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Hydration Heat, Shrinkage and Deformation Under Sustained Loads of HSS Columns Filled with Self-Consolidating Concrete
Lin-Hai Han, You-Fu Yang, Yong-Jin Li and Bin Feng College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Fuzhou University Email: hanlinhai@fzu.edu.cn Abstract: In recent years, the possibility of using hollow structural steel (HSS) columns filled with self-consolidating concrete (SCC) in practical engineering, has been the interests of structural engineers. However, the composite members are susceptible to the characteristics of temperature field due to cement hydration heat, the shrinkage of core concrete and the deformations subjected to long-term loading. The temperature field during cement hydration, and the shrinkage of the concrete core in self-consolidating concrete (SCC)-filled hollow structural steel (HSS) tubes (SCCHSS) are experimentally studied in this paper. The main parameters are sectional dimensions and sectional types. The observed results illustrate that the characteristics of the temperature field in SCCHSS tubes is similar to that of normal concrete members. However, the shrinkage value of the concrete core in SCCHSS tubes is significantly smaller than that of normal concrete. Based on the measured results, shrinkage model proposed by ACI209 (1992) specifications was modified to predict the shrinkage of the concrete core in SCCHSS tubes. Finally, deformation behaviours of SCCHSS columns under long-term loads are experimentally studied and analyzed. Keywords: Concrete-filled steel tube, Self-consolidating concrete (SCC), Hydration heat, Shrinkage, Long-term loads, Deformation, Model.

1. INTRODUCTION
In modern building construction, hollow structural steel (HSS) sections are often filled with concrete to form a composite column. In recent years, the use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) in such kind of columns has been the interests of many structural engineers. Due to its rheological properties, the expense of vibration can be eliminated while still obtaining good consolidation. Apart from reliability and constructability, advantages such as elimination of noise level in processing plants, and the reduction of construction time and labor cost can be achieved (Khayat et al., 2000; Ouchi, 1998). It must be expected that SCC will be used in concrete-filled HSS columns in the future because of its good performance. In the past, there were a large number of research studies carried out on normal concrete (NC) filled HSS columns, These literatures had been reviewed by Schneider (1998). For the purpose of full review on the literatures, Han (2002) listed some of the review results and paragraphs presented in Schneider (1998), and reviewed more references. However, there are seldom research works on SCC filled HSS columns.
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It had been found that, generally, the behaviours of self-consolidating concrete filled hollow structural steel (SCCHSS) columns are very similar to those of HSS columns filled with normal concrete (Han and Yao, 2004). However, the composite members are susceptible to the characteristics of temperature field due to cement hydration, the shrinkage of core concrete and the deformation subjected to long-term loading. Such issues have not been addressed satisfactorily by current design codes. The lack of information on the problems of SCCHSS columns mentioned above indicates a need for further research in this area. The present study is thus an attempt to study the temperature and the time-dependent behaviour of SCCHSS columns. The main objectives of this paper were fourfold: first, to report a series of test results on the temperature field during cement hydration, and the shrinkage of the core concrete in SCCHSS tubes. Second, to analyze influence of several parameters, such as sectional dimensions and sectional types on the shrinkage of the concrete core in SCCHSS columns. Third, to predict the shrinkage value of the concrete core in SCCHSS tubes based on the measured results and the concrete shrinkage model proposed by ACI209 (ACI Committee, 1992) specifications. Finally, to study the deformation characteristics of SCCHSS columns under long-term service loads.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ON TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE

2.1 Specimens Preparations In order to study the temperature field and shrinkage characteristics of the concrete core in SCCHSS tubes, six specimens, including four SCCHSS tubes and two naked concrete specimens, were investigated. A summary of the specimens is presented in Table 1, where D is the sectional dimension of the specimen. All of the specimens are 600mm in length. Table 1 Summary of temperature and shrinkage tests information No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Specimen type SCCHSS SCCHSS SCCHSS SCCHSS NC NC Specimen number CCFT-1 CCFT-2 SCFT-1 SCFT-2 CPC-1 CPC-2 Section type Circular Circular Square Square Circular Circular Section dimension Longitudinal shrinkage D (mm) value at 650 days () 200 145.8 1000 69.7 200 165.6 1000 77.3 200 359.6 1000 274.4

