Lecture 3 Perturbation Theory Applications

Contents The Stark eect The ne structure of hydrogen The Zeeman eect Hyperne structure Harmonic perturbation Literature
Perturbation theory - applications

Quantum mechanics 2 - Lecture 3
Igor Lukacevic
UJJS, Dept. of Physics, Osijek
23. listopada 2012.
Igor Lukacevic UJJS, Dept. of Physics, Osijek
1
The Stark eect
Historical overview
Theory
2
The ne structure of hydrogen
General features
The relativistic correction
Spin-orbit coupling
3
The Zeeman eect
4
Hyperne structure
5
Harmonic perturbation
Transition probability
Emission and absorption od radiation
Laser
6
Literature
Contents
1
The Stark eect
Historical overview
Theory
2
General features
Spin-orbit coupling
3
The Zeeman eect
4
Hyperne structure
5
Laser
6
Literature
Historical overview
Energy level spectra of hydrogen in an electric eld near n=15
for m=0.
Historical overview
for m=0.
Johannes Stark (15 April 1874 - 21 June
1957) was a German physicist, and
Physics Nobel Prize laureate (1919).
Historical overview
for m=0.
Johannes Stark (15 April 1874 - 21 June
1957) was a German physicist, and
Physics Nobel Prize laureate (1919).
Antonino Lo Surdo - independently (same year, 1913)
in Italy: Stark-Lo Surdo eect
Historical overview
Theoretical explanations
1
W. Voigt (1901) - classical machanical calculations - few orders of
magnitude too low
2
P. Epstein and K. Schwarzschild (1916) - Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum
theory
3
H. Kramers (1920) - spectral transitions line intensities
4
W. Pauli (1926) - Heisenbergs matrix mechanics
5
E. Schrodinger (1926) - perturbation theory
Historical overview
1
magnitude too low
2
theory
3
4
5
Historical overview
1
magnitude too low
2
theory
3
4
5
Historical overview
1
magnitude too low
2
theory
3
4
5
Historical overview
1
magnitude too low
2
theory
3
4
5
Theory
Consider an one-electron atom in a constant, uniform electric eld c in z
direction
=H = H
0
+ H
=
p
2
r
2m
+
L
2
2mr
2

Ze
2
r
ecz ,
H
= ecz = ecr cos

Theory
direction
=H = H
0
+ H
=
p
2
r
2m
+
L
2
2mr
2

Ze
2
r
ecz ,
H
= ecz = ecr cos

Can you remember whats the degeneracy of energy levels in this kind of
system?
Theory
direction
=H = H
0
+ H
=
p
2
r
2m
+
L
2
2mr
2

Ze
2
r
ecz ,
H
= ecz = ecr cos

Can you remember whats the degeneracy of energy levels in this kind of
system?
n
2
-fold
Theory
Let us consider n = 2 states:
[200), [211), [210), [21 1)
Theory
[200), [211), [210), [21 1)
Secular equation:
200|H
|200 E
200|H
|211 200|H
|210 200|H
|21 1
211|H
|200 211|H
|211 E
211|H
|210 211|H
|21 1
210|H
|200 210|H
|211 210|H
|210 E
210|H
|21 1
21 1|H
|200 21 1|H
|211 21 1|H
|210 21 1|H
|21 1 E
= 0
Theory
[200), [211), [210), [21 1)
Secular equation:
200|H
|200 E
200|H
|211 200|H
|210 200|H
|21 1
211|H
|200 211|H
|211 E
211|H
|210 211|H
|21 1
210|H
|200 210|H
|211 210|H
|210 E
210|H
|21 1
21 1|H
|200 21 1|H
|211 21 1|H
|210 21 1|H
|21 1 E
= 0
A question
Can you guess which of these matrix elements are non-zero?
Theory
[200), [211), [210), [21 1)
Secular equation:
200|H
|200 E
200|H
|211 200|H
|210 200|H
|21 1
211|H
|200 211|H
|211 E
211|H
|210 211|H
|21 1
210|H
|200 210|H
|211 210|H
|210 E
210|H
|21 1
21 1|H
|200 21 1|H
|211 21 1|H
|210 21 1|H
|21 1 E
= 0
A question
Can you guess which of these matrix elements are non-zero?
210[H
[200) = 200[H
[210) = 3[e[ca
0
= E
Theory
So, secular equation has 4 roots:
E
= 0, 0, +E, E
Theory
So, secular equation has 4 roots:
E
= 0, 0, +E, E
E
2
E
0
2
+E
E
0
2
E
0
2
E
n = 2 n
2
= 4 ???
@
@
@
Theory
From matrix equations for expansion coecients we get
E
+
2
= E
0
2
+E
+
=
1
2
([200) [210))
E
2
= E
0
2
E
=
1
2
([200) +[210))
E
0
2
= E
(0)
2
= [211)
= [21 1)
*
H
H
H
Hj
Contents
1
The Stark eect
Historical overview
Theory
2
General features
Spin-orbit coupling
3
The Zeeman eect
4
Hyperne structure
5
Laser
6
Literature
General features
Hamiltonian:
H =

