DETAILING OF STEEL IN FOOTINGS

(For class held on 13th March 07) Dr. M. C. Nataraja, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Sri Jayachamarajendra Collge of Engineering, Mysore-5a70 006 Phone: 0821-2343521, 9880447742 e-mail: nataraja96@yahoo.com Footing: The function of a footing or a foundation is to transmit the load form the structure to the underlying soil. The choice of suitable type of footing depends on the depth at which the bearing strata lies, the soil condition and the type of superstructure. Types of footing Following are the different types of footing used for concrete structure. Refer figure 1. 1. Isolated footing 2. Combined footings 3. Strap footing 4. Mat or raft foundation 5. Pile foundation Isolated footings are provided under each column and may be square, rectangular, or circular in plan. Footing may be flat or tapered. Combined footings are provided to support two or more column loads. These may be continuous with rectangular or trapezoidal in plan as shown. Combined footings become necessary under the following circumstances: when the isolated footings overlap. when the exterior column is close to the property line with the result symmetrical isolated footing can not be provided.

Strap footing is one of the types of combined types of combined. It consists of an isolated footing of two columns connected by a beam called strap beam. The strap beam does not remain in contact with the soil and thus does not transfer any load to the soil. This is provided when one of the columns is on the property line.

The mat foundation is provided when the soil is having very low bearing capacity and or when columns loads are heavy, the required footing area becomes very large and uneconomical.

ISOLATED FOOTINGS PROPERTY LINE

COMBINED FOOTING

COMBINED FOOTING

STRAP BEAM

STRAP FOOTING

MAT FOUNDATION

FIGURE 1. TYPES OF FOOTINGS

Detailing: Following points are to be kept in mind in detailing. Size of footing Depth at footing Depth of footing edge Nominal and effective cover Development length Depth of foundation

Minimum and maximum steel Spacing of bars and stirrups

Detailing of steel in rectangular footing as per IS:456-2000 In rectangular footing the reinforcement parallel to the long direction shall be distributed uniformly across the width of the footing. In short direction, since the support provided to the footing by the column is concentrated near the middle, the moment per unit length is largest i.e., the curvature of the footing is sharpest immediately under the column and decreases in the long direction with the increasing distance from the column. For this reason larger steel area is needed in the central portion and is determined in accordance with the equation given below.

Ast , central band Ast ,total , short direaction

2 ( L / B) + 1

Reminder of the steel is distributed uniformly in the outer portions of the footing (end bands)

Development length= Ldt=

f s . s 4 bd

Ldt = 47s for M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel Problems: 1. An isolated footing is to be provided for a column of section 400 mm x 400 mm. The following details re given: Height of the column =3m Main reinforcement in column = 4 Nos. 16 mm diameter. Transverse reinforcement = 6 mm at 220 mm c/c Plan size of footing = 2.7 m x 2.7 m Depth of footing at column face = 500 mm Depth of footing at edge = 150 mm Depth of foundation = 1000 mm Footing reinforcement = a mesh of 20 mm diameter steel at 250 mm c/c. Grade of concrete= M20 Grade of steel = Fe415

Draw to a suitable scale the following: a. Plan b. Sectional Elevation c. Prepare bar bending schedule Solution: Development length in tension = 47 = 47 x 16= 752 mm Depth at junction = 500 mm Leg length available for column bars = Ldt 500 = 252 mm < 300 mm. Provide 300 mm minimum. Development length of 20 mm bars in footing = 47 x 20 = 940 mm This is provided by the horizontal projection of bars. Bars need not be bent at ends in to the depth of footing. Number of bars in footing = 11 Numbers at 200 mm c/c with a side cover of 100 mm. Width of footing= 10 x 250 + 100 x 2 =2700 mm Follow all specification of SP 34 and prepare the drawing. Exercise problems 2. Exam: December/January 2007 An isolated footing is to be provided for a column of section 400 mm x 400 mm. The following details re given: Height of the column =3m Main reinforcement in column = 4 Nos. 16 mm diameter. Transverse reinforcement = 6 mm at 220 mm c/c Plan size of footing = 3.2 m x 3.2 m Depth of footing at column face = 500 mm Depth of footing at edge = 300 mm Footing reinforcement = a mesh of 16 mm diameter steel at 180 mm c/c. Grade of concrete= M20 Grade of steel = Fe415 20 Marks

Draw to a suitable scale the following: d. Plan e. Sectional Elevation f. Prepare bar bending schedule Rectangular footing: An isolated rectangular footing is to be provided for a column of section 450 mm x 300 mm. The following details re given: Height of the column =3m Main reinforcement in column = 6 Nos. 20 mm diameter. Transverse reinforcement = 8 mm at 200 mm c/c Plan size of footing = 3.2 m x 2.2 m Depth of footing at column face = 500 mm Depth of footing at edge = 500 mm Footing reinforcement = a mesh of 16 mm diameter steel at 200 mm c/c. Grade of concrete= M20 Grade of steel = Fe415 Draw to a suitable scale the following: g. Plan h. Sectional Elevation i. Prepare bar bending schedule 20 Marks 20 Marks

Solution: Similar to square footing. Footing steel is a mesh of 16 mm bars at 200 mm c/c both ways. For detailing as per IS: 456-2000, footing steel should be distributed by creating central band and end bands. Steel should be distributed as per IS:456-2000.

CROSS SECTION

400

4- #16

3000 mm

GROUND LEVEL 4- #16 #6@220 #20@200 Ldt L dc 150 min.

DEPTH OF FOUNDATION 500 mm

75 Ldt 75

300 min. LEVELLING COURSE SECTIONAL ELEVATION 2700

2700

PLAN

450 300

CROSS SECTION

GROUND LEVEL DEPTH OF FOUNDATION 500 mm 6- #20 #8@200 #16@200 Ldt 75 75 Ldt 75 SECTIONAL ELEVATION 300 min. LEVELLING COURSE L dc

PLAN

450 300

CROSS SECTION

GROUND LEVEL DEPTH OF FOUNDATION 500 mm 6- #20 #8@200 #16@200 Ldt 75 75 Ldt 75 SECTIONAL ELEVATION 3200 300 min. LEVELLING COURSE L dc

2200

EB

CB= 2200 PLAN

EB

Arrangement of steel in column cross section The type of stirrups and its arrangement depends of the type of cross section and the arrangement of longitudinal bars in the column cross section. The specifications of SP-34 and IS:456-2000 should be satisfied. Some of the details can be seen in the following figures.

48tr

75 > 48tr 48tr

> 75 > 48tr > 75

> 75

> 75

> 75

tr

48 tr

75

TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMN TIES