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CALCULATIONS
A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University
OHIO UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would
to Dr. Albert
their
thesis.
I owe
company who
great me
E.I. Dupont
my
gave
this
continue
education while
my
thanks
to
faculty and all members of staff at Ohio University who have contributed a great deal towards this work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literature search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xii 1 1
4
CHAPTER
Sources of short circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Synchronous motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Induction motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Electric utility systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Rotating machine reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents . . . . 15
CHAPTER
3.
3.1
Short-circuit-current calculation . . . . . . . . 17 Important assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Impedance diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Type and location of faults required . . . . . 22 Symmetrical short-circuit current . . . . . . . . 22 calculation
3.2 3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
CHAPTER
4. 4.1
...
31
4.2
4.3
4.4
....................
40
4.5
Transformer protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
CHAPTER
5. 5.1
Coordination of protective devices . . . . . . . 47 Primary considerations for coordination . . 48 Data required for a coordination . . . . . . . . . 51 Methods of coordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Testing of protective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.2
5.3
5.4
CHAPTER
6.
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
BIBLIOGRAPHY
....................
Impedance data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI standard reactance values . . . . . . . . . . Transmission line impedances . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 5 K V cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5KV cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX 1 .
Al.l A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5
77 77
78
79
80
APPENDIX
82 82 84
84
85
87
93
APPENDIX
3. A3.1 A3.2
System generator protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belle plant generator protection . . . . . . . . Belle plant bus protections . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98 98 115
APPENDIX
4.
120 120
A4.1
APPENDIX
5.
126
126
ECR No.6. 12KV BUS "A'f .................. ECR No.6, 12KV BUS "B" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cogeneration generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A5.8 A5.9
2.4KV 75HP motor ash pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4KV 200HP motor recirculating pump . . . .
.....
A5.11 2.4KV feeders sheet No.1 & BANK No.60 . . . A5.12 2.4KV feeders sheet No.2 & BANK No.59 .
..
A5.13 2.4KV feeders ECR No.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A5.14 2.4KV 150HP motor boiler No.10 mills . . . . A5.15 2.4KV 550HP motor 1 . D fan boilers . . . . . . . No . 14 & 15 A5.16 2.4KV 400HP motor 1 . D fan boilers . . . . . . . No.6 & 9 A5.17 480V feeders ECR No.8 sheet 1 . . . . . . . . . . . A5.18 480V feeders ECR.No.8 sheet 2 . . . . . . . . . . . A5.19 480V feeders ECR No.8 sheet 3 . . . . . . . . . . .
156
APPENDIX
6.
A6.1
A6.2 Type CO-9 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . A6.3 Type CO-11 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . .
Type CV-2 Under Voltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Type CV-7 Under Voltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . . 171 172
A6.8
A6.9
Westinghouse type DSL-206 Limiters . . . . . . Two pole type AA12P Overload Relay
173 174
......
APPENDIX
7.
A7.1 A7.2
................
APPENDIX
8.
182
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 2.2
Total short circuit current equals sum of sources 9 Symmetrical short circuit currents from . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 four surces
Typical time curves of CO-9 Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Portion of Belle plant relaying detailed diagram . 64 Portion of Belle plant co-ordination curves . . . . . . 65 Block diagram of system setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Belle plant single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Multiplying factors for three phase & line . . . . . . . 91 to ground faults
"A"
(momentary) . . . . . 93
Simplified equivalent circu'it for fault Wye-Delta transformation for fault Equivalent circuit for fault
"A". . . . . .
94 94 95
"A". . . . . . . . . . .
"A" (interrupting) . .
Wye-Delta transformation for fault "A"(interrup.) 96 Typical time curves for the 10% sensitivity . . . . . . 100 type CA generator relay Limits for application of the CWC time curves . . . . 102 Typical time curves of the type CWC relay . . . . . . . . 103 Generator over voltage curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Generator reactive capability curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Machine capability curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
A3-7 A3-8
SDF-1 tripping relay under declining frequency . . . 113 Operating time variations with changes in . . . . . . . . 114 time-dial setting
A3-9
A3-10
LIST OF TABLES
Machine reactance and multiplying factors . . . . . . . Fuse classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current limiting characteristics of c-s one . . . . . time fuse Transformer ANSI data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rating ratios for safe co-ordinations . . . . . . . . . . . Power air circuit breaker minimum band . . . . . . . . . .
81
97
101
ABSTRACT
calculation the
of
ac
short-circuit
currents,
and is
power
are more important to the operation of the plant and and have greater safety and reliability
building,
requirements. fulfillment of
Meeting these requirements necessitates the certain criteria, including the use of
adequately rated equipment. This power system report outlines state of-the-art industrial practices which should be and
engineering to
especially
valuable
plant
engineers
industrial involved
application
engineers and
are
facilities for industrial plants or commercial buildings. The has been method of short-circuit-current calculation
selected, so that adequate ratings of all the air were to obtained. Fault protective devices proper relay coordination
circuit were
breakers
selected
maintain
throughout set
the system.
the fault without affecting larger devices nearer the source of power or causing a wider outage than the minimum. -xii-
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
power
systems, whether or
they
be
commercial, providing
residential, energy
have
electric and as
equipment feasible.
as
safely
reliably
and safety considerations may vary somewhat with the type of system, but all three elements must
be
taken
into
consideration in any good system design, and certain minimum safety and reliability requirements must be satisfied.
Electric power system in today's industrial plants and large of commercial energy. in has such establishments handle enormous
usage usage
and commercial operations demand a high degree of of electric power supply because of the great One of the major
production in
downtime.
considerations
of
short circuits, or faults, as they are commonly Uncontrolled short circuits can cause service
with accompanying production downtime and associated interruption damage, of essential facilities,
inconvenience, extensive
equipment
and possible fire damage. Clearly, the power system, the and fault this must be quickly removed from is the job of the protective In order
device, the circuit breakers and fusible switches. to accomplish this, the protective
ability to interrupt the maximum short-circuit current which can flow for a fault at the device location. The maximum
value
the 'Iavailable'l short-circuit current. The reader with purpose of this and report is to provide the necessary to
information
procedures and
short-circuit
currents,
of coordination for protective relaying by using the time curves current of and the relay. Calculation of of
short-circuit relaying of
coordination
protective
system as an example for this report. This protection affected as report "the defines the function of system
detection
portion
other
abnormality
occurs
which
adversely affect, the operation of any portion of the system or the load which it supplies." This calculation low-voltage and and report will be of limited to short-circuit protective relaying for
coordination
devices report,
which
limits
other protective devices. Chapter and reviews some One of introduces an outline of this report relative methods concerning short-
circuit calculation and coordination of protective relaying. Chapter their shortTwo explains .the major short circuit sources and
waveforms.
and
treated
different
Chapter which
explains compared
several
method
coordination presented on
will
in this report.
Appendix 1 provides impedance data that is Belle plant, which is used as an example Appendix
the
report. diagram.
provides
single-line
for
the
Belle
plant.
Appendix
provides
diagrams
for
the
entire
system.
Westinghouse overcurrent relay curves study. this Appendix 7 provides Bussmann report and finally Appendix 8
provides and
functions
(ASA)
which
are
used
for
an
automatic
switching equipment.
There
are
several
texts
available
for
short-circuit-current of is
[6].
Relaying by Russell C. Mason [ 3 ] , and Industrial Handbook by Donald Beeman [ 2 ] . These texts,
Systems
The Art and Science of Protective Relaying, will understanding their of the function of protective
and
1. 3
Protection
calculation and relay coordination. At the present there are several methods of shortcircuit-current industries. digital general, network, calculation available throughout the
Longhand
calculation, Network
Analyzer and In
computer the
presence
in the impedance
such as might be found in a large industrial plant system, will favor using a network analyzer or
high-voltage digital
computer technique from an economic and time-saving Radial and systems, such as those used in most systems, can be easily
standpoint[l]. low-voltage
medium-voltage
resolved by longhand calculations. There coordination commercial could of are also several methods for available industrial for and
protective systems be
relaying
power
against to
reasonably
expected
system operation.
