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UNIT II SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL 637 003

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ANALYSIS OF POWER CONVERTERS UNIT - II THREE PHASE AC DC CONVERTER Int !"#$t%!n&

Single phase rectifiers, as already discussed, are extensively used in low power applications particularly for power supplies to electronic circuits. They are also found useful for supplying small dc loads rarely exceeding 5 KW. Above this power level three phase ac ac dc power supplies are usually employed. Single phase dc converters have several disadvantages such as

! "arge output voltage and current form factor. ! "arge low fre#uency harmonic ripple current causing harmonic power loss and reduced efficiency. ! $ery large filter capacitor for obtaining smooth output dc voltage. ! "ow fre#uency harmonic current is in%ected in the input ac line which is difficult to filter. The situation becomes worse with capacitive loads. &any of these disadvantages are mitigated to a large extent by using three phase ac dc

converters. 'n a way it is also natural that bul( loads are supplied by three phase converters since bul( electrical power is always transmitted and distributed in three phases and high power should load three phases symmetrically. )olyphase rectifiers produce less ripple output voltage and current compared to single phase rectifiers. The efficiency of polyphase rectifier is also higher while the associated e#uipments are smaller. A three phase supply gives the choice of a number of circuits. These can be placed in one of two groups according to whether three or six diodes are used. These topologies will be analy*ed in detail in this section.

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topologies. Although not much used in practice it does provide useful insight into the operation of three phase converters.

The half wave uncontrolled converter is the simplest of all three phase rectifier

+ig. shows the circuit diagram, conduction table and wave forms of a three phase half wave uncontrolled converter supplying a resistive inductive load.

F%* 121)1

F%* 12131 +or simplicity the load current ,io- has been assumed to be ripple free. As shown in +ig. ,a-, in a three phase half wave uncontrolled converter the anode of a diode is connected to each phase voltage source.

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The negative terminal of the load is connected to the supply neutral.

The cathodes of all three diodes are connected together to form the positive load terminal. +ig.b. shows the conduction table of the converter. 't should be noted that for the type of load chosen the converter always operates in the continuous conduction mode. The conduction diagram for the diodes ,as shown in +ig.,b- second waveform- can be drawn easily from the conduction diagram. Since the diodes can bloc( only negative voltage it follows from the conduction table that a phase diode conducts only when that phase voltage is maximum of the three. ,'n signal
electronics the circuit of +ig.,a- is also (nown as the .maximum value/ circuit-. 0nce the conduction diagram is drawn other waveforms of +ig. ,b- are easily obtained from the supply voltage waveforms in con%unction with the conduction table. The phase current waveforms of +ig.,b- deserve special mention. All of them have a dc component which flows through the ac source. This may cause .dc saturation/ in the ac side transformer. This is one reason for which the converter configuration is not preferred very much in practice.

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A three phase fully controlled converter is obtained by replacing all the six diodes of an uncontrolled converter by six thyristors as shown in +ig a.

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+ig.1. +or any current to flow in the load at least one device from the top group ,T 2, T3, T5- and one from the bottom group ,T1, T4, T5- must conduct. 't can be argued as in the case of an uncontrolled converter only one device from these two groups will conduct. Then from symmetry consideration it can be argued that each thyristor conducts for 2167 of the input cycle. 8ow the thyristors are fired in the se#uence T 2 9 T1 9 T3 9 T4 9 T5 9 T5 9 T2 with 567 interval between each firing. Therefore thyristors on the same phase leg are fired at an interval of 2:67 and hence can not conduct simultaneously. This leaves only six possible conduction mode for the converter in the continuous conduction mode of operation. These are T2T1, T1T3, T3T4, T4T5, T5T5, T5T2. ;ach conduction mode is of 567 duration and appears in the se#uence mentioned. The conduction table of +ig.,b- shows voltage across different devices and the dc output voltage for each conduction interval.

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be associated with the firing of a thyristor with the help of the conduction table=2. +or example the thyristor T2 is fired at the end of T5T5 conduction interval. >uring this period the voltage across T2 was vac. Therefore T2 is fired ? angle after the positive going *ero crossing of vac. Similar observation can be made about other thyristors.