The tubes were all manufactured from mild steel sheet. The plates were cut from the sheet, then tack welded into circular or square shape and welded with the single bevel butt weld finally. Each tube was welded to a circular or square steel base plate. The concrete was filled in layers without any vibrations. 2.2 Material Properties To determine the steel material properties, three tension coupons were cut from a randomly selected steel sheet. From these tests, the average yielding strength (fsy), and the modulus of elasticity (Es) of the steel are 340 MPa and 207000 MPa, respectively. The mix proportions of the self-consolidating concrete are as follows: - Cement: 400 kg/m3;
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- Blast furnace slag: 150 kg/m3; - Coarse aggregate: 884 kg/m3; - Fine aggregate: 816 kg/m3; - Water: 160 kg/m3; - Water-cement ratio: 0.4; - Additional high-range water reducer (HRWR): 4.4 kg/m3. In all the concrete mixes, the fine aggregate used was silica-based sand, the coarse aggregate was carbonate stone. A typical test set up (L-Box) in China, which simulates the casting process by forcing an SCC sample to flow through obstacles under a static pressure, is shown as Fig. 1. 180mm Initial concrete level Reinforcing bars

430mm

Sliding door 200mm

Front door 160mm

Figure 1 A schematic view of the L-box The flow time from the sliding door to the front door of the L-Box, the flow speed, as well as the flow distance of the SCC was recorded. The properties of the fresh SCC mixture were as follows: -Slump flow (mm): 280 -Unit weight (kg/m3): 2380 -Flow distance (mm): 800 -Flow time (sec): 14 -Flow speed (mm/sec): 57

-Fresh air content (%): 4.5

The specimens were placed upright to air-dry until testing, three 150mm cubes and three 150 150300mm prisms were also cast and cured in conditions similar to the related specimens. The compressive cubic strength (f cu) at 28 days was 69.6 MPa, and the modulus of elasticity (Ec) of concrete was found to be 37100 MPa.
200mm 100mm 100mm 100mm 71mm 29mm 100mm 71mm 29mm 200mm 100mm 100mm

3 2 4 1
ts=2.8mm

2 3 1
ts=2.8mm

(a) CCFT-1 -3-

(b) SCFT-1

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1000m 180mm 113mm113mm127mm147mm 320mm 320mm 113mm113mm127mm147mm 180mm 320mm 1000m 320mm

5 4 3 2 6 7 1

4 3 2 5 6 1

500mm

ts=2.8mm ts=2.8mm

(c) CCFT-2

500mm

(d) SCFT-2

Figure 2 Location of the thermocouples

2.3 Temperature field during cement hydration The thermocouples, having a precision of 0.2 oC, were installed at the mid-height section of the specimens. The numbers in Fig.2 represent the location of the thermocouples. The thermocouples were used to follow the temperature evolution of the concrete core in SCCHSS tubes during cement hydration. An IMP data system was used to record the temperature of every thermocouple. The temperature measurements were taken hourly over a duration of forty-five days. Ambient temperature was recorded at the same time. 2.4 Shrinkage Measuring rigs were specially designed and constructed to measure the longitudinal and transverse shrinkage value of the concrete. The shrinkage test rig consisted of four simple steel frames with adjustable length steel rigid bar, which was used to anchor the deformation transducers. Two parallel frames measured the longitudinal shrinkage, and another two were used to measure the transverse shrinkage. A schematic diagram of the shrinkage test setup is shown as in Fig. 3.
Deformation transducer Steel tube Rigid steel bar Deformation transducer

Core concrete Rigid steel bar Deformation transducer

(a) Planform
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(b) Envisage draft

(1) Specimens with circular sections

http://www.paper.edu.cn Rigid steel bar Circular hole in 30mm diameter Deformation transducer

Deformation transducer Steel tube Deformation transducer Core concrete

Rigid steel bar Circular hole in 30mm diameter

(a) Planform

(b) Envisage draft (2) Specimens with square sections

Figure 3 Test setup for shrinkage of SCCHSS tube Daily measurements of the shrinkage value started immediately twelve hours after the casting and ran for a period of 650 days. The frequency of the measurement was gradually reduced because the shrinkage rate of the specimens stabilized with the time increasing after about one hundred days. The ambient temperature ranged from 10 to 26. Fig. 4 shows the general view of the specimens during measurements.
CPC-1 CCFT-1

SCFT-1

CPC-2

(a) CCFT-2 SCFT-2

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 4 A general view of shrinkage test of all specimens

3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE

3.1 Temperature The temperatures due to cement hydration heat obtained at each thermocouple location are shown in Fig.5. The fresh concrete temperature is about 27.3.