These methods are as follows: by tables are used as a simple check for identical or reduced fault
1)
assuming
that
flow
is, main-feeder-branch.
be on
which the study is being made is placed on top of the characteristic and traced. curve. Proper curve then can be
device selected
method which makes it undesirable to use. Coordination method by using in the typical time curves is a new this report. curve is This drawn method is
presented since
recommended,
relay
by
finding
transformer (c.t.) ratio, available taps, ampere range of the relay, circuit current. voltage level and available
short-circuit
of
the
relay
to
the
CHAPTER TWO
I f adequate protection
is
to be provided for a
plant electric system, the size of the electric power system must be considered it will to determine This how much short-circuit
current
deliver.
breakers or fuses may be selected with adequate interrupting capacity. to open This interrupting capacity should be high enough safely the maximum short-circuit current which the
power a
system can cause to flow through a circuit breaker if circuit occurs in the feeder or equipment which it
short
protects. When currents, short it determining is extremely be of the magnitude of short-circuit that all sources of that the impedance
important and
circuit
considered
characteristics
1. Generators
2. Synchronous motors
3. Induction motors
2.1
GENERATORS
Generators are driven by turbines, diesel engines, water wheels, or other types of prime movers. occurs on the to circuit produce and fed by When a short
circuit
a generator, the
generator excitation
continues is
maintained
current of a large magnitude that flows from to the is short circuit. only This flow of short-
generator
circuit
current
limited
motors they
are
constructed
much
like
stator winding in which alternating current synchronous motors draw A.C. power from
Normally,
the line and convert electric energy to mechanical energy. During system is a system short circuit, the voltage on the to a very low value. Consequently, the
reduced
motor starts
stops
delivering down.
energy
slowing the
However, as the prime mover drives a of the load and motor rotor drives
generator,
inertia
generator and delivers short-circuit current for many cycles after the short circuit has occurred. current of produced by the The amount of shortdepends upon the
circuit
motor
impedance
the
synchronous
motor
I
UTILITY SYSTEM TURBINE GENERATOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
1
SHORTURCUlT
SYN MOTOR
'
/ 1"
INDUCTION
Figure
inertia of the load and rotor of an induction the same effect on an induction motor as on a
synchronous
motor;
that is, they drive the motor after the There is one major difference.
The
flux acts
induction motor has no DC field winding, but there is a in the induction motor during normal operation. flux produced by the This
like
synchronous motor. The induction The to field of the induction motor is produced by
from
rotor flux remains normal as long as voltage is applied the stator source from an external source. However, if the
short circuit occurs on the system, the flux in the can not change instantly. Because the rotor flux can
decay instantly and because the inertia of the rotating drives the induction motor, a voltage is generated in stator winding. to the short This causes a short-circuit current to circuit until the rotor flux decays to
The short-circuit current vanishes almost completely four in the cycles, since there is no sustained field
about
current
synchronous machine.
11
The short-circuit circuit flux does last long enough to produce enough to affect the momentary duty on
current
breakers
open within one or two cycles after a short circuit. the short circuit in produced by induction
motors must be
considered
calculations. produced by
impedance
circuit.
The machine impedance effective at the time corresponds closely to the impedance at inertia value of short-
short
circuit
standstill. circuit
Consequently, the
current
utility
system
or
the
supply
electric
utility
system
sources
short-circuit
current.
supply transformer merely delivers the short-circuit current from the utility system system generators. and Transformers merely of current but
change
the
voltage
magnitude
generate
neither. is
transformer
determined
and impedance, the impedance of the generators and system to the terminals of the transformer and the impedance of the
circuit from the transformer to the short circuit. As symmetrical sources. or in illustrated short circuit in figure 2.2, the has total several
current
usually
The first includes generators either in the plant utility motors. located system or both. The second comprises
the
The third source is induction motors, in every plant and building. Because
currents
decay with time due to reduction of flux in short circuit, the total short-circuit So even though only the
machine
after
current
decays
with
time.
symmetrical part of the short-circuit current is considered, the magnitude of current-is highest at the first half cycle
after short circuit and is of lower value a few cycle later. Note that the induction motor component disappears entirely
2.5
impedance
of
rotating
machine
consists
of reactance and is not one simple value as it is or a piece of cable, but is complex and For example, if a short circuit is
transformer with to
variable applied
time.
- T O T A L ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT
OC
COMPONENT AC COMPONEHT
(a) Symmetrical
(b) Asymmetrical
14
current current behaves starts as out shown in figure 2.2a (generator). at a high value and decays The to
a
value after some time has elapsed from the Since the field excitation
and
short interval of time considered, the reactance of the may be assumed-to explain the change in the current have changed with time after the short circuit was
machine value-to
requires a comlicated formula involving time as one variables. Therefore, values for for the sake of
motors
short-circuit called
>
of
occurs,
2 )
Transient following
reactance
(X'd)
determines
the
current
the period when subtransient reactance is the value. Transient reactance is effective up
controlling to onehalf
of the machine.
3 )
Synchronous determines is
reactance
(Xd) is the
reactance
that
the current flow when steady state condition It is not effective until several seconds
reached.
after
motors
have no field coils, but the rotor bars act like the winding in
a
amortisseur motors to
Appendix
1
used
(impedance for
reactances
the
words
"symmetrical"
and
"asymmetrical"
the shape of the ac waves about the zero axis. of the peaks of the current they waves are
I f
are
envelopes
around
the
zero
axis,
called
current". currents
Figure 2.2a shows the symmetrical from four sources combined into
16
axis, shows they the are called "asymmetrical current". asymmetrical Figure 2.2b
component from all sources. Most asymmetrical circuit short-circuit during the currents are nearly always
first
occurs.
during the first cycle after the short circuit occurs and in a few cycles gradully becomes symmetrical as shown on figure 2.2b. Asymmetrical currents are analyzed in terms of two components, shown on a symmetrical 2.2b. is current and a dc component as discussed the
figure
As
previously
component
short circuit and decays to a steady state value due to apparent change in machine reactance. that is, those containing In all practical the dc
resistance,
will also decay to zero as the energy represented component of is the is dissipated The as
dc
I2R
of
resistance component
circuit.
rate
a function of the resistance and reactance of In practical circuits, the dc component decays
the circuit.
CHAPTER THREE
SHORT-CIRCUIT-CURRENT CALCULATIONS
maximum
magnitude
of
short-circuit current
known in order to coordinate protective devices as to select earlier, adequate there interrupting are three ratings. methods As of
mentioned
basic
calculating short-circuit current: network analyzer, digital computer, voltage simple and longhand the calculation. For a radial medium-
system to use.
the Belle plant, which is used as an example in this report, is done by this longhand calculation method.. Since the
system contains a three-winding transformer and other loops, delta-wye impedances. Appendix network transformations is used to combine
Method of combining impedances are included in The following steps identify the basic
2.
>
Make
certain assumptions in a way that simplifies the and also maximum short-circuit current can
calculation
be calculated.
2 )
Prepare
system
single-line
diagram
which
it
should
Prepare
system
impedance
18
the interconnected circuit impedances that control the
Identify system.
>
Calculate system.
symmetrical
short-circuit
>
Calculate currents
interrupting all
and
momentary
short-circuit
for
Certain calculation.
iibolted". That is, it has zero impedance. not only simplifies the
factor
since
calculated
equipment its
selected
assumed,
The
system
one-line
diagram
is
fundamental to
19
short circuit and analysis. components It should include all significant and show their interconnections.
equipment Refer to
Appendix
The circuit
impedance diagram displays the interconnected that control Impedance and the magnitude should of be
impedances
currents. momentary
diagrams
interrupting
short-circuit
calculations.
system
single-line diagram, by replacing all elements diagram with their calculated per-unit
the
single-line
Specified reactances of a motor, generator, or should be used. The resistance of all and low,
reactors,
1000
motors, is so
rating)
600 volts
and higher
Appendix 1 shows
the tables used for selecting a reactance of these cables for the Belle plant impedance diagram. After it has been decided what elements of the
single-line diagram, of
diagram
are
the
mechanics of making the impedance diagram and the short-circuit current magnitude used in
determining
1)
The cent
first ohms,
step or
is
to decide whether to use ohms, per ohms to represent the various Ohms are
per-unit
impedances
recommended because of the difficalty of converting from one voltage base to another without error.
report
in per-unit.
2)
The
second
step in making an impedance diagram is to generator and motor and utility supply connected bus" . to a zero impedance bus or bus represents the
represent by a
every
reactance
so-called internal
"infinit voltage
This
of
These
X= [MVAbase I / [MVAUtilityI P e l l .
50
hp,
circuit smaller a
study, this report recommends that induction motors than 50 hp should be lumped together and treated as impedance on the secondary side of the supply
single
21 transformer. reactance for the of This will slightly reduces the equivalent
the system, which means, the calculated value and interrupting short circuit will be
momentary higher.
slightly
system protection when selecting protective devices. Table sequence multiple Al-1 in Appendix 1 shows the positive-
reactance factors.
of the short-circuit sources with their These multiple factors are used when
determining momentary and interrupting short-circuit current for motor factor selecting in circuit breakers. For example, for a 600 hp
is
1.2
for
momentary The is
calculation of six
and
3.0 for
case.
reciprocal normally by
factor, has to
which be
multiplied
Xth(momentary)=l.2 (1/6) (base KVA/ KVA load) p . u. Xth(interrupting) =3.0 (1/6) (base KVA/KVA load) p . u .