The phasor diagram of the line voltages appear in +ig. <. ;ach of these line voltages can

The phasor diagram of +ig.,c- also confirms that all the thyristors are fired in the correct se#uence with 567 interval between each firing. +ig. shows the waveforms of different
variables ,shown in +ig. ,a--. To arrive at the waveforms it is necessary to draw the conduction diagram which shows the interval of conduction for each thyristor and can be drawn with the help of the phasor diagram of fig.,c-. 'f the converter firing angle is ? each thyristor is fired .?/ angle after the positive going *ero crossing of the line voltage with which it@s firing is associated. 0nce the conduction diagram is drawn all other voltage waveforms can be drawn from the line voltage waveforms and from the conduction table of fig.,b-. Similarly line currents can be drawn from the output current and the conduction diagram. 't is clear from the waveforms that output voltage and current waveforms are periodic over one sixth of the input cycle. Therefore this converter is also called the .six pulse/ converter. The input current on the other hand contains only odds harmonics of the input fre#uency other than the triplex ,3 rd, Ath etc.- harmonics. The next section will analy*e the operation of this converter in more details.

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+ig.3.

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+rom +ig. 3. it can be observed that i 6 itself has a ripple at a fre#uency six times the input fre#uency. The closed from expression of i 6, as will be seen later is somewhat complicated.

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by its average value '6.

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Bowever, considerable simplification in the expression of i a can be obtained if i6 is replaced

This approximation will be valid provided the ripple on i 6 is small, i.e, the load is highly inductive. The modified input current waveform will then be i a which can be expressed in terms of a +ourier series as

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To find out the condition for continuous conduction it is noted that in the limiting case of continuous conduction.

for continuous conduction is 6CtD?iE . Bowever discontinuous conduction is rare in these conversions and will not be discussed any further.

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APC UNIT II An)+4.%. !, t-( $!n0( t( %n t-( %n0( t%n* 5!"(.

'n all the analysis presented so far it has been assumed that ? F A67. 't follows from below e#uation that the output dc voltage will be positive in this case and power will be flowing from the three phase ac side to the dc side. This is the rectifier mode of operation of the converter. Bowever if ? is made larger than A67 the direction of power flow through the converter will reverse provided there exists a power source in the dc side of suitable polarity. The converter in that case is said to be operating in the inverter mode. 't has been explained in connection with single phase converters that the polarity of ;&+ source on the dc side would have to be reversed for inverter mode of operator. +ig. shows the circuit connection and wave forms in the inverting mode of operation where the load current has been assumed to be continuous and ripple free.

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F%*16131

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Analysis of the converter in the inverting mode is similar to its rectifier mode of operation. The same expressions hold for the dc and harmonic compounds in the output voltage and current. The input supply current +ourier series is also identical to below e#uation particular 'n

+or values of ? in the range A67 F ? F 2:67 it is observed from +ig.,b- that the average dc voltage is negative and the displacement angle G of the fundamental component of the input ac line current is e#ual to ? H A67. Therefore, power in the ac side flows from the converter to the source. 't is observed form +ig. ,b- that an outgoing thyristor ,thyristor T 5 in +ig.,b-- after commutation is impressed with a negative voltage of duration I D J ?. +or successful commutation of the outgoing thyristor it is essential that this interval is larger than the turn off time of the thyristor i.e,

Which imposes an upper limit on the value of ?. 'n practice this upper value of ? is further reduced due to commutation overlap.

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The three phase fully controlled converter is widely used in the medium to moderately high power applications. Bowever in very large power applications ,such as B$ >K transmission systems- the device ratings become impractically large. Also the relatively low fre#uency ,5 th in the dc side, 5th and Lth in the ac side- harmonic voltages and currents produced by this converter become unacceptable. Therefore several such converters are connected in series parallel combination in order to increase the voltage M current rating of the resulting converter.

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+urthermore if the component converters are controlled properly some lower order harmonics can be eliminated both from the input and output resulting in a higher pulse converter.