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http://www.paper.edu.cn 50 45 40 T () 35 30
23
Measured(point1) Measured(point2) Measured(point3) Measured(point4) Measured(point5) Measured(point6) Ambient temperature

32 29 T () 26

Measured(point1) Measured(point2) Measured(point3) Ambient temperature

25 20 0 9 18 27 36 45 t (day) (a) CCFT-1 32 29

T ()
Measured(point1) Measured(point2) Measured(point3) Measured(point4) Ambient temperature

20 0 9 18 t (day) 27 36 45

(b) CCFT-2 50 45 40
T ()
Measured(point1) Measured(point2) Measured(point3) Measured(point4) Measured(point5) Measured(point6) Measured(point7) Ambient temperature

26 23 20 0 9 18 27 36 45 t (day) (c) SCFT-1

35 30 25 20 0 9

18 27 t (day)

36

45

(d) SCFT-2

Figure 5 Measured temperature versus time relationship The test results show that, during the early stage of cement hydration, the distributions 60 of temperature present the rule of inner high and outer low, and the differences in temperature between the center and the 50 SCFT-2 surface increase with the increasing of the sectional dimension. For specimen CCFT-1, the maximum difference in temperature is 40 CCFT-2 0.9, however, for specimen CCFT-2, it is SCFT-1 7.4. For specimen SCFT-1 and SCFT-2, 30 the maximum difference in temperature is CCFT-1 2.2 and 14.2 respectively. It also can be found that, at the same sectional 20 dimension, the maximum difference in 200 600 1000 temperature of concrete-filled SHS D (mm) specimens is higher than that of concrete-filled CHS specimens. An Figure 6 Maximum temperature (Tmax) versus explanation for this phenomenon is that the sectional size relationship concrete volume of square specimens is
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larger than that of circular ones, and thus lead to a higher cement hydration. It was found that the temperature reached the peak of 28.4, 42, 29.3 and 47.7 at the centre of the specimen after about fifty-three hours, for CCFT-1, CCFT-2, SCFT-1 and SCFT-2 respectively. Shown as in Fig. 6. It was also found that the bigger the sectional size is, the higher the peak temperature (Tmax) is. 3.2 Shrinkage Fig. 7 shows the longitudinal and transverse shrinkage versus time of the core concrete in SCCHSS tubes. It can be seen that there exists a consistent pattern of shrinkage-time relationships for both SCCHSS tubes and the naked concrete. However, the SCCHSS tubes result in a reduction in the value of shrinkage when compared with the naked concrete, and the shrinkage value of SCCHSS tubes is far lower than that of the naked concrete. Owing to the self-weight of concrete, the value of longitudinal and transverse shrinkage is slightly different for all specimens. At early stage, the shrinkage of SCCHSS tubes increased very slow, but it began to increase rapidly until it reached a fairly stabilized value after about 100 days.
800
CCFT-1(longitudinal) CCFT-1(transverse) Predicted(CCFT-1) CPC-1(longitudinal) CPC-1(transverse) Predicited(CPC-1) CCFT-2(longitudinal) CCFT-2(transverse) Predicited(CCFT-2) CPC-2(longitudinal) CPC-2(transverse) Predicited(CPC-2)

600
sh()

400

200

0 0 130 260 t (day) 390 520 650

(a) Circular section

250
SCFT-1(longitudinal) SCFT-1(transverse) SCFT-2(longitudinal) SCFT-2(transverse) Predicted(SCFT-2)

200 150 100 50 0 0

Predicted(SCFT-1)

sh()

130

260 t (day)

390

520

650

(b) Square section Figure 7 Measured time-history of the shrinkage (sh)

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(1) Effect of sectional size