2
2m
k
e
2
r
General features
Hamiltonian:
H =

2
2m
k
e
2
r
Hierarchy of corrections to the Bohr energies of H-atom
Correction Order
Bohr energies
2
mc
2
Fine structure
4
mc
2
Lamb shift
5
mc
2
Hyperne splitting (m/m
p
)
4
mc
2
=
e
2
4
0
c

1
137.036
ne structure factor
General features
Fine structure
_
relativistic correction
spin-orbit coupling
Correction Order
Bohr energies
2
mc
2
Fine structure
4
mc
2
Lamb shift
5
mc
2
p
)
4
mc
2
=
e
2
4
0
c

1
137.036
ne structure factor
General features
comes from the quantization of
electric eld
Willis Lamb - Nobel Prize
(1955)
H. Bethe - explained the Lamb
shift in hydrogen (1947)
Correction Order
Bohr energies
2
mc
2
Fine structure
4
mc
2
Lamb shift
5
mc
2
p
)
4
mc
2
=
e
2
4
0
c

1
137.036
ne structure factor
H =

2
2m
k
e
2
r
This, actually, comes from nonrelativistic kinetic energy.
H =

2
2m
k
e
2
r
On contrary, if we take the relativistic kinetic energy and expand in
p
mc
T =
p
2
2m

p
4
8m
3
c
2
. .
H
r
+
H =

2
2m
k
e
2
r
p
mc
T =
p
2
2m

p
4
8m
3
c
2
. .
H
r
+
A question
Is
p
mc
appropriate for this expansion?
H =

2
2m
k
e
2
r
p
mc
T =
p
2
2m

p
4
8m
3
c
2
. .
H
r
+
A question
Is
p
mc
appropriate for this expansion?
Yes...T
elec in H
10 eV, E
elec rest
511000 eV.
H
r
lowest-order relativistic correction to the Hamiltonian.
First-order corrections to energy E
n
E
1
r
= H
r
) =
1
8m
3
c
2
[p
4
[)
=
(E
n
)
2
2mc
2
_
4n
l +
1
2
3
_
E
n
mc
2
= 2 10
3
Spin-orbit coupling
Theory
H =
B
Spin-orbit coupling
The magnetic eld of the proton
B =

0
I
2r
L = rmv
_
B =
I
4
0
e
mc
2
r
3
L
Spin-orbit coupling
The magnetic dipole moment of the electron
= IA =
qr
2
T
L = I =
2mr
2
T
_

e
=
e
m
S
Calculation details can be found in
Ref. [5].
Spin-orbit coupling
Theory (cont.)
Now lets get back to the Hamiltonian:
H =
_
e
2
4
0
_
1
m
2
c
2
r
3
L
Spin-orbit coupling
Theory (cont.)
H =
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
e
2
4
0
_
1
m
2
c
2
r
3
L
Spin-orbit interaction
H
so
=
_
e
2
8
0
_
1
m
2
c
2
r
3
L
Spin-orbit coupling
Theory (cont.)
H =
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
e
2
4
0
_
1
m
2
c
2
r
3
L
Spin-orbit interaction
H
so
=
_
e
2
8
0
_
1
m
2
c
2
r
3
L
A problem
H does not commute with