KVA(1oad) = (power factor) (motor hp)
3 )
The third step is to add the reactance of cables, buses, transformers, current transformers and circuit breakers, in their proper location to complete the impedance
digram.
3.4
All
buses
should
be
identified.
The location
where short circuit studies are required should be selected. In many studies, all buses are faulted. currents The type of short-
in
includes the fault locations calculated for the Belle Locations were mainly picked on main buses and
After
completing
the
impedance
diagram
and
inserting the values of reactance or impedance for each part ot one the diagram, it is necessary to reduce this network to value. in Longhand this method If of combining
equivalent is
reactances
used
report.
reactances in the system, the following shows how to combine them. a) Combining series reactances: X1+%+X3=X =equivalent reactance e of circuit components
X1,%,X3=reactances
b)
Xe=equivalent reactance
Some by merely sytems are such that they cannot be reduced series and parallel reactances. For
combining
example, the equivalent impedance diagram of the Belle plant is shown in Appendix 2 (figure A2-5). In order to reduce
this circuit to a single reactance, wye-delta transformation is used. By these transformation any commonly encountered diagram can be reduced to one equivalent
system
impedance
short-circuit current is I=E/X where E is the system driving voltage and X is the equivalent positive impedance. When calculations are made in per-unit four base quantities : and base
KVA, base
voltage,
impedance,
base current.
assigned values, the other two values can be derived. common practice to assign study base
Base current and base impedance are then derived For example, The
base
assigned
line-to-line voltages.
system
Following
circuit calculations:
Basic per-unit relationship: Per-unit voltage=actual voltage/base voltage Per-unit current=actual current/base current Per-unit impedance=actual impedance/base impedance Change base : XpUNEW= (XpUOLD) (NEW from percent on an old base to per unit on a new
KVABASE/OLD KVABASE)
(OLD
KVBASE/NEW KVBASE
Ip.u.=Ep.u.jZp.u.
symmetrical
phase
short-circuit
[ZP.U.I
KVA, KVA=KVA(base) /Z (p .u . )
three-phase
I=E
L-n
/Z where
EL-n =line to
impedance in ohms per phase. Calculation voltage section momentary locations. level for the for several points at different
fact led
that to
the the
has
short-circuit-current ratings on power circuit breakers: (1) the momentary rating or its ability to withstand mechanical due to high short-circuit current
stresses
2 ) the and (
interrupting
short-circuit current within its interrupting element. Calculation asymmetrical short current may be of at the precise rms value of an
circuit to
very the
factors
account
for
required, as well as accurate factors for the rate of change of the apparent reactance of the generators. may This precise
method been
be used if desired, but simplified methods have whereby the dc component is accounted for by The multiplying factor converts
evolved
the rms value of the symmetrical (interrupting) ac wave into rms amperes of the asymmetrical (momentary) wave including a dc component. The magnitude of the dc component depends upon the point on the voltage wave at which the short circuit occurs. For protective-device is application, only the maximum dc
component
26
applied to handle the maximum short-circuit current that can occur in a system. In the general case for circuits rated above 600
volts, the multiplying factor to account for dc component is 1.6 the times first the rms value of the ac symmetrical component at cycle. factor For to circuits calculate
is 1.25 when the circuit breaker is applied on current in three phases. These factors are
average
listed in table 3.1 [2] . Since the short-circuit current is maximum at the
first-cycle, the short-circuit current must be determined at the first-cycle to determine the maximum momentary duty on a circuit the breaker. To determine the short-circuit current at
first cycle, it is necessary to consider all sources of current, that is, the generators, synchronous motors, and utility connections. The
short-circuit motors,
induction
reactances induction
(Xud) of
motors are
Procedure
for
determining
momentary
current
by
impedance at this
at that point.
of
multiplying factor as mentioned/ earlier, to find the total short-circuit-current duty per-unit
if
E/ZM
times
Where
IIC is the
first-cycle
short-circuit asymmetrical
current.
check the interrupting duty on a power circuit short-circuit current should be determined at The time
required
over a considerable rang, because of variation in relay time and in circuit-breaker for will the be operating speed. The fewer cycles
circuit-breaker
contacts
to
part, the
upon
tripping variation
speed, power circuit breakers have been grouped into several classes, such as eight-cycle, five-cycle, and three-cycle
circuit breakers. In industrial plants, eight-cycle circuit breakers are generally has used. Normally, the induction-motor
disappeared,
changed
condition part.
before
the
Therefore,
commonly used power circuit breakers, generator subtransient reactance and synchronous-motor transient reactance are used and unlike other methods, motor which induction motors are
induction cause
transient
current safety
to be higher than the actual value, which creates a factor for selection of circuit breakers for the
specifying the generator and motors reactances and using These factors are listed in Table 3.1
a multiplying factor.
The procedure for determining interrupting current consists of calculating E / Z I , the breaker at divided that the line to neutral voltage at
impedance factors
to
determine
breaker total current interrupting rating. Reactance 1969 for motors, values used with
transformers, generators,
Table 3.1 Machine Reactance and Multiplying Factors Used in Simplified calculation of Short-circuit Duty
[I1
I
L-V Power Circuit Breakers L-V Molded-core Qr#kers Circuit L-V Motor Controllers (Incorporaiing Fusesor M o i d d rose Circuit Breakers) L-V Fuses 1-V Buswoy
Synchronous Motors
Induction Motors
I
Symmetrical Amperes Available Subtransient (x7 Subtransient
(x?
Subtronsient (x")
None
k s &racing im
L-V Switchgear 1-V Switchboards L-V Motor-controi Canters L-V Panelboards
Power Circuif Ereakors (above 600 volts) with Rated Interrupting Times of 8 cydes (Refer to the Total Current Rating k r i s ASA C37.6-1964)
Interrupting--Symmetrical
+aperesor MVA Available Subtransient Transient
General Caset
Sp&l Caret
Noglut
1 .I
Subtmnsient
(xl)
Subtmnsient (x") Subtransient
1x1
Subtransient (xl) Subtransient
15$
Subtransient
1.27
(x?
(x?
CHAPTER FOUR
FOR PROTECTION
We terms of
usually more
think
of an electric power system in parts, the big generating lines, etc. While
its
impressive
voltage
some of the basic elements, there are many other and fascinating components. Protective relaying
necessary
is one of these [ 3 ] . The protection system and function of protective is and relaying for system
and its
coordination components
duration of service interruption whenever equipment failure, human error, The or "acts of GOD" occur on any portion of the equipment is aided in this task by are capable of disconnecting the
relaying that
breakers element
when
they
to protect the system from short-circuit or fault currents. Protection as science and for electric systems is an art as well be designed with the following
should
objectives in mind:
protective
equipment
will sense an
current
system.
be completely separate, interconnected only through external control wiring, or they may be the same device or separate
devices mechanically coupled to function as a single device. Equipments used for protection are overvurrent relays,
4.1
OVERCURRENT RELAYS
Overcurrent must
relays
are
be
device to interrupt a short circuit and isolate the affected portion of the system. These relays may be either
They may be
33
instantaneous current time, or time delay in response. Various time
extremely inverse time, and definite minimum time are over a wide range of current setting. The
available
overcurrent
Taps
0.5,0.6,0.8,1.2,1.5,2.0,2.0,2.5
1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,6.0
4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,10,12,16
The or double
The contact
circuits are arranged insuch a way that tripping occurs only when power of current flow has proper relationship to the voltage with The actual tripping
the
circuit
element, current
the overcurrent element does not operate until the is flowing in the proper direction and is above the The overcurrent element cannot operate on a
pickup setting.
fault in the nontripping direction. For typical application refer to Appendix 5 (section A5.3) The instantaneous
element
34
higher element. in than that which should operate the time-delay
The contacts ot this element are either connected with the contacts of the time-delay element or to seperate time terminals. This element is between two
parallel
they mainly
aconnected used
when
interval
required
overcurrent relays can not be made in the short time region. Refer to Appendix
(section
A5.12)
for
instantaneous
setting used in portion of the Belle plant. The relays used time-current characteristics for a variety of in this report are shown in Appendix 6. These give the contact closing times for the
4.2
FUSES
Fuses protective
are
the The
oldest fuse is
and both
simplest
of
all
They are installed in series with the by the melting of a fusible link in
response to the current flow through them on an inverse time current fusible basis. elements the They are current are one-shot devices in the since their process of
destroyed flow.