Fig. 8 shows the effect of sectional size (D) on the shrinkage value of all specimens at different time. The figure indicates that the sectional size of the column section (D) has a relatively significant influence on the shrinkage of the specimen. For the same sectional type, the shrinkage value of the specimen decreases with the increasing of the sectional size. This is similar to the tested results of normal concrete-filled steel tube (Ichinose, et al., 2001; Nakai, et al., 1991; Terrey, et al., 1994) and of the normal concrete (Almudaiheem and Hansen, 1987; Bryant and Vadhanavikkit, 1987; Hansen and Mattock, 1966). It can be attributed to the influence of the sectional size on the movement and diffuse velocity of the moisture in the concrete (Hansen and Mattock, 1966).
250 200 sh() 150 100 50 0 50 150 250 350 t (day) 450 550 650 250 CCFT-1(D=200mm) CCFT-2(D=1000mm) 200 sh() 150 100 50 0
50 15 0 25 0 35 0 45 0 55 0 65 0

SCFT-1(D=200mm) SCFT-2(D=1000mm)

t (day)

(a)
500 400 sh() 300 200 100 0
50 15 0 25 0 35 0 45 0 55 0

(b)
CPC-1(D=200mm) CPC-2(D=1000mm)

t (day)

(c) Figure 8 Effects of sectional size on the shrinkage

(2) Effect of sectional type

In Fig. 9, the shrinkage value of the SCCHSS tubes is shown as a function of the sectional type at different time. The figure indicates that, in general, the sectional type has a moderate influence on the shrinkage value. An explanation for the difference in the shrinkage value may be that, with the same dimension, there exists the influence of the sectional type on the movement and diffuse velocity of the moisture in the concrete (Hansen and Mattock, 1966).

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250 200 sh () 150 100 50 0
50 15 0 25 0 35 0 45 0 55 0

CCFT -1(D=200mm) SCFT -1(D=200mm) sh ()

120 90 60 30 0
50

CCFT -2(D=1000mm) SCFT -2(D=1000mm)

15 0

t (day)

65 0

t (day)

(a)

(b)

Figure 9 Effects of sectional type on the shrinkage

(3) Naked concrete and core concrete in SCCHSS tubes

The comparison of the shrinkage value of naked concrete and the concrete core in SCCHSS tubes is shown in Fig. 10. The figure indicates that the shrinkage value of naked concrete is significantly larger than that of core concrete in SCCHSS tubes. The diversity in the shrinkage value can be explained that, during curing and using phase, there is no humidity exchanges between the core concrete and the environment. Furthermore, the shrinkage of core concrete is restricted by its outer steel tube. The average measured long-term shrinkage deformation for specimen CCFT-1 and CCFT-2 was around 180 and 70 , while the average for specimen CPC-1 and CPC-2 was about 400 and 270 respectively.
500 400 sh() 300 200 100 0
50 15 0 25 0 35 0 45 0 55 0 65 0

CCFT-1(D=200mm) CPC-1(D=200mm) sh()

400 300 200 100 0

50 15 0 25 0 35 0 45 0 55 0

CCFT-2(D=1000mm) CPC-2(D=1000mm)

55 0

t (day)

t (day)

(a)

(b)

Figure 10 Comparison of the shrinkage between normal concrete and concrete core in SCCHSS tube 3.3 Shrinkage model for the core concrete in CFST A number of models have been proposed to predict the shrinkage value of normal concrete, such as ACI 209 (1992), CEB-FIP (1990), Gardner and Lockman (2001), Bazant B3(1995), Sakata(1993), BP-2 (1978) and BP-KX model (Feng, 2004). ACI 209 model was chosen to calculate the shrinkage of the concrete core in SCCHSS. The predicting equation for the shrinkage after age 7 days presented in ACI 209 (ACI Committee
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65 0

25 0

35 0

45 0

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209, 1992) is given as:

( sh ) t = (

where, t is the time after the end of the initial wet curing; ( sh ) max is the ultimate shrinkage strain, can be determined according to the following equation ( sh ) max = 780 cp H d s F ce AC (2) in which, cp is the shrinkage correction coefficient for initial moist curing; H is the correction coefficient for relative humidity, is related to the relative humidity (H), and for concrete-filled steel tube, H is 90 percent temporarily; d is the correction coefficient for dimension; s is the correction coefficient for slump; F is the correction coefficient for fine aggregate; ce is the correction coefficient for cement content; AC is the correction coefficient for air content. The calculating equations of above coefficients have been given in details in ACI 209 (1992). It was found, for the shrinkage of the concrete core in SCCHSS, the calculating results of Equation (1) are generally higher than the tested results. Based on the previous achievements and the proper consideration for the restriction of the steel tube to its concrete core, a correction coefficient u is put forward, i.e.

