 4kph. a) At what angle () should the boat be directed so that the motion will be straight across the river? b) What is the resultant speed relative to the shore (earth)?

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

UNIT VECTORS

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

UNIT VECTORS
Three-Dimensional Coordinate System VECTOR COMPONENTS : A +y

Review : +y A -x

-z

AY = A sin
-x

+x +z

AX = A cos
-y -y

+x

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AX = A cos AY = A cos AZ = A cos

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UNIT VECTORS
A unit vector is a vector whose magnitude is equal to one and dimensionless. They are used to specify a determined direction or simply pointer vectors.
A unit vector is sometimes denoted by replacing the arrow on a vector with a "^" or just adding a "^" on a boldfaced character . Unit vector for X-component vector Unit vector for Y-component vector Unit vector for Z-component vector

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7/20/2013

UNIT VECTORS
3D Vector is written in rectangular coordinate system as : Components are :

AX = A cos AY = A cos AZ = A cos

Magnitude of the 3D Vector :

Note : 3D vector becomes a 2D vector , when ONE of ANY of the components becomes zero.
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UNIT VECTORS
Plot: Vector A : ^ A = 3 5 + 4k
-x +y -z

+z

+x

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-y

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UNIT VECTORS
Addition/Subtraction: Simply get the sum or difference between the same components.
Vector A :
^

Vector B :

A = 3 5+ 4k
A = 3 5 + 4k ^ + B = 2 2 5k A+B = 5 7 k
^ ^

B = 2 2 5k
A = 3 5 + 4k ^ B = 2 2 5k
^

AB = 3 + 9k

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

DOT & CROSS PRODUCTS

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

DOT PRODUCT
The dot product is denoted by " " between two vectors. The dot product of vectors A and B results in a scalar value. Dot product is given by the relation :

Where is the angle between A & B

Alternative Equation (If is not given, but the component are)

The dot product follows the commutative and distributive properties

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

CROSS PRODUCT
The cross product is denoted by "x " between two vectors. The cross product of vectors A and B results in a vector.
Given two vectors

A = Ax + Ay + Az k

B = Bx + By + Bz k

Cross Product obtained using Determinants (3x3 matrix) () () ()

P = AxB =
(+) Cross Product obtained using this formula (+) (+)

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7/20/2013

CROSS PRODUCT
Magnitude of the Cross Product OR

Where P (the magnitude of the cross product) is equal to the area of the parallelogram formed by the two vector.

The cross product has the following properties

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013

DOT and CROSS PRODUCT

Prepared by : Engr. M.E. Albalate

7/20/2013