interrupting
to
interrupt or
short
circuit
current
up to their
rating circuit
the
ability by
current
interrupting
before it reaches its maximum value. As compared. example, shown in table 4.1, several types of fuses are Each fuse has a different characteristic. For
code-type fuses are not recommended because of low capability and high melting current (70 times
interrupting
fuse rated current) at 0.01 second. Current limiting Amptrap fuses have high interrupting capability and very low melting current These should (3.3 times fuse rated current) at 0.01 second.
fuses not
are mainly recommended for branch circuits and be used for protection of transformers. Since
transformers have an inrush current (sometimes 12 times full load current). This type of fuses will melt before the
Table 4 . 1
Fuse Classification
melt in
10 s 3 3,000
70
Rowan AIR-SEAL
30 25
3.5 3
50,000
I
30 20 45 5
6
50)000
1OO)OOO
5.5
1 0 % ; ; ;
1 Current
limiting
15 2.5 2.5 3 100, 000 100 ,000 100 000
)
,
1
I I
I
I
13
12
3.3
100,000
37
COST
OF FUSES [51
Approximate costs of fuse types, for given,
NEC fuse
C-S one time
Rowan air seal
C-S trionic
Fusetron Lo-peak Current Limiting
Semi
this basis, the Chase-Sha~ut(C-S) one-time fuse appears the optimum for all uses within its interrupting capability of
50,000 amperes.
(C-S)
one-time
fuses
are current
as
limiting
Amptrap.
Table
Available current
(
Let- through current (thousands of amperes peak AMPTRAP) (Amptrap fuse rating)
RMS
amperes
50,000
7.8
--.
--- -"- - - -
11
16
--
24
-- ----
35
--
Fuses,
and
4.3
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breakers are interrupting devices only and must the be used in conjunction with sensing devices to fulfill detection function. In the case of medium-voltage
39
(1-72.5 KV) separate circuit breakers, relays the sensing devices are In
protective
or combinations of relays.
the case of low voltage (under 1000 volts) circuit breakers, sensing devices of may be external protective relays or
relays.
molded-case breakers
circuit having
the equipment are used. The ratings which apply to circuit breakers and
the actual assigned numerical values reflect the mechanical, electrical, and thermal capabilities of their major
1)
2)
3 )
used on molded-case circuit breakers and low voltage circuit breakers are of long-time these those and delay and instantaneous. The
characteristics low-level
for
persist,
4 0
a short-time-delay characteristic in place of the
characteristic. and
short-time-delay
delayed allowable
tripping
the circuit breaker without instantaneous trip element. These so that better new breakers are used for the Belle plant, can be obtained throughout the Refer to
protection
system
without
Appendix curve,
6
which
(section shows
A6.7)
for
The
protection
of
generators
involves
the
consideration of more possible abnormal operating conditions than the protection of any other system element.
An
increasing, which requires more automatic equipment and less manual supervision. Such practice requires more automatic
4 1
was formerly the responsibility of attendants [ 3 ] . The generator settings following protective relays are used for the
protection. of
Refer to Appendix 3 for the type and relays used for the Belle plant
protective
generator protection.
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS These relays are used for generators rated 1000
KVA or higher [ 3 ] .
best for the
because of its high-speed instantaneous capability. Generally, the practice relays relay. the is trip This to a have the
auxiliary
following:
(1)
trip
( 2 )
breaker, (3) shut down the prime alarm. These will result in
(4) operate
an
SOLID STATE UNDER-FREQUENCY RELAYS These relays are used for automatic load-shedding. When a system overload occurs, under-frequency relays must load to arrest frequency decline. plants may be impaired below The output of
57-57.5
disconnect generating
Hz, so
OVER-VOLTAGE
RELAYS
This type of relays are used for hydroelectric and gas-turbine additional Then generators. resistance over-voltage It operates by first causing
into the generator or exciter field. persists, the main generator breaker
if
trips.
OVER-TEMPERATURE RELAYS
Unbalanced three-phase stator currents cause
These current quickly increase rotor temperature and serious with damage such to the generator if it continues to These relays will prevent
operate
conditions.
RELAYS
synchronous
such operation because they do not have amortisseur windings that can carry the induced rotor currents. Most operation the of a systems cannot tolerate the continued
In fact, if
43
excitation, widespread instability may very quickly develop, and a major system shutdown may occur. When a generator
loses
excitation,
to as much as 4 times the generator's rated load. cause extensive instability in the system. of loss of excitation relay The is a
selective
type
directional-distance type operating from the a-c current and voltage at the main generator terminals [ 3 ] .
Motoring protection is for the benefit of the prime mover or the system, and not for the generator. However, it is
considered generator.
here,
ground fault will not cause any damage or affect the However, the existence
single ground fault increases the stress to ground at points in the field winding when voltages are induced Thus, the probability of
other
4 4
Note: refer to Appendix 3 for the types and settings used for protection of the Belle plant generator.
The
function
of
transformer
protection
is
to
disconnect
1)
To
prevent in
from load
developing current
and,
thereby,
insulation
or
conductors.
Protection
2 )
To
prevent
mechanical
and
thermal
effects
of large
"through" currents from causing permanent deformation or other damage to the transformer. Such protection is
3 )
To
minimize
the and
spread
of
damage
inside
a faulted
transformer,
minimize
power-system
disturbance
TRANSFORMER SHORT CIRCUIT CAPABILITIES The short-circuit ability of a transformer to withstand through current is defined as its "ANSI point". This
45
point
specifies
the
magnitude
and
duration
of
maximum
permissable through current that a transformer can withstand without sustaining damage. Values rated full-load of the
current
with four percent or less impedance, to 1 4 . 3 times the rated full load current for 5 seconds, for transformers with seven percent protect clear of
a
impedance the
as
shown
in
table
4.5.
To properly
transformer, the
primary
in the stated time at 87 percent of the current value delta-delta bank, and
58 percent of the value of a
delta-wye bank.
Irms (sym)
87% I
SYM. rms
58% I
SYM. rms
TIME(s) Allowable
FAULT
L-N
Delta-Wye
14 X Rated 2
22 X Rated
Current
17 X Rated
less
5
Current
Current
11 X Rated
3
20 X Rated
Current
Current
14
Current
16.6
X Rated
X Rated
9 X Rated
Current
8
Current
7% or 1 4 . 3
Current
X Rated
12 X Rated
Current
X Rated
Current
more
1
Current
actuating current.
precise
magnitude
and
duration
of
inrush
from one transformer to another, and, for any can only be determined by test.
transformer, used
of 0.1 second.
times the full-load rated primary current of the transformer for 0.1 second, without damaging the fuse, in order to pass the inrush currents which occur during switching
safely
operations. Refer to Appendix 4 for tranformer protection used throughout the Belle plant.
CHAPTER
FIVE
The coordination study of an electric power system consists in of an organized time-current study of all devices from the utilization device to the source. a This
series is
study
devices to operate when certain levels of normal or abnormal current pass through the protective devices.
A
study are
coordination be
study
or
revision of a provious
should added to
made for an existing plant when new loads system or when existing equipment is
the
replaced
A coordination study
should also be made when the available short-circuit current of the source to a plant or is increased. necessary This to study assure
determines
settings
ratings
coordination after system changes have been made. The determine the objective of a coordination and study is to
settings of
protective load
unfaulted
isolate a fault or overload anywhere in the system. same time, the devices and settings selected must protection against overloads on the
provide
satisfactory
4 8
equipment, possible. and interrupt short circuits as rapidly as
5.1
In protective
order
to
currents should be provided for every bus on the system. (1) Maximum and minimum 0 to 3 cycle (momentary) total rms short-circuit current
( 2 )
Maximum
total rms short-circuit current These short-circuit current values are obtained as described in Chapter Three. The currents currents devices are to maximum used which to and minimum 0 to 3 cycle (momentary) determine the and maximum and minimum direct-acting trip
instantaneous and to
respond,
breakers, fuses, switches, and bus bracings. The at maximum maximum 3 cycle to 1 s (interrupting) current will verify the ratings of circuit
generation
4 9
breakers, current interval fuses, at is and cables. the circuit The This is also the value of protection maximum coordination cycle to 1 s
which
established. current at
(interruptig) determine
minimum
generation is needed to
circuits is adequate.
be maintained between the curves of various in order to ensure correct sequential These intervals are required fuses have damage
devices of the
devices. have
relays
overtravel,
characteristics, and circuit breakers have certain speeds of operation. These intervals are often called margins.
0.3-0.4 seconds [ 6 ] .