t ) ( ) sh max 35 + t

(1)

u = 0 . 0002 D + 0 . 63

(3)

where, D is the outside dimension of SCCHSSD is in mmThe range of D is from 100 mm to 1200 mm. Thus, the ultimate shrinkage strain of core concrete in SCCHSS can be expressed as: ( sh ) max-CFST = 780 cp H d s F ce AC u (4) and the shrinkage value of core concrete in SCCHSS tube after t days of drying is given as: ( sh ) t -CFST = ( t ) ( sh ) max -CFST (5) 35 + t Fig. 7 shows the comparison of the time-history of shrinkage strain (sh) between the results of current tests and the results predicted with Eq (5). To evaluate the accuracy of the calculating results of Eq. (5), the results obtained using the above method were also compared to the test results reported by other investigators, such as Ichinose, et al. (2001), Nakai, et al. (1991), Terrey, et al. (1994) and Uy(2001), shown as in Fig. 11. It can be found that, in general, a good agreement is observed between the predicted and tested curves.
200 160 sh() 120 80 40 0 0 70 140 t (day) 210 280
T ested(Ichinose et al.,2001) ACI209(1992) Calculated(this paper)

200 160
sh()
tested(Nakai et al.,1991) ACI209(1992) Calculated(this paper)

120 80 40 0 0 40

80 t (day)

120

160

a) DtsL=1654.51000mm; fcu=43.88 MPa

b) DtsL=165.25.01000mm; fcu=43.88 MPa

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http://www.paper.edu.cn 250 200

sh()
tested(Terrey et al.,1994) ACI209(1992) Calculation(this paper)

300 240
sh()
tested(Uy,2001) ACI209(1992) Calculated(this paper)

150 100 50 0 0 35

180 120 60 0

70 t (day)

105

140

35

70 t (day)

105

140

c) DtsL=2001.0600mm; fcu=54.7 MPa

d) BtsL=903.0270mm; fcu=62.36 MPa

Figure 11 Comparison of shrinkage of core concrete in CFST between calculated and tested results

4. LONG-TERM SERVICE LOAD TESTS

4.1 Experimental Program Two tests on concentrically loaded composite columns were carried out. A summary of the specimens is presented in Table 2, where L is the length of the specimen. n is the long-term sustained load level. Table 2 Summary of long-term test information Specimen C-1 S-1 Section Circular Square D (mm) 120 120 ts (mm) 1.96 1.96 L (mm) 1200 1386 NL (kN) 305 368 n 0.6 0.6

The values of the sustained load as well as the long-term sustained load level (n) are shown in Table 2. The long-term sustained load level is defined as followings: NL (6) n = Nu

Nu is the ultimate strength of the composite columns at short-term loading condition, where, which can be calculated using equations listed GJB4142-2000 (2001), i.e.

N u = fscy Asc
in which, is the stability reduction factor (Han, Zhao and Tao, 2001); strength index of the composite columns (Han, Zhao

