Hung Nguyen

Lab report.
Test were carried out in the lab to find the presents of starch, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugar, protein and lipids in three different solutions, ladled A,B and C. A Results table were drawn and filled to record the end product of each experiments. Results were also used to analyses which solution contain which biological molecules, conclusion were made base on the end product to identify each solutions identity. The first test was to test the present of starch in all three different solutions. Positive results should show blue-black colour as an end product after adding potassium iodide. Solution A,B and C were inserted into three different separated test tube which also is labelled to prevent cross contamination, potassium iodide (yellow solution) is then added to each test tube. Results show that solution A show a positive results, turning from a translucent/ cloudy appearances to blue-black colour. Solution B and C turned yellow after adding iodine solution. All form of starch in plants contains some form of amylose, and when iodine solution is added the iodine is fit inside the helix of amylose molecules which give it a blue-black colour. The second test was to test for reducing sugar in all three different solutions. Reducing sugars act as reducing agent as it donate its electron, donation of electron is made by the aldehyde and the ketone group which is present in reducing sugars when the ring structure of the molecules is straighten by heat in the water bath. The benedict solution is made up of copper sulphate in alkaline solution, when the benedict solution is added to the solution which contain reducing sugars, the copper ions (Cu2+) reduce to copper ion (Cu+), further reaction form red copper oxide, which is insoluble and a precipitate. Excess of the benedict solution will show the colour of the end product base on the concentration of the reducing sugars, for example low concentration may show yellow or green/ orange colour and high concentration may show brick red colour. Positive results of the experiment will show yellow, green/orange, brown and brick red with precipitate. Solution A, B and C were inserted into each boiling tube and labelled, equal amount of benedict solution were then added to each solution and let it sit in the water bath for five minutes about 80oc. solution A and C show a positive results of reducing sugars. Solution A show the transition from a blue solution (after added the benedict) solution to an orange/ green appearance. Solution C also turned from blue (after added the benedict) to a solid orange. Solution B was negative as it show a solid blue after five minutes in the heated water bath. This show that solution A and C contain some form of reducing sugar, in comparison of contrast between the two positive solutions. Solution C has a higher concentration level of reducing sugar than solution A. The third test was the test for non-reducing sugar in the solution which was unsuccessful as my group failed the experiment. However in theory non reducing sugar such as Sucrose is a disaccharide and it cannot be straighten when heated, also so glycosidic bond is made between the groups that would normally donate their electron. So then hydrochloric acid is added to solution B which then left to be boiled in the heated bath for five minutes. Sucrose molecules is then hydrolysed to form glucose and fructose which is are reducing sugars which then can be tested by adding the benedict solution, and again the level of concentration in the solution will determine the colour of the end product. The hydrochloric acid is used to catalyse the reaction of glycosidic bond breaking between two monosaccharides. Concentration of reducing sugars can be quantitatively tested as the end products of the benedict test can be placed in the colorimeter and readings will show more accurate figures. Graphs can then be drawn showing the contrast between absorbance and concentration.

Hung Nguyen

The fourth test is to test for lipids in solution A, B and C. Again three solution is inserted into three different test tube and labelled to prevent cross contamination. Ethanol (3cm3) is added to each test tube then shaken vigorously. Water is then added to each solution. Solution B show a positive results where the end product show a milky/ cloudy appearance also presents of clumps. Solution A and C show negative results as changes were made. Ethanol is used in this experiment because alcohol will dissolve the lipids and by adding water the solution will become clumpy as lipids are insoluble. The final test is to test for proteins in solution A, B and C. Three solution is inserted into three different test tube and labelled to prevent cross contamination. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is then added followed by drops of (CuSO4) down the side of the tube, colour change occur and a blue ring which stay on top of the solution, this appears on all three test tubes which contain different solution, however after five minutes the blue ring in solution B turned purple and it show that solution B contain protein in that solution. To conclude the lab report show that solution A contain starch which consist some form of reducing sugar because in starch and reducing sugar tests, both results came out positive and negative for all the other experiments . solution B shows present for protein and lipids this was proven by the test which was perform to prove these biological molecules. Solution c show positive results only in the reducing sugar.

Hung Nguyen

Test for starch

Test for reducing sugar

Test for nonreducing sugar

Test for proteins

Test for lipids

Solution A

Sample solution added Added iodine solution. Solution turned blue/black colour. Results show positive

Sample solution added Added benedict solution. Solution turned blue after 5 min in heated water bath solution turned orange/green. Results show positive.

Sample solution added Fail experiment

Sample solution added. NaOH is added. CuSO4 added to test tube. Blue ring appearance on top of solution. Result negative.

Sample solution added. Turned milky Added water. Show no appearance of clumps. Results negative

Solution B

Sample solution added Added iodine solution Solution turned opaque yellow. Results show negative.

Sample solution added Added benedict solution. Solution turned blue after 5 in heated water bath minutes the colour turned solid blue. Results show negative.

Sample solution added Faild experiment

Sample solution added NaOH is added. CuSO4 added to test tube. Purple ring appearance on top of solution. Results positive

Sample solution added. Turn cloudy(milky opaque) Added water. Appears clumps which show insoluble lipids. Results positive

Solution C

Sample solution added Added iodine solution Solution turned translucent yellow. Results show negative.

Sample solution added Added benedict solution. Solution turn blue after 5 minutes, however after 5 minutes in the heated water bath the solution turned solid orange. Results show positive.

Sample solution added Fail experiment

Sample solution added NaOH is added. CuSO4 added to test tube. Blue ring appearance on top of solution. Results negative.

Sample solution added Turn translucent. Added water. Colourless no clumps was seen. Results negative