This
interval
considered between relay curves, either at the setting of the load side feeder circuit
instantaneous
breaker relay, or at the maximum short circuit current which can the flow lower through both devices simultaneously, whichever is value
of current.
.08 seconds
.10 seconds
50
.12-.22
seconds
circuit breakers indicate that the system still with the decreased margins. The overtravel of
coordinates very is
inverse somewhat in
and extremely inverse time overcurrent relays less time than for inverse relays, allowing a
decrease
interval for carefully tested systems to Seconds time interval is used for
0.3
seconds.
0.3
coordination of the Belle plant overcurrent relays. When trip units circuit breakers equipped with direct-acting coordinated with relayed circuit breakers,
are
A
characteristic considered times point. for the a as
basic is the
understanding to any
of study.
time-current Time
essential
0 is
time at which the fault occurs, and all curve are the elapsed time from that
shown
on
the
The curves that are drawn are response times, since, radial system, all the devices between the fault and experience the same current until one of them
source
coordination
curve
is
arranged
so
that the
region below and to the left of the curve represents an area of no operation. The curves represent a locus of a family
UJ.
of
paired
coordinates
time is required for device operation at a selected value of current. Reading range of times to current along the abscissa, the time or
in which any device is expected to operate the ordinate or ordinates of the curve
corresponds plotted.
minimum value of current which will cause the relay to close its contacts) and end at the maximum short-circuit current
to which the device under consideration can be subjected. single curve should be drawn for any device
under
consideration.
5.2
The
11
Apparent
power
and
voltage
ratings
as well as the
2)
Nameplate
ratings
and
subtransient
reactance
of all
3 )
52
characteristics, and ranges of adjustment Refer plant to Appendix 2 (section A2.4) for the Belle diagram, which includes the above
single-line
and also in Chapter Three. The characteristics for the new third and requirement is the time-current
the devices under consideration. The forth requirement is starting currents and
Once to their
this select
information the
protective function
assigned and
of protecting individual
of
equipment
are
several
methods
available
to
on
minimize the
abnormalities
system
itself
utilization
as follows.
1)
Coordination by table Use of device characteristic curve Use of typical time curve of device (new method
2 )
3 )
presented in this report) The following section will explain these method in detail with some examples.
METHOD ONE COORDINATION BY TABLE This method mainly uses fuse as the protective
device for the coordination of the system. In through shows the a fuse use applications, of selectivity selectivity coordination is achieved Table 5.1 various
typical
of fuses. type of
This schedule is limited to several This table is used as a simple that identical or reduced
fuses.
selectivity
assuming
fault currents flow through the circuits in desending order, that is, main-feeder-branch.
desired when the simple check as outlined is not sufficient, and can be accomplished by plotting fuse time-current
characteristic curves on log-log graph paper. For example, when the largest branch device is a
100 A
current
54
Table branch or load device or
5.2 shows
protective
the
between or
the
device
supply
protective in main
when a power air circuit breaker is used circuit. For example, for a current
supply
limiting 2.5
fuse used in branch or load circuit, a multiple of the ratio of 80 percent long time pickup to 500 time pickup of power air circuit breaker This multiple is
times
percent should
1.25 when
1000 percent short time pickup is used. Some of the basic rules of coordination for this
6 ]: method are [
clearing not
exceed
side fuse.
in the current-limiting range. Below the current-limiting range the as time/current follows: characteristic (1) add curves may be
for the downstream fuse, (2) subtract 10 the curve current values for the upstream
resulting curves should allow at least a 10 margin between the two fuses based upon fuse. The result is a minimum fuse size
current
downstream
55
coordination.
2)
Branch
device
clearing
time
m u s t be u n d e r 80% o f t h e
Branch or
load device
current limiting, dual element, semi lag,c-s Amptrap,limitron, trionic and one-time and
Table 5.2 Power air circuit breaker Minimum band Branch or load device Main or supply device (minimum multiple of branch device) 80% long time pickup 160%long time pickup
b .
-- --
-- -- -" --
--
----
--.-----
ratio
1 b 2 r I
2.5 5.0
NEC
Molded case air circuit breaker 50 A 100 A 100 A (heavy duty) 225 A 4.0 5.0 2.0 2.5
7.0
3.5
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
600 A
58
multiple scale current in ampere should be selected and on the bottom of the log-log paper. Then proper
marked
multipliers for the various voltage levels considered in the study curves are calculated. protective device characteristic
window pane, or a glassed-topped box with a lamp in it. sheet placed current of on
log-log paper on which the study is being made is top of the device characteristic curve, the
scale of the study lined up with that of the device The curves for all the various setting and being studied may then be traced or
.
characteristic. ratings of
devices
examined [4].
co-ordination curves which has been practiced throughout the Belle for of plant coordination study. This method is recommended
more accurate protective relaying coordination. Instead device characteristic relays curve, Typical time curves of
overcurrent time
versus
overcurrent settings.
relay
several amount
tap of
value
time dial
Knowing
59
current dividing and current transformer ratio is essential. By
several
values
ratio and the tap value, several multiples of tap values can be found. Refering to the curve time for these multiples of
tap value can be found depending upon what time dial setting have been selected. At this time the short circuit current These points are Now let's assume
and the time for several points are known. then that be of ploted and traced on log-log paper.
an overcurrent relay at a different voltage level must with this relay. The minimum interval time In
coordinated
0.3
order to illustrate this method of coordination and decision making, is are a portion of Belle plant detailed relaying diagram
shown as an example in figure 4.2 and the related curves shown in figure 4.3. Figure 4.1 shows the typical time of
curves
CO-9
overcurrent
relay.
EXAMPLE :
Figure overcurrent relays need
4.2 shows
portion
detailed in
drawing.
involved
this portion of the system, which will the incoming power company feeder
coordination relay.
with
overcurrent the
other first
of the system, unit 2A breaker must operate only feeder 2A shuts down. If the short
circuit operate.
is
cleared
yet,
curves that was selected and ploted for maximum protection of this portion of the system. Following data are required
for the selection of these curves. No.2 primary feeder overcurrent relay data Circuit: Bank No.1 primary Relay type: Westinghouse CO-9 C.T. ratio: 200/5=40/1 Available Taps=1.0,1.2,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5~4.0,5.0,6 7.0,8.0,10.0,12.0 Ampere range of relay=l-12 Circuit voltage: 4 6 kV level Maximum available short circuit
6 kV level: 14,300 A at 4
Unit 2A overcurrent relay data Circuit: Unit 2A Relay type: Westinghouse CO-9 C.T. ratio: 800/5=160/1 Available taps= same as relay No.1 Ampere range of relay=l-12 Circuit voltage: 12 kV level
61 Maximum available short circuit at 12 kV level: 19,400 A Since Bank No.1 is upstream in the system relative to Unit 2A, its overcurrent relay should be drawn first and
then unit 2A overcurrent curve should be drawn to coordinate with that. Relay No.1 settings C.T.=200/5=40/1 Let's select the following setting to see if proper
coordination can be obtained. Selected tap=12 Selected time lever=lO Selected multiple current=lO Selected voltage level=46kV Multiple of tap value=(short-circuit current) / (tap) (C.T.ratio) Pickup* value= (tap) (C.T. ratio) *Pickup is the minimum value of the current that can start
the relay to close its contact. Point No. 1: 14,300 A /(12) (40)=29 off scale on figure 4.1 Point No.2 : 9,000A
/ (12) (40)=18.75
For this value and time lever of 10, time will be equal to 1.2 seconds from figure 4.1. Point No.3 : 7,000 A Point No.4: 5,000 A
relay curve as shown on figure 4.3 (curve number 1). Relay No.2 settings C.T.=800/5=160/1 Let's select the following setting, so that proper
coordination can be obtained with the upstream relay. Selected tap=7 Selected time lever=7 Selected multiple current=lO Selected voltage level=12 kV Maximum available short circuit at 12 kV=19,400 A (19,400) (12 kV) / ( 4 6 kV) =5,060 A at 46 kV level Point No. 1 : 5060/ ( 7 )(160)=4.5 at 4 6 kV level For this value and time lever of 7, time=2.1 s
A at 46 kV level
As
shown
unit
2A in
overcurrent relay (curve number 7 ) will case of a fault and will clear the fault relay operates, since there is
first Bank
No.1. primary
operation
based
OVER C U R R E Y T R E L A Y
5 0 - 6 0 tiERTZ
V)
S W
Y ,
F i g u r e 5 . 1 T y p i c a l t i m e c u r v e s of t y p e CO-9
Relay [7]
I2KV
B U S '0"
--*-a3;7 --
5.4 TESTING
OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES
This requires that the system or protective device be subjected of to abnormal the electrical or conditions and the to
operation
system
devices
compared
2)
The
values it
of
current
are
high
therefore
shortest possible length and largest,.cross sectional area between test unit and circuit breaker..