(7) is the compressive and Tao, 2001), f sy B = 0.138 + 0.7646 , 235

f scy

, where, f ck C = 0.0727 + 0.0216 . The 28-day concrete strength was used in the calculation. 20 The tubes were all manufactured from mild steel sheet, tack welded into circular or square shape and welded with a single bevel butt weld. The ends of the steel tubes were cut and machined to the required length. The insides of the tubes were wire brushed to remove any rust and loose debris present. The deposits of grease and oil, if any, were cleaned away. Each tube was welded to a
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square steel base plate 25mm thick. The concrete was filled in layers without any vibrations. The specimens were placed upright to air-dry until testing. During curing, a very small amount of longitudinal shrinkage of 1 mm or so occurred at the top of the columns. A high-strength epoxy was used to fill this longitudinal gap so that the concrete surface was flush with the steel tube at the top. Prior to testing, the top surfaces of the concrete filled steel tubes were ground smooth and flat using a grinding wheel with diamond cutters. This was to ensure that the load was applied evenly across the cross-section and simultaneously to the steel and concrete. To determine the steel material properties, tension coupons were cut from a randomly selected steel sheet. From these tests, the average yield strength (fsy) was found to be 311MPa, and the modulus of elasticity (Es) was 205,500 MPa. A kind of SCC mix was designed for compressive cube strength (fcu) at 28 days of approximately 39.3MPa. The modulus of elasticity (Ec) of concrete was measured, the average value being 33,010MPa. The mix proportions were as follows: -Cement: 300 kg/m3 -Blast furnace slag: 200 kg/m3 -Water: 181 kg/m3 -Fine aggregate: 994 kg/m3 -Coarse aggregate: 720 kg/m3 -Additional high-range water reducer (HRWR): 5.2 kg/m3. Fig. 1 shows the schematic view of the L-box. The flow time from the sliding door to the front door of the L-box, the flow speed, as well as the flow distance of the SCC was recorded. The fresh properties of the SCC mixture were as follows: -Slump flow (mm): 270 -Unit weight (kg/m3): 2380 -Concrete temperature (oC): 20 -Flow distance (mm): 800 -Flow time (sec): 13 -Flow speed (mm/sec): 61.5 In all the concrete mixes, the fine aggregate used was silica-based sand, the coarse aggregate was carbonate stone from Fuzhou City, South of China. The self-consolidating concrete was cast without any vibration. 4.2 Long-term Service Load Tests The long-term service load test was carried out as soon as the age of 28 40 days after concrete casting. The experiment was carried out in a 30 laboratory where the temperature and humidity do not change 20 significantly during the whole year, so that the influence of temperature gradient could be kept to minimum 10 values. Fig. 12 shows the ambient temperature versus time 0 relationship. 0 60 120 180 240 300 The long-term sustained load (NL) t (day) was applied by pre-stressing bars and controlled by means of a load cell as shown in Fig. 13. The load Figure 12 Ambient temperatures versus time relationship was kept constant with adjustments
T (oC)
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of these bars during the measurements. Strain measurements were obtained in the central part of the column for the steel. After observing the measured data of the axial strain (o), it was found that for about 100 days, the process is tending to stabilize. Fig. 13 gives the setup and a general view the long-term service load tests.
Top Plate Loading Cell Deformation Transducer Bolt Hole 24mm Steel Plate Stiffness Rib Deformation Transducer Top Plate Loading Cell

Specimen

b) Plate
Pre-stress Bar Deformation Transducer Strain Gauges Bottom Plate Bottom Plate Deformation Transducer Strain Gauges Specimen IMP

Strain

c) Arrange of test setting a)

Figure 13 Test setup and general view of the long-term service load tests 4.3 Test results and analysis Fig. 14 is the measured time-history of the axial strain (total), where, total is the average strain of two deformation transducers which located at the corner of the specimens. After observing the measured data of the axial strain (total), it was found that the longitudinal deformation develop rapidly at initial stage, the deformation of one month is about 60 percentage of four months, for about 100 days, the process is tending to stabilize. This phenomenon is similar to that of normal concrete-filled steel tubular columns subjected to long-term sustained loads (Han and Liu, 2002; Han and Yang, 2003; Han et al., 2004).
1500 1200
1500 1200

total ()

900 600 300 0 0 60 120

(a) C1
Measured Predicted

total ()

900 600 300 0

Measured Predicted

180

240

300

60

120

180

240

300

t (day)

t (day)

Figure 14 Measured time-history of the axial strain ()