L and

S
anymore.
A solution
But it does with L
2
, S
2
, J
2
and J
z
.
Spin-orbit coupling
Theory (cont.)
Having this in mind, we get
First-order energy corrections due to SO
E
1
SO
=
(E
n
)
2
mc
2
_
n[ j (j + 1) l (l + 1) 3/4]
l (l + 1/2)(l + 1)
_
Calculation details can be found in Ref [2].
Spin-orbit coupling
Theory (cont.)
Having this in mind, we get
First-order energy corrections due to SO
E
1
SO
=
(E
n
)
2
mc
2
_
n[ j (j + 1) l (l + 1) 3/4]
l (l + 1/2)(l + 1)
_
Remember
First-order corrections due to relativistic eects
E
1
r
=
(E
n
)
2
2mc
2
_
4n
l +
1
2
3
_
Notice that they have
the same order of
magnitude:
(E
n
)
2
mc
2
Spin-orbit coupling
Theory (cont.)
Together they give
First-order energy correction due to ne structure
E
1
fs
=
(E
n
)
2
2mc
2
_
3
4n
j +
1
2
_
Which in turn gives
Energy levels of hydrogen with ne structure
E
nj
=
13.6 eV
n
2
_
1 +

2
n
2
_
n
j + 1/2

3
4
__
Spin-orbit coupling
Theory (cont.)
Together they give
First-order energy correction due to ne structure
E
1
fs
=
(E
n
)
2
2mc
2
_
3
4n
j +
1
2
_
Which in turn gives
Energy levels of hydrogen with ne structure
E
nj
=
13.6 eV
n
2
_
1 +

2
n
2
_
n
j + 1/2

3
4
__
HW
Solve Problem 6.18 from Ref. [2].
Spin-orbit coupling
Theory (cont.)
Energies are not in scale.
fs
= 0.016 nm
E
fs
= 4.5 10
5
eV.
Contents
1
The Stark eect
Historical overview
Theory
2
General features
Spin-orbit coupling
3
The Zeeman eect
4
Hyperne structure
5
Laser
6
Literature
discovers the splitting of
spectral lines in magnetic eld
Noble prize (1902)
with Lorentz predicted the
existence of electron
P. Zeeman, The Eect of
Magnetisation on the Nature of
Light Emitted by a Substance,
Nature 55, 347, 1897.
Applications
1
magnetic eld measurements (astronomy)
2
NMR spectroscopy
3
ESR spectroscopy
4
MRI
5
M osbauer spectroscopy
6
AAS
H
Z
= (
L
+
S
)
B
ext

S
=
e
m
S

L
=
e
2m
L
H
Z
=
e
2m
_
L + 2
S
_
B
ext
Critical battle B
ext
vs. B
int
Field strength Dominates Small pert.
B
ext
B
int
FS Zeeman
B
ext
B
int
B
int
B
ext
Zeeman FS
B
int
14 T
B
Earth
30 T
B
NMR
12 T
Weak-eld Zeeman eect
B
ext
B
int
First-order energy Zeeman corrections
E
1
Z
= nljm
j
[H
Z
[nljm
j
) =
e
2m
B
ext

_
L + 2
S
_
B
ext
B
int
E
1
Z
= nljm
j
[H
Z
[nljm
j
) =
e
2m
B
ext

_
L + 2
S
_
It can be prooved that
_
L + 2
S
_
=
_
1 +
j (j + 1) l (l + 1) + 3/4
2j (j + 1)
_
. .
g
J
Lande g-factor
_
J
_
B
ext
B
int
E
1
Z
= nljm
j
[H
Z
[nljm
j
) =
e
2m
B
ext

_
L + 2
S
_
_
L + 2
S
_
=
_
1 +
j (j + 1) l (l + 1) + 3/4
2j (j + 1)
_
. .
g
J
Lande g-factor
_
J
_
A question
Can you remember the value of
_
J
_
if we choose

B
ext
to be aligned with z-axis?
B
ext
B
int
E
1
Z
= nljm
j
[H
Z
[nljm
j
) =
e
2m
B
ext

_
L + 2
S
_
_
L + 2
S
_
=
_
1 +
j (j + 1) l (l + 1) + 3/4
2j (j + 1)
_
. .
g
J
Lande g-factor
_
J
_
A question
Can you remember the value of
_
J
_
if we choose

B
ext
to be aligned with z-axis
?
_
J
_
= m
j

So,
E
1
Z
=
B
g
J
B
ext
m
j
,
B
=
e
2m
= 5.788 10
5
eV/T
So,
E
1
Z
=
B
g
J
B
ext
m
j
,
B
=
e
2m
= 5.788 10
5
eV/T
Total energy due to SO and Zeeman
E(n = 1, l = 0, j = 1/2) = 13.6 eV
_
1 +

2
4
_
B
B
ext
Total energy due to SO and Zeeman
E(n = 1, l = 0, j = 1/2) = 13.6 eV
_
1 +

