12 Putting it all together 12.

1 The spectral response acceleration

12.1.1 Mapped Acceleration Parameters Each region has its own spectral response chart, which is derived by a statistical analysis of the previous earthquake recordings of a region. A typical chart, from the IBC 2006 code is presented in Figure 12-1.

Figure 12-1: General Spectral Response Acceleration Chart from IBC 2006

In this figure: = The design spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods. = The design spectral response acceleration parameters at 1 second period = The fundamental period of the structure in seconds. = = = Long-period transition period. The equations that describe the above chart are as follows: 1. For periods less than or equal to , shall be taken as:
(12-1)

2. For periods

shall be taken as equal to

Colorado School of Mines EGGN 557 Structural Dynamics Class Notes by Professor Panos D. Kiousis 4/30/2013

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3. For periods 4. For periods ,

shall be taken as
(12-2)

shall be taken as
(12-3)

The above parameters are calculated based on the mapped acceleration parameters and (can be obtained at USGS web site http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/map/), and are adjusted for site classification (Tables 12-1 through 12-3)

TABLE 12-1 SITE CLASS DEFINITIONS

SITE CLASS SOIL PROFILE NAME AVERAGE PROPERTIES IN TOP 100 feet, SEE SECTION 1613.5.5 Soil shear wave velocity, v S , (ft/s) Standard penetration resistance, N Soil undrained shear strength, s u ,(psf)

A B C D E E

Hard rock Rock Very dense soil and soft rock Stiff soil profile Soft soil profile

vs > 5,000 2,500 < vs 5,000 1,200 < vs 2,500 600 vs 1,200 vs < 600

N/A N/A N > 50 15 N 50 N < 15

N/A N/A su 2,000 1,000 su 2,000 su < 1,000

Any profile with more than 10 feet of soil having the following characteristics: 1. Plasticity index PI > 20, 2. Moisture content w 40%, and 3. Undrained shear strength < 500 psf Any profile containing soils having one or more of the following characteristics: 1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading such as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, collapsible weakly cemented soils. 2. Peats and/or highly organic clays (H > 10 feet of peat and/or highly organic clay where H = thickness of soil) 3. Very high plasticity clays (H >25 feet with plasticity index PI >75) 4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clays (H >120 feet)

Table 12-2 Values of Site Coefficient Mapped spectral response acceleration at short period Site Class A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 F Note b Note b Note b Note b a. Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of mapped spectral acceleration at short period, b. Values shall be determined in accordance with section 11.4.7 of ASCE 7 Table 12-3 Values of Site Coefficient Mapped spectral response acceleration at 1-second period Site Class A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 F Note b Note b Note b Note b a. Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of mapped spectral acceleration at 1-second period b. Values shall be determined in accordance with section 11.4.7 of ASCE 7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 2.4 Note b 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 Note b

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12.1.2 Adjusted Spectral Response based on Site The maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for short periods, at 1-second period , adjusted for site class effects, are as follows: and

, and
(12-4) (12-5)

where, = Site coefficient defined in Table 12-2; = Site coefficient defined in Table 12-3. 12.1.3 Adjusted Spectral Response for Design The five-percent damped design spectral response acceleration at short periods second period , shall be determined as follows: and
(12-7)

and at 1(12-6)

where, = The maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations for short period; = The maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations for 1-second period;

12.2 Modal Response of a Structure

Let us consider now a shear frame structure that has floors (degrees of freedom). Thus, we can calculate natural periods , and modal displacement vectors: . For the mode, the base shear is calculated as:
(12-8)

where is an expression of the modal mass, i.e. it is the portion of the mass that participates in the mode; is the weight that corresponds to mass , and is equal to . is the spectral acceleration (Figure 12-1) that corresponds to the natural period of the mode The participating mass

is calculated as:
(12-9)

Similarly, the participating weight is calculated as:

(12-10)

where

Colorado School of Mines EGGN 557 Structural Dynamics Class Notes by Professor Panos D. Kiousis 4/30/2013

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is the mass lumped at the floor level, and is the modal displacement of the floor. The base shear for the mode is distributed to each floor as follows (in proportion to the floor inertia):

(12-11)

Equation (12-11) indicates that the shear force of the floor is calculated by a tributary expression, where the ratio is the percent of inertia force of the floor compared to the total inertia force.

12.3 Example of Implementation

12.3.1 Problem Statement Calculate the shear forces and bending moments for the shear frame of Figure 12-2. This shear frame is to be built in Salt Lake Utah, at coordinates (Latitude = 40.7, and Longitude -111.9), on a site with a C classification, according to the geotechnical report. 12.3.2 Seismic Data Based on the data provided by USGS web site http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/map/, the seismic parameters for the site are as presented in Table 12-1:
Table 12-1: Seismic Parameters
Seismic Parameter PGA Probability 2% in 50 yrs 2% in 50 yrs 2% in 50 yrs Magnitude (g) 0.72 1.83 0.54

Figure 12-2: Definition of Shear Frame

Based on the site classification and the magnitude of (Table 12-3).