In some cases,
5)
Trip
devices
must
be
allowed
to
performing a check test. Molded-case circuit breaker should be tested for The recommended
(1)
timing of unit
and test
values trip
current is three times the circuit breaker The tripping time must be measured and
rating.
circuit
breakers
may
be relatively
band
reveal circuit breakers that will not trip, those that abnormally long test plus to trip, and those that have no time reveals that the circuit breaker is or minus
I f
the
within of the
its published curves and this tolerance does not electric system coordination or stability, the
should be rejected.
tripping
magnetically. marks is
satisfactory.
to the lowest calibration point to verify that the unit pick up.
minimum calibration point, then pickup will be assumed to be within manufacturer's tolerances.
LOW-VOLTAGE
overcurrent
electrical The
test must be run on each individual trip device. of any one of these devices will trip all
operation
68
poles of the circuit breaker. The circuit recommended test for a low-voltage power
breakers
units if the
( 2 ) instantaneous pickup.
The time delay recommended is three it values of test current for long
times the trip unit setting, and for is one and one-half times the circuit delay If the setting; circuit determine the
short-time breaker
delay
instantaneous operate
within
time current curves, then suitable adjustment should be made as recommended by the manufacturer.
PROTECTIVE RELAYS The protective relay is the brain of the electric It is the relay that senses an abnormal
protective circuit.
condition and then sends the message to other devices on the system. Therefore it is imperative that any relay work be
A
relay given with
timing its
check
should
be
closes
contacts
within
designated
69
Based equipment used on in above the methods all the protective
tested for proper operation and coordination for the entire system. The 12 kV molded-case circuit breakers were tested
as follow:
Minimum pickup long time delay (LTD) Minimum less than pickup pickup was checked by applying 10 percent current for 10 minutes. The breaker did
tripped.
(STD)
LTD was
The
blocked to be sure it does not trip was closed and set to zero. The and test current gradually was
breaker pushed
operate
was
increased.
All
Zero adjust test This close when test dial is to determine that relay contacts With the continuity
the
is set at zero.
light connected across the terminals, time dial was manually turned until the indicator light on the test set glowed.
Pickup test This current needed test to is to determine the minimum operating the relay contacts for any
close
value
alternately
increase
continuity indicating light flickers was found and recorded. This flickering and indicates that the contacts are "just"
making were
breaking. than
higher
too great and was adjusted for the correct tap value.
A
relay values minimum
timing
check
should
be
closes its contacts within a specified time for given of current. Three times tap value was used as the Timer
switch push
was
put was
button
and adjust the test unit to pass the test the relay coil. The timer selector switch
changed was
"N.O.MAINTAIN1' and the main ammeter preset to was a value just under the test current. to zero and the initiate push
pointer Then
the
timer
reset
button coil
was and
pressed.
This puts test current on the relay When relay contacts close, the The
timer will stop and current will be removed from relay. test
Some relay operating were too fast and the time dial setting was increased up to 1/2 division.
CHAPTER S I X
CONCLUSIONS
This
report
has
calculations
by using typical time curves of the protective quick and isolation of the affected portion of
low-voltage power
medium-voltage
industrial
and commercial
systems. for
The method of longhand calculation is not large power systems, since these plants
closed
loops. is
technique
As
electrical coordination example 480-volt for
a result of the study done for the Belle plant short-circuit-current of protective report; breakers devices show have calculation which and
was used as an
this
that
feeder
adequate
interrupting
ratings.
Short-circuit
duties
the air
circuit breakers installed at the purchased-power substation should ratings the be reviewed again for proper operation and adequate significant load is to be added, that time, Then only one worst-case
when
12-kV
transformer
and
73
symmetrical approximately to the interrupting
250-MVA.
duty
would
be
reduced
to
system,
its
equipment it supplies. Based calculated were for on the values of the short-circuit-currents the Belle plant, proper protective devices
selected of
and coordinated for the detection and prompt the affected portion of the system whenever a occurs in the system. The recommended relay
isolation
short-circuit
settings associated with these devices were field-tested for proper operation based on the method of testing mentioned in section 4.7. This industrial application planning of report will be a good reference manual for
plant
engineers, electricians, industrial power and others who are involved with the facilities for low-voltage and
engineers
electrical
BIBLIOGRAPHY
apparatus
distribution
sales for
circuit commercial
current power
calculations
system^,'^
General
Electric Co., September 1978. Donald Beeman. "Industrial Power Systems Handbook," New York, N.Y. 1955.
Russell
4.
F.A.Leinberger. !!Relay co-ordination procedures for an imaginary medium size industrial plant," General
Electric Co.
5.
R.H.Lee.
fault Memo 12-43," E.I.Dupont Co. Wilmington, Delaware. 6. D.Dalasta, Norman peach, R.H.Kaufman and W.A.Weddendorf.
It
IEEE
recommended of
practice industrial
for and
protection commercial
and power
co-ordination system,"
- )
instrument Relay
Differential
Generator
Protection,If
Westinghouse
1.L.41-331.2D,
Westinghouse
Electric
Relay
instrument Ground
division.
"Type
CWC
and
CWP
Directional
Relays
10. Relay instrument division. "Type SDF-1 solid state under frequency relay instruction," Westinghouse 1.L.41-504.1, Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark 11. Relay relay department. "Type DT-3
instruction,"
Westinghouse
Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark, N.J. 1975. 12. Relay instrument division. "Type CVE-1 and CVE
Synchro-Verifire
relays
instruction,"
Westinghouse
1.L.41-681.1N) Westinghouse Electric Co, Coral Springs, FL . 13. Relay-instrument division. "Type KAB high impedance bus differential relay," Westinghouse 1.L.41-337.4F.
Westinghouse Electric Co., Coral Springs, FL. May 1981. 14. Relay instrument division. "Type HU and HU-1 transformer differential relays instruction, Westinghouse
, Newark, N.J.
instrument division. "Type SC, SC-1, SV and SV-1 instruction," Westinghouse Electric Co. Newark,
16. Relay
instrument
division.
"Type
CV voltage relay,"
Electric Co.
Westinghouse
1.L.41-201K. Westinghouse
Type
COM
overcurrent
relay," Westinghous
1.L.41-102E.Westinghouse Electric
18. Relay
type
instrument
DS
and
DSL
circuit
breaker,"Westinghouse
Application
--
First-Cycle (Momentary) Calculation for Utility Supply Plant Generators Synchronous Motors Induction Motors (Above 1000 hp >I200 rpm) (Above 250 hp >I800 rpm)
Positive-Sequence Reactance
H.V. Breaker
XS X" X I f
x1 r
. I ' r 1.2Xlr
.25X"
Interrupting Calculations for H.V. Breakers Utility supply Plant Generators Synchronous Motors Induction Motors (Above 1000 hp >I200 rpm) (Above 250 hp >I800 rpm) (All other motors 50 - 1000 hp) (Less than 50 hp) Non-rotating Equipment lr = Locked Rotor, %=utility reactance
%
X I f
1 . 5X"
1.5Xlr 1. 5Xlr
3. OXlr
Infinity
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~ , 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~
V) c
u
C
$ ' N * 6 m W O m N m m * P O r n v N P P W 9 o ~ lIc o m~ n , o ~ e . c ~: ~ * m m q - n e~ ~ q o ~ w * - no ~ m ~ c *y m~ v m c u @ ~ . m m i * ~ * ~ ~ m m m m m m q q q q v q o n o o o
X O C O O C O O O O O O O Q O C O O O O O O O
......................
6 AhG 3 AhO
U O
ALtG
3/0 AkG
410 AkG 250 M C ! A 300 MCM 3 5 0 !.CCU 400 YC!I 5 0 0 IACM
6a0 MCM
753 M C ! A 1000 A!CN 12>0 ).{C!.i
15CC UCM 1750 MCX 2 0 0 0 MCM
Approximate Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance of M00.volt Cables in Magnetic Ducts per 100 H
Throe singlo-conduda cabiu p u duct, ohm p u 100
Coblo ria.
z
0.313s 0.1210 0.0781 0.0503 0.0325 0.0212 0.0173 0.0143 0.0119 0.0101 0.00817 0.00102 0.00733 0.00690 0.00657 0.0061 1 0.00U1
I
0.3291 0.1241 0.07808 0.04944 0.03154 0.02017 0.01619 0.01304 0.01061 0.008785 0.007335 0.006527 0.003791 0.005299 0.001923 0 . ~ 0.003723 9
Ma 14 Awq..