2
4
_
B
B
ext
Strong-eld Zeeman eect
B
ext
B
int
B=B z
H
Z
=
e
2m
B
ext
(L
z
+ 2S
z
)
E
1
Z
=
B
B
ext
(m
l
+ 2m
s
)
B
ext
B
int
B=B z
H
Z
=
e
2m
B
ext
(L
z
+ 2S
z
)
E
1
Z
=
B
B
ext
(m
l
+ 2m
s
)
First-order energy FS correction
E
1
fs
=
13.6 eV
n
3

2
_
3
4n

_
l (l + 1) m
l
m
s
l (l + 1/2)(l + 1)
__
Calculation details can be found in Ref. [2].
The total energy
E =
13.6 eV
n
2
. .
Bohr energy
+
13.6 eV
n
3

2
_
3
4n

_
l (l + 1) m
l
m
s
l (l + 1/2)(l + 1)
__
. .
FS correction
+
B
B
ext
(m
l
+ 2m
s
)
. .
strong-eld Zeeman correction
Intermediate-eld Zeeman eect
B
ext
B
int
H
= H
Z
+ H
fs
B
ext
B
int
H
= H
Z
+ H
fs
H
sub
=
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 + 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 + 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2
3
2
3
0 0
0 0 0 0
2
3
5
1
3
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 +
2
3
2
3

0 0 0 0 0 0
2
3
5 +
1
3
where

_
8
_
2
13.6 eV,
B
B
ext
.
Energy levels for n = 2 states of hydrogen, with FS
and Zeeman splitting
1
= E
2
5 +
2
= E
2
5
3
= E
2
+ 2
4
= E
2
2
5
= E
2
3 + /2
+
4
2
+ (2/3) +
2
/4
6
= E
2
3 + /2
4
2
+ (2/3) +
2
/4
7
= E
2
3 /2
+
4
2
(2/3) +
2
/4
8
= E
2
3 /2
4
2
(2/3) +
2
/4
Zeeman splitting of the n = 2 states of
hydrogen, in all regimes.
Anomalous Zeeman eect
Contents
1
The Stark eect
Historical overview
Theory
2
General features
Spin-orbit coupling
3
The Zeeman eect
4
Hyperne structure
5
Laser
6
Literature
South Africas KAT-7 telescope.
NGC 3109 (a small spiral galaxy), about
4.3 million light-years away from Earth,
located in the constellation of Hydra.

p
=
g
p
e
2m
p
S
p
,
e
=
e
m
e
S
e

p
=
g
p
e
2m
p
S
p
,
e
=
e
m
e
S
e
A question
Whose dipole moment is larger?
First-order energy HF correction
E
1
hf
=

0
g
p
e
2
3m
p
m
e
a
3
_
S
p
S
e
_
Calculation details can be
found in Ref. [2].
E
1
hf
=

0
g
p
e
2
3m
p
m
e
a
3
_
S
p
S
e
_
spin-spin coupling
E
1
hf
=

0
g
p
e
2
3m
p
m
e
a
3
_
S
p
S
e
_
A problem
S
p
and

S
e
do not commute with the
Hamiltonian.
Solution
But

S =

S
p
+
S
e
does.
E
1
hf
=

0
g
p
e
2
3m
p
m
e
a
3
_
S
p
S
e
_
A problem
S
p
and

S
e
do not commute with the
Hamiltonian.
Solution
But

S =

S
p
+
S
e
does.
Dont forget...
Hydrogen ground state has two possibilities
_
triplet S = 1
singlet S = 0
Thus,
E
1
hf
=
4g
p
4
3m
p
m
2
e
c
2
a
4
_
+1/4 , triplet
3/4 , singlet
Thus,
E
1
hf
=
4g
p
4
3m
p
m
2
e
c
2
a
4
_
+1/4 , triplet
3/4 , singlet
Energy gap:
E = 5.88 10
6
eV
(E
gs
= 13.6 eV)
Contents
1
The Stark eect
Historical overview
Theory
2
General features
Spin-orbit coupling
3
The Zeeman eect
4
Hyperne structure
5
Laser
6
Literature
Example: an atom in a (weak) electromagnetic eld.
H
(r , t) =
_
0 , t < 0
2H
(r ) cos t , t 0
Example: an atom in a
(weak) electromagnetic eld.
H
(r , t) =
_
0 , t < 0
2H
(r ) cos t , t 0
Expansion coecients
c
k
(t) =
2i H
kl
_
e
i (
kl
)t/2
sin(
kl
)t/2
kl