(Table 12-2). Similarly,

The site specific parameters and are calculated according to equations (12-4) and (12-5) accordingly as: , and Based on Equations (12-6) and (12-7), the design parameters are calculated: and Figure 12-1 can now be produced, specifically for this site, where:

Colorado School of Mines EGGN 557 Structural Dynamics Class Notes by Professor Panos D. Kiousis 4/30/2013

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The outcome is presented in Figure 12-3

Figure 12-3: Site-specific spectral response acceleration chart

12.3.3 Structural Modes A modal analysis of the shear frame produces the results presented in Table 12-2:
Table 12-2: Natural periods and modes of shear frame Tn 0.494 0.169 0.107 0.084 0.073 m 3000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 3000 1.919 1.310 0.285 -0.831 -1.683 3000 2.683 0.715 -0.919 -0.310 1.831 3000 3.229 -0.373 -0.546 1.088 -1.398 3000 3.513 -1.204 0.764 -0.594 0.521

12.3.4 Modal Analysis 1. Evaluation of participating masses per mode Based on equation (12-9) we calculated the mass that participates in the first mode:
Similarly

Colorado School of Mines EGGN 557 Structural Dynamics Class Notes by Professor Panos D. Kiousis 4/30/2013

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and Note that , which is the total mass of the system.

2. Evaluation of the modal acceleration for each participating mass Using the structural natural periods for each mode and Figure 12-3, we can calculate the modal acceleration for each participating mass. The outcome of this process is presented in Table 12-3.
Table 12-3: Evaluation of modal accelerations and base shears

0.494 0.169 0.107 0.084 0.073

9.29 11.97 11.97 11.97 11.62

122,611 15,650 4,347 1,348 273

3. Evaluation of base shear Using equation 12-8, the base shear for each mode is evaluated as the product of the modal participating mass and the corresponding modal acceleration (Last column of Table 12-3). 4. Base shear distribution to each floor as nodal load. The base shear is considered to be the result of the inertia forces that are acting to each floor. As such, it is distributed to each floor using equation (12-11). These calculations are tabulated in Table 12.4
Table 12-4 : Distribution of base shear to each story for each mode Story v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 1 2 3 4 5

N 9933 19062 26646 32071 34899

N 10803 14149 7728 -4027 -13003

N 7457 2123 -6853 -4073 5694

N 3816 -3171 -1182 4153 -2268

N 1006 -1693 1842 -1406 524

An example of the application of the shear nodal loads due to the second mode is presented in Figure 12-4. Colorado School of Mines EGGN 557 Structural Dynamics Class Notes by Professor Panos D. Kiousis 4/30/2013

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Figure 12-4: Base shear distribution, and resulting floor shear, and column bending moment diagrams

5. Floor shear The floor shear magnitudes for each mode, as well as their cumulative values, are presented in Table 12-5. As has been discussed in the past, the effects of higher modes are commonly small. To demonstrate this fact, the last column of Table 12-5 presents the cumulative floor shears due to the first and second modes.
Table 12-5 : Floor shear for each mode Story V1 V2 V3

V4

V5

Cumulative

V1 + V2

N
1 2 3 4 5 122611 112678 93616 66970 34899

N
15650 4847 -9302 -17030 -13003

N
4347 -3110 -5232 1621 5694

N
1348 -2468 702 1884 -2268

N
273 -733 960 -882 524

N
144230 111214 80744 52563 25846

N
138261.5 117525.1 84314.34 49940.19 21895.98

The floor shear diagrams for the first mode, the cumulative effect of first and second mode, and, finally the cumulative effects of all five modes are presented in Figure 12-5.

Colorado School of Mines EGGN 557 Structural Dynamics Class Notes by Professor Panos D. Kiousis 4/30/2013

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Floor Level

Sum of all modes Sum of 1st and 2nd Modes First Mode

50000 100000 Floor Shear (N)

150000

Figure 12-5: Floor shear diagram

It is demonstrated that for this problem, the floor shears can be reasonably approximated by the cumulative effects of the first and second mode, or even by considering the first mode alone. The floor shear must be distributed to the individual columns. For pure translation modes, this distribution is proportional to the shear stiffness contribution of each column to the total shear stiffness of the floor. For example, in a three column system with individual column stiffnesses , , and , the floor stiffness is and the floor shear is distributed as follows: , , In the example of Figure 12-2, that we consider here, the two columns have equal stiffness, and thus, each column resists of the floor shear. 6. Column bending moment. Assuming that each story has a height of 3 meters, then each column is subjected to nodal moments . The resulting seismic bending moment diagram per column is presented in figure 12-6.

Figure 12-6: Seismic bending moment diagram for a column based on the cumulative shears for all five modes

Colorado School of Mines EGGN 557 Structural Dynamics Class Notes by Professor Panos D. Kiousis 4/30/2013

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