F%*17
+ig. 5 ,a- schematically represents series connection of two six pulse converters where as +ig. 5 ,b- can be considered to be a parallel connection. The inductance in between the converters has been included to limit circulating harmonic current. 'n both these figures K08$ ' and K08$ '' have identical construction and are also fired at the same firing angle ?. Their input supplies also have same magnitude but displaced in phase by an angle G. Then one can write

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8ow if cos 3KG D 6 for some K then the corresponding harmonic disappear from the fourier series expression of v6. 'n particular if G D 367 then cos 3KG D 6 for K D 2, 1, 3, 5NN. This phase difference can be obtained by the arrangement shown in +ig. 5 ,c-.

't can be seen that the fre#uency of the harmonics present in the output voltage has the form 21C, 14C, 35C NNN.. Similarly it can be shown that the input side line current i AOK have harmonic fre#uency of the form 22C, 23C, 13C, 15C, 35C, 3LC, NNNN. Which is the characteristic of a 21 pulse converter. 'n a similar manner more number of 3 phase 5 pulse converters can be connected in series M parallel and the G angle can be ad%usted to obtain 2: and 14 pulse converters. 0ne of the shortcomings of a three phase fully controlled converter is that although it can produce both positive and negative voltage it can not supply current in both directions. Bowever, some applications such as a four #uadrant dc motor drive re#uire this capability from the dc source. This problem is easily mitigated by connecting another three phase fully controlled converter in anti parallel as shown in +ig. 5 ,a-. 'n this figure converter=' supplies positive load current while converter='' supplies negative load current.

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'n other words converter=' operates in the first and fourth #uadrant of the output v i plane whereas converter='' operates in the third and fourth #uadrant. Thus the two converters ta(en together can operate in all four #uadrants and is capable of supplying a four #uadrant dc motor drive. The combined converter is called the >ual converter.

F%*161
0bviously since converter=' and converter='' are connected in antiparallel they must produce the same dc voltage. This re#uires that the firing angles of these two converters be related as ?1 D J ? 2 Although the above ;#uations ensures that the dc voltages produced by these converters are e#ual the output voltages do not match on an instantaneous basis. Therefore to avoid a direct short circuit between two different supply lines the two converters must never be gated simultaneously.

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Konverter=' receives gate pulses when the load current is positive. Pate pulses to converter=

'' are bloc(ed at that time. +or negative load current converter='' thyristors are fired while converter=' gate pulses are bloc(ed. Thus there is no circulating current flowing through the converters and therefore it is called the non=circulating current type dual converter. 't re#uires precise sensing of the *ero crossing of the output current which may pose a problem particularly at light load due to possible discontinuous conduction. To overcome this problem an interphase reactor may be incorporated between the two converters. With the interphase reactor in place both the converters can be gated simultaneously with ?1 D J ?2. The resulting converter is called the circulating current type dual converter.

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Several schemes exist to generate gate drive pulses for single phase or three phase converters. 'n many application it is re#uired that the output of the converter be proportional to a control voltage. This can be achieved as follows. 'n either single or three phase converters

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F%*171
'n the circuit of +ig.L ,a- a phase shift networ( is used to obtain a waveform leading v i by A6Q. The phasor diagram of the phase shift circuit is shown in +ig. L ,b-. The output of the phase shift waveform ,and its inverse- is compared with v c. The firing pulse is generated at the point when these two waveforms are e#ual. 0bviously at=this instant

Therefore this method of generation of converter firing pulses is called .inverse cosine/ control. The output of the phase shift networ( is called carrier waveform. Similar techni#ue can be used for three phase converters. Bowever the phase shift networ( here consists of a three phase signal transformer with special connections as shown in +ig. :.

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F%*181
The signal transformer uses three single phase transformer each of which has two secondary windings. The primary windings are connected in delta while the secondary windings are connected in *ig*ag.

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+rom +ig. : ,c- T1 is fired ? angle after the positive going *ero crossing of v bc. Therefore, to implement inverse cosine the carrier wave for T 1 must lead vbc by A6Q. This waveform is obtained from *ig*ag connection of the winding segments a 2a1 and c2c1 as shown in +ig. : ,a-. The same figure also shows the *ig*ag connection for other phase. The voltage across each *ig*ag phase can be used to fire two thyristors belonging to the same phase leg using a circuit similar to +ig. : ,a-. The phase shift networ( will not be re#uired in this case.

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