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9:30 Introduction Part 1 - Basic Geophysical Logs 9:45 Gamma Ray, Spontaneous Potential, Resistivity 10:30 Interpretation Exercise 10:45 Break 11:00 Neutron Porosity, Litho Density, Sonic 12:00 Interpretation Exercise 12:15 Lunch Break 1:15 Fluid and Flow Logging 2:15 Interpretation Exercise Part 2 - Advanced Geophysical Logs 2:30 Dipole Shear Sonic, Magnetic Resonance 3:30 Interpretation Exercise 3:45 Break 4:00 Neutron Induced Gamma Spectroscopy, Imaging 5:00 Exercise 5:15 Session Wrap-up 5:30 Adjourn
Comments: the gamma ray log was the first nuclear well log and was introduced in the late 1930s.
Comments: Natural gamma ray spectroscopy logs were introduced in the early 1970s, although they had been studied from the 1950s. Newer technology has greater depth of investigation and higher precision detectors.
40K 232Th
1.76
238U
Carbonates
U : phosphates, organic, stylolites Th : clay content (mudgrain) K: clay content, Kevaporites,algal lst
Shales
U suggests source rock/volcanic Th : amount of detrital material, shaliness K : clay type & mica
Better spectral stripping 254 channels Design minimizes barite effect Improved potassium correction Much better spectral gamma ray Still difficult to clay-type in sands without additional information
Electrode Resistivity
Normal Lateral Guard Laterolog Micro Resistivity Resistivity Imaging Steel-cased-hole Resistivity
Resistivity Defined
The ability of a material to resist electrical conduction. It is the inverse of conductivity and is measured in ohm-m. Generally fresh water and quartz are resistive Generally clays and water with TDS are conductive
Rt Rw
Sw Vsh Rsh a m n
resistivity of uninvaded formation resistivity of water porosity water saturation volume of shale resistivity of shale constant (around 1) constant (cementation factor [around 2]) constant (saturation exponent [around 2])
Induction or Laterolog?
1000 Possible Possible large large errors errors all induction all AIT logs logs Possible Possible large large errors errors on on shallow shallow induction AIT logs logs
Rt (ohmm)
100
10
laterolog
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
Rt/Rm
(Low Rm or High Rt)
Rm
Rxo
Rt
Anderson, 2001
Invasion Profiling
Comments:
Several designs: microlog, microlaterolog, proximity log, microspherical log and microcylindrical log. Latest technology minimizes the effect of mudcake and rugose hole, while reading as short a distance as possible into the formation, and remains unaffected by the undisturbed zone. Combined with a laterolog or induction log to correct the latter for the effects of invasion, compute TDS, and for saturation determination.