15.6.5 S A L L E N - K E Y F I L T E R This section introduces a lowpass filter called the Sallen-Key filter.

Its circuit and impedance model are shown in Figure 15.25. Let us focus on sinusoidal inputs and use the impedance method to obtain its input-output relationship. First, notice that the portion of the circuit within the dashed box is a non-inverting connection of the Op Amp with gain: G=1+
C

R1 R2

(15.94)

vi R v2 R

v1

+ -

vo

C R2 R1

(a) Circuit 1/Cs Vi V1

F I G U R E 15.25 The Sallen-Key circuit.

R V2

+ -

Vo

1/Cs

R1 R2

(b) Impedance model

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Thus, for the purpose of analysis, we can replace the circuit within the dashed box with an amplifier whose gain is G. Therefore, we can write Vo = GV1 . Applying KCL for node V1 V2 V 1 R which simplifies to: V2 = (RCs + 1)V1 . Substituting for V1 in terms of Vo from Equation 15.95, we get V2 = Now, KCL for node V2 yields, Vi V 2 R = V2 V1 R + V2 Vo 1/Cs . (15.97) RCs + 1 G Vo . (15.96) = V1 1/Cs , (15.95)

Substituting for V1 and V2 in terms of Vo from Equations 15.95 and 15.96, we get Vi
RCs+1 Vo G RCs+1 G

Vo R

1 V G o

RCs+1 G

Vo Vo
1 Cs

(15.98)

We can simplify Equation 15.98 and obtain the following expression relating the output voltage to the input voltage: H(s) = Vo (s) Vi (s) = G R 2 C 2 s2 + RCs(3 G) + 1 . (15.99)

As a specific example, let us draw the frequency response for the filter transfer function for RC = 1 and R1 = R2 . For these values, G = 2 and the 866b

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 Imag Axis 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1.5 -1 -0.5 Real Axis 0 0.5
F I G U R E 15.26 Pole-zero plot of the Sallen-Key lter.

transfer function is given by: H(s) = or, factoring the denominator, H(s) = 2 (s + 1/2 + j 3/4)(s + 1/2 j 3/4) . (15.101) 2 s2 + s + 1 (15.100)

The transfer function represents a second-order filter. The expression in the denominator has a pair of complex conjugate roots: 1/2 + j 3/4 and 1/2 j 3/4. In terms of the pole-zero nomenclature introduced in Section 13.4.3, the transfer function has two poles and no zeros. The poles are a complex conjugate pair located at 1/2 + j 3/4 and 1/2 j 3/4. Figure 15.26 depicts the pole locations using Xs in the complex plane. (When zeros exist, their locations are depicted using circles.) We can now plot the frequency response as shown in Figure 15.27 by substituting s = j in the transfer function: H( j) = 2 ( j)2 + j + 1 (15.102)

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101 Magnitude 100 10-1 10-2 10-1 Phase (degrees)

F I G U R E 15.27 Frequency response for the Sallen-Key lter.

100 Frequency (radians)

101

0 -50

-100 -150 -200 10-1 100 Frequency (radians) 101

or, in terms of the factored transfer function, H( j) = 2 ( j + 1/2 + j 3/4)( j + 1/2 j 3/4) . (15.103)

As before, the frequency response in Figure 15.27 plots the magnitude and the phase of H( j) versus the frequency .

866d