+
e
i (
kl
+)t/2
sin(
kl
+)t/2
kl
+
_
Calculation details can be found in Ref. [1].
Expansion coecients
c
k
(t) =
2i H
kl
_
e
i (
kl
)t/2
sin(
kl
)t/2
kl

+
e
i (
kl
+)t/2
sin(
kl
+)t/2
kl
+
_
A question
For which s we have dominant terms in c
k
?
Expansion coecients
c
k
(t) =
2i H
kl
_
e
i (
kl
)t/2
sin(
kl
)t/2
kl
+
e
i (
kl
+)t/2
sin(
kl
+)t/2
kl
+
_
A question
For which s we have dominant terms in c
k
?

kl
Expansion coecients
c
k
(t) =
2i H
kl
_
e
i (
kl
)t/2
sin(
kl
)t/2
kl
+
e
i (
kl
+)t/2
sin(
kl
+)t/2
kl
+
_
Resonant frequencies correspond to:
+
kl
E
k
> E
l

kl
E
k
< E
l
Expansion coecients
c
k
(t) =
2i H
kl
_
e
i (
kl
)t/2
sin(
kl
)t/2
kl
+
e
i (
kl
+)t/2
sin(
kl
+)t/2
kl
+
_
+
kl
E
k
> E
l

kl
E
k
< E
l
Dominant transition process:
absorption (E
k
> E
l
):
E
k
= E
l
+
(stimulated) emission
(E
k
< E
l
): E
k
= E
l

Expansion coecients
c
k
(t) =
2i H
kl
_
e
i (
kl
)t/2
sin(
kl
)t/2
kl
+
e
i (
kl
+)t/2
sin(
kl
+)t/2
kl
+
_
+
kl
E
k
> E
l

kl
E
k
< E
l
absorption (E
k
> E
l
):
E
k
= E
l
+
(stimulated) emission
(E
k
< E
l
): E
k
= E
l

Assume
kl
+ [
kl
[
A question
Is this a valid assumption?
Assume
kl
+ [
kl
[
The transition probability lk
P
lk
= [c
k
[
2
=
4[H
kl
[
2
2
(
kl
)
2
sin
2
_
1
2
(
kl
)t
_
Assume
kl
+ [
kl
[
P
lk
= [c
k
[
2
=
4[H
kl
[
2
2
(
kl
)
2
sin
2
_
1
2
(
kl
)t
_
Assume
kl
+ [
kl
[
P
lk
= [c
k
[
2
=
4[H
kl
[
2
2
(
kl
)
2
sin
2
_
1
2
(
kl
)t
_
Assume
kl
+ [
kl
[
P
lk
= [c
k
[
2
=
4[H
kl
[
2
2
(
kl
)
2
sin
2
_
1
2
(
kl
)t
_
Transition probability rate
w
lk
=
2
2
[H
kl
[
2
(
kl
)
Einsteins approach
W
kl
= [A
kl
+ B
kl
u()] N
k
= w
kl
N
k
A
kl
spontaneous emission
B
kl
stimulated emission
W
lk
= B
lk
u()N
l
= w
lk
N
l
In equilibrium: B
kl
= B
lk
(proof in Ref. [1])
Plancks radiation law:
u() =
8
2
c
3
1
e
h
k
B
T
1
A
B
=
8
2
c
3
Laser
h = E
k
E
l
Boltzmanns distribution:
N
k
N
l
= e
h
k
B
T
Contents
1
The Stark eect
Historical overview
Theory
2
General features
Spin-orbit coupling
3
The Zeeman eect
4
Hyperne structure
5
Laser
6
Literature
Literature
1
R. L. Libo, Introductory Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley, San
Francisco, 2003.
2
D. J. Griths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed., Pearson
Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2005.
3
I. Supek, Teorijska zika i struktura materije, II. dio,

Skolska knjiga,
Zagreb, 1989.
4
Y. Peleg, R. Pnini, E. Zaarur, Shaums Outline of Theory and Problems of
Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
5
V. Knapp, P. Colic, Uvod u elektricna i magnetna svojstva materijala,
Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1997.


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Contents The Stark eect The ne structure of hydrogen The Zeeman eect Hyperne structure Harmonic perturbation Literature

Perturbation theory - applications

= ecz = ecr cos

= ecz = ecr cos

= ecz = ecr cos

Igor Lukacevic UJJS, Dept. of Physics, Osijek

Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1997.

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