(b) S1

The main results, which were determined from the long-term tests, include both creep and shrinkage strain [cr(t) andsh(t)]. According to the analysis method of normal concrete-filled
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steel tube which was provided by Han and Yang (2003), Han et al. (2004), the total strain was measured in the loaded specimens, and this is comprised of three components, i.e. o (t ) = elastic (t ) + cr (t ) + sh (t ) (8) in which, i is the transient strain after sustained load acting on the specimens, cr (t) and sh (t) is the creep strain and shrinkage strain respectively, the sh (t) can be determined using Eq. (5). The average strains determined from the test program are compared with those obtained from the predictive model. Fig. 14 shows the comparisons of the time-history of axial strain ( ) for the current tests.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be made based on the limited research reported in the paper. (1) The characteristics of the temperature field in SCCHSS tubes are similar to that of naked concrete members during cement hydration. (2) The shrinkage value of the concrete core in SCCHSS tubes is significantly smaller than that of naked concrete. (3) The influence of several parameters, such as sectional dimensions and sectional types on the shrinkage of the concrete core in SCCHSS columns were analyzed. (4) The concrete shrinkage model proposed by ACI209 (1992) specifications was modified to predict the shrinkage of the core concrete in SCCHSS tubes. (5) After observing the measured data of the axial strain due to long-term sustained load effects in the current tests, it was found that for about 100 days, the process tends to stabilize. The average strains versus time relationship has been established for SCCHSS columns by using the shrinkage model in this paper.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research reported in the paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50425823), the financial support is highly appreciated.

REFERENCES
ACI Committee 209. Prediction of creep, shrinkage and temperature effects in concrete structures [S]. Designing for Effects of Creep, Shrinkage and Temperature in Concrete Structures, ACI SP27-3, Detroit, Mich. 1992. Almudaiheem, J. A. and Hansen,W.. Effect of Specimen Size and Shape on Drying Shrinkage of Concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 1987, 84(2): 130-135. Bryant, A. H. and Vadhanavikkit, C.. Creep, Shrinkage-Size, and Age at Loading Effects. ACI Materials Journal, 1987, 84(2): 117-123. Feng, B., 2004. Research on calculation models for hydration heat, shrinkage and creep of concrete-filled steel tubes. Master Thesis of Fuzhou University (in Chinese). GJB4142-2000. Technical specifications for early-strength model composite structures. Peking, China [in Chinese], 2001. Han, L. H. (2002). Tests on stub columns of concrete-filled RHS sections. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 58(3): 353-372. Han, L. H. and Liu, W.. The effects of long-term loading on the behavior of concrete-filled steel tubular member. Journal of Chinese Civil Engineering 2002, 35(2): 8-19. (in Chinese) Han, L. H. and Yang, Y. F.. Analysis of thin-walled RHS columns filled with concrete under long-term sustained loads. Thin Walled Structures 2003, 41(9): 849-870. Han, L. H. and Yao, G. H.. Experimental behaviour of thin-walled hollow structural steel (HSS) columns filled with self-consolidating concrete (SCC), Thin Walled Structures, 2004, 42(9):
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1357-1377. Han, L. H., Tao, Z. and Liu, W.. Effects of sustained load on concrete-filled HSS (Hollow Structural Steel) columns. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE 2004, 130(9): 1392-1404 Han LH, Zhao XL, Tao Z. Tests and mechanics model of concrete-filled SHS stub columns, columns and beam-columns. Steel & Composite Struct-Int J 2001;1(1):5174. Hansen, T. C. and Mattock, A. H.. The Influence of Size and Shape of Member on the Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete. ACI Journal Proceedings, 1966, 63(2): 267-290. Ichinose, L. H., Watanabe, E., and Nakai, H. (2001). An experimental study on creep of concrete filled steel pipes [J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 57: 453-466. Khayat, K.H., Bickley, J.A. and Lessard, M. (2000). Performance of self-consolidating concrete for casting basement and foundation walls, ACI Materials Journal, 97(3): 374-380. Nakai, H., Kurita, A. & Ichinose, L. H. (1991). An Experimental study on creep of concrete filled steel pipes. Proc. of 3rd Inter. Confer. of ASCCS, Fukuoka, Japan, 55-60. Ouchi, M. (1998). History of development and applications of self-compacting concrete in Japan, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Self-Compacting Concrete. Schneider, S. P. (1998). Axially loaded concrete-filled steel tubes, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 124 (10): 1125-1138. Terrey, P. J., Bradford, M. A. & Gilbert, R.I. (1994). Creep and shrinkage of concrete in concrete-filled circular steel tubes. Proc. of 6th Inter. Symposium on Tubular Structures, Melbourne, Australia, 293-298. Uy, B. (2001). Static long-term effects in short concrete-filled steel box columns under sustained loading. ACI Structural Journal, (1): 96-104.

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