WalOAwq.. No.8Awg
. 0.3135
0.1240 0.0779 0.0491 0.0118 0.0203 0.0163 0.0131 0.0106 0.00860 0.0070a 0.00609 0:00520 0.00461 0.00119 0.0.00219
...
. .
0.3133 0.1240 0.0779 0.0493 0.0112 0.0197 0.0157 0.0125 0.0100 0.00800 0.00640 0.W7 0.00460 0.00400 0.00354 0.00292 0.0010(
0.006664 0.005745 0.005308 0.004941 0.004619 0.004366 0.003961 0.003792 0.003677 0.003631 0.003313 0.003362 0.003311 0.003U7 0.a3436 o.oo3wr 0.001018
lb. 6 AwQ..
4A g
.-
0.0U741 0.00681 0.00623 0.00566 0.00567 0.00545 0.00535 0.00529 0.0056 0.00519 0.00314 0.00506 0.W95 0.W4
..
100 M C M .
350 M C M . . 400 M U . .
... ..
b b k
1
Fa wrr.cclng r e d e a r n
No.0010 250 MCM
No. 6 to
No. 8 A r g
No. 0 A r g
0 . 9 6
0 . 8
0 . 9 3
0 . 8 3
0.72
armor.
f o c t m for correcting ruistoncm f o a a for ronocting rooctoncm, all rizm of coblo
0.17
1 .O
0.98
I / 1 / / /
230 4 575 2,400 4,160
Coblo h e ,
6,900
I
throo ringltcamdw9or coblw in iron conduit................ Thrononducror coblo m iron conduit or in#-d 0rolor.d l cable.. kao-conductor enblo in m a g neticduct..................
13,100
No. 4 to 1 Awg
I
0,351 0.222 0.194 0.11 0.0955 0.0276
91.3
24.6 18 14.7
1 /0
15-14
................... 71.8
5 1 1 . 5
11.5 9.4
0.024
Cablo siro..No.
cobla in ironconduit n*eo-conducta cublo in imn conduit or i n t . r k c t d o-ad coblo.. ecconductor cable in nommogwnetic+&
hrw nnglccarc)uctor
................
92.5
23.2
14.83
0.953
0.318
17.1 13.72
10.9 1 . 1
0.6
0.2
I I/
0.0943
0.0237
Cable Six.,
$:
I
re* singlrconductu cablu m iron condvtt.. recconductor coblo in irom condwt or interlocked armored coblo. he.-conductor coble in -magd c d w
.............
11.3
13-63 0.868
0.219
9.85 1.19
0.331 0.477
0.179
0.0796
O.W
0.01 0.0176
11.8
0.139
APPENDIX 2
A2.1
DESCRIPTION
OF THE WORK
work shows the short-circuit study and relay for the for entire the power-house plant, electrical (one of the This
system
Belle
plant is required to modernize power house coal handling and electrical distribution reliability for the entire system so that can greater load capacity, improved reliability and safety be achieved for the entire sytem. electrical facilities Modernization of the will improve the
power-house
electrical reliability of the power house by installation of a new 46-kV feeder from the existing structure between the
"A1' and
transformer 12-kV power breaker
to
new
7.5MVA, 46/12-kV
A secondary
feeder house in
will
be provided from the transformer to the with a new secondary air circuit
complete the
circuit breaker located in the turbine area switchgear room. The new incoming circuit breaker in the turbine area
switchgear the
83
a block diagram.
T h i s s t u d y w i l l i n s u r e a d e q u a t e r a t i n g s of a l l t h e
air
circuit
breakers
and
proper
relay
coordination
throughout t h e system.
Utility . W 9 9/1
,
t N t '0" 46Kv
n
Bus
B n k tb.7, IWcl
F i g u r e A2-1 Block d i a g r a m of s y s t e m s e t u p
A2.2
12-kV
electric magnetic blast eight cycles are installed at the purchased power incoming supply and feeder breakers.
substation
as
A2.3
SYSTEM ASSUMPTIONS
ANSI
calculation voltage The of
Standard fault
37.5-1969
contains a guide
for
currents for application of AC highrated this on a total current basis. study are the same as those
circuit
breakers used in
procedures
jX impedance only.
Certain simplifying assumptions were made for this calculation which are as follows.
1.
line diagram.
electrical distribution switching diagram was starting point in developing the system singleThis diagram shows the normal distribution the best available definition of the system
diagram. represents
for fault studies. For purposes of this study, the system was defined to and start at the 46-kV bus at the purchased power substation continue through the 12-kV overhead distribution system
4 8 0 volt.
and treated
Motors smaller than 50 hP were lumped together as a single impedance on the secondary side of
the supply transformer. Data conductor on transformer impedances, transmission line and lengths and bus duct capacity at the
sizes
purchased power substation were obtained from drawings. The single-line diagram used for this study is
Figure A2-2
A2.5
few
impedance diagrams are patterned after the The arrangement of elements should aid in
identification of any given component in the two types diagrams (one-line of vs impedance) even though
components and significant points in the impossible impedance. of as the network is reduced The per-unit system lends
become
single-value to analysis
then
derived the
diagrams
Appendix 2, which contains the subtransient reactance of the system generator, the utility system reactance, and the perunit value of all the transformers, feeder cables and the
motor loads is shown in figure A2-4, Appendix 2. The impedance follows. Utility: X=5MVA/1020MVA=.0049 P.U. per-unit values for all components on
diagram
(figure
Transformer (TI) :
Transformer(T2):
Zp=1/2(ZpS+ZpT-ZST) =1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (19.66%+7.91%-18.83%) = .0146 P.U. Zs=1/2(2PS+ Z ST-Z PT)=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (19.66%+18.83%-7.91%) = .0509 P.U. ZT=1/2 (ZPT+ZST-ZPS)=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (7.91%+18.83%-19.66%) = ,0118 P.U. Transformer (T3) : Transformer (T4) : Transformer (T5) : Transformer(T6) : Transformer(T7):
X= (5.09%)(5MVA/2.8MVA)= .0909 P . U. X= (5.32%)(5MVA/3.75MVA)= . 0709 P.U. X= (5.39%)(5MVA/3.75MVA)= .0719 P .U. X=(5.09%)(5MVA/2.8MVA)= .0909 P .U.
X=(5.55%) (5MVA/2.OMVA)=.139 P.U.
will
2.
3X1r
determined
approximate reactances of cables for various voltage levels These the values feeders. will be the actual impedance (ohm) values of
MVA3phase
/5MVA=28.8 ohms
1 section A1.3 shows the ohmic values of aluminum cables in magnetic and non-
15-kV
copper
and
magnetic
0422ohms/1000f t
50ft(.0422/1000ft)=.0021ohms/50ft
Per-unit impedance=.0021/28.8=.0001 P.U.
2.
2.4-kV feeder, 3-3/C-750MCM/phase, 130ft long 2 Base impedance= (2.4kV) /5MVA=1.152 Appendix 1 Section A1.4, shows the ohmic values of
5-kV cables in magnetic ducts per 100ft. the correction factors for
non-magnetic
R=.00208ohms/100ft
and X=.003088ohms/100ft then Z=.003723ohms/100ft For 3-3/C-750MCM, Z=1/3(.003723ohms/10Oft)=.0013/100ft For 130ft, Z=130ft(.0013ohms/10Oft)=.0017 ohms From section A1.5 correction factor for 750MCM cable in nonmagnetic ducts is 0.72, so 2=.0017(.72)=.0012 ohms Per unit impedance=.0012/1.152=.0011 P.U. Table short-circuit A2-1 in Appendix 2 shows the results of the calculations for momentary and interrupting This information
91
Multiplying ground faults. factors for three-phase and line-to-
Figure A2-4
A2.6
CASE 1: Momentary short-circuit calculation for fault "A"at 12-kV bus as shown in figure A2-1 and A2-5.
The system
simplified
impedance
The
Wye-Delta
transformation
for
fault
"A" is
shown on figure A2-7. MVASC=BASE MVA/XthP.U.=5MVA/.0188=416MVA -BASE MVA/ (kVLL BASE) 103=5 (lo6) /12 (lo3) ~ = 2 4 A 0 IBASEA I S C ' I B A S E /XthP.U.=240/.0188=20,000.00
'Tp,u, 1
Infinite B u s Infinite R u 0 P*u*
,85337
mgQTA
C
,kw
P.u.
Infinite B u s
I
.P.U.
5263 P.U.
,8146 p*u.
8123 p.u.
*em
P*U.
" "
Fault 'A'
To s i y l i Q this portin of t h c i r r i t . W D E L T A trrrrfmtim i s brar wrd.
95
.
simplified impedance diagram for the entire
The system
Infinitr RJS
The
Wye-Delta
transformation
for
fault
"A" is
IBASE-
The
used for
same
method locations
other for
other
points
Infinite Bus
UYE
Infinite Bus
-> DELTA
I T
Infinite Bus
Infinite Wu
WYE-DELTA transformation
B a s e 5 MVA
..-----
.--
.---
Amperes
F a u l t "B" 46 K V
MVP.s~ I 1140
Fault
l f ~ l l
46 KV
1140
1
I
17,660 10,400
Ii
I
-
---
L
53
-.. ... -. .
MvAsc
1121 1121
18,178
13,136 22,396 12,923 8,010 37,240 48,440 48,600
378
52
89
51 32 148 40 40
1 F a u l t "K" 480 V
A3.1
TYPE CA PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 10% (WESTINGHOUSE) [8] The type CA generator relay is available in two
designs: one for 10 percent sensitivity and the other for 25 percent sensitivity. Figure A3-1 shows the operating curves for
10
percent
smaller restraint current must flow in the operating coil to cause tripping when the restraining currents are in phase. One setting is required for this relay, that is, This setting should be on the
number one position as manufacturer recommended The only setting required on the
.
indicating
tap
setting.
volt
A tap is used
instead of 2.0 A tap. set time dial 1, figure A3-1. ICS (indicating contactor switch) . 2 amps
CWC GENERATOR GROUND A-C DIRECTIONAL OV3RCURRENT RELAY [9] The relay: following information is required to set this
1) The
maximum at
and the
ground
fault
fualts
values should be residual current which is three times the zero sequence current.
2 ) The
maximum
and
(IU) or
voltage should
values be
These values
residual
C u u r 5.rr-
H;
La t .
#&.A
rc%v e u i
,
ZOO/*
SFF
YRCT
occa3Sq
Ull.Z,'l4
uua-
3 ) The
current I1
R=M (I1/IU),for the 0.25 to 4.0 product range Iprimary (polarizing)=50 A, C.T. ratio=50/5=10/1 Isecondary (polarizing)=50 A, C.T. ratio=50/5=10/1
Secondary current Secondary current Product of
OCCRATINO C O K A Y C C R C S
Figure A3-1
R=M
( 1 I u ) select
tap)
from dial=2
figure
A3-3
Note : The typical time curves for the type CWC relay
apply i f the values of (R) falls within the shaded area of the curve shown on figure
A3-3,
(K) in amperes.
- -
Figure
A3-3
typical
time
curves
of
the
Total time = 0.09 s + 2(0.0167) + S(0.0167) = .21 s The ground relay 50/GN has 0.5 s delay, this allows 0.29 s
generator figure
is on, fault F1 and F2 see 11+12=100 A, so A3-2 and table A3-1, for the 0.25 to 4.0
using
R=4 (100/50) =8
.25)=200
+ 5(.0167)=. 18 s
the calculated value of delay time for this for coordination with the ground relay on
proper
0.25 amperes, no setting was required for this relay. Set: All ITH relays on minimum pickup .25amps.
Device 59G generator over voltage relay The transformer, permitted relay P.T.= is energized from a potential voltage
12000/120=100
volts,
maximum
on generator continuously is about 105 percent or volts. 120 volts relay set at tap=5 designed
1.05(120)=126
to operate at 122 volts, then 122/120 = 1.016 percent, Relay is factory set for tap = 5 and lever = 10, field to adjust 104 percent continuous over
Device 53G volts per hertz relay Type volt/hertz .lvolt/hertz maximum. for SVF form 2E1, hitachi, maximum permissable is 1 . 2 per-unit. Relay setable
generator
increment.
Device 60G voltage balance relay Type SDV3 form W-3E2, hitachi, these voltages will normally be balanced. be selected. Therefore most sensitive setting will
Device 64F field ground relay Relay used, single of a because type field
SG
circuits
ground fault will not damage or affect the operation generator in any way. However, the existence of a
single
points in the field winding when voltages are induced in the field by stator transients [ 4 ] . This relay is factory set,
Device 27G high speed under-voltage relay Type agiven at W3-UT21-21 E2, this relay functions on
value of under-voltage,
approximately
curve.
impedance traces a path from first quadrant into a region of the fourth quadrant that is entered only when excitation is reduced or lost. By encompassing this region
severely
107 within the relay characteristic, the relay will operate when the generator breaker first starts to slip poles and will trip the and disconnect the generator from the system As
field
before either the generator or the system can be harmed. shown on figure A3-6 ZA-1.98 and R=1.03.
= [ (KV)2 / ~ [ ~ (RC/RV) ~ ] ] =12'/14.564 'base ZA=l.98(19.776)=39.16 ohms.
Zc=.0 8(19.776)=1.58 ohms. (SA) must be greater than or equal Z 'base A' therefore: 19.7(SA)> 39.16, then SA must be atleast 3.0, so set S A
Figure A 3 - 6
CRN-1 Reverse power relay (Westinghouse) Set seconds. relay to detect monitoring in approximate 6 Set timing
Using
COQ Generator negative sequence relay (westinghouse) From 200/1 and hitachi generator data C.T.ratio = 1000/5 or amperes. 701/200 = 3.505
SDF-1 Under frequency relay (westinghouse) r101 Figure actual A3-7 shows the effect of time delay on the at which tripping takes placeunder
conditions. to
crossed. For constant below relay figure 6Hz/s example, suppose that for a system of inertia it is required that the frequency not dip Assume the
H=2,
57.5Hz
A3-7
rate
indicates of
that
decline.
delay setting will close its trip contact when the frequency
112 has dropped 1.7Hz below the set point, or 57.5Hz, for this Thus 15 cycles to is the the maximum desired
overload acceptable
setting
obtain
cycles
delay relay
provided.
frequency
degree centigrade. Since this relay alarms high temperature only, set relay at 115 degrees
C to provide operator a
RATE OF FREQUENCY
D E C L I N E . HZ / SEC.
H-2 H=4
10
20
I
50
30
40
1
90
50
60
70
1
10
I
20
1
30
I
40
I
60
I
70
1
80 100
1
120
x
1
140
(ASSUME LOAD
APPROX. PERCENT SYSTEM OVERLOAD CONSTANT WITH FREQUENCY AND PF H = SYSTEM INERTIA CONSTANT, KW-SECMVA
.as)
Fig k3-7 SDF-1 Relay Tripping Delay Under Declining Fig A3-7 SDF-1 Relay Tripping Delay Under Declining
Frequency Conditions [lo]
CVE-1 Syncheck relays (Westinghouse) [ I 2 1 For as follows: breaker No.10 (in unit No.4) CVE-1 setting is The time dial should be set so that the relay
will not operate when the system are swinging too fast. From figure
A3-8
(Westinghouse)
for
relay calibrated from factory, set the time dial setting =1, then the operating time will be about 2.8 seconds. It time dial is equal recommended by the manufacturer to set the 11, when 60 degree circle setting is used
Figure 113-8 Operating time variations with changes in time-dial settings. Rated in phase voltage on
[I21
U (Westinghouse)
following are suggested settings and may have in field due to various voltage differences
that occur. Voltage acceptor: Lower limit 110 volts Upper limit 120 volts Difference limit 5 volts Voltage matcher 2 volts times 3 second Pulse duration time .25 second Field check closing times of all synchronizing breaker and
KAB
relay The type 1) of the
bus
differential
relay
is an instantaneous
high impedance type used for bus protection. points should be considered on any proposed
following
faults, than
knee
voltage
Vk, value
4 )
To
from operation on external faults, the knee voltage value of the best ct which is connected to the relay should be in figure A3-9.
The
knee
voltage of the
is defined as the intersection of the two straight and line portions of the
extention saturation
curve,
ordinate
abscissa
must be same
scale for each decade. 5) The maximum number of circuits which can be connected to the to relay or the minimum internal fault current required operate the relay can be estimated from the following
equation
I =(XI,+IR+IV)N min
current, voltage. equal in to
,where
Imin=minimum
setting
internal
fault
RMS. Ie=ct
secondary ,the
VR. I ~ C u r r e n t
circuit
V-unit.
turn's
Device
maximum
ground
fault
is
the
sum
of
transformer ground and the generator ground. Maximum ground fault=50A+50A=100 Amps Switchgear short circuit available=500 3 Phase symmetrical f ault=500 1200/5 CT,
MVA
M V A /( ~1 2 ~ =24 ~ ) KA
=.471 ohms
Voltage unit setting (3 phase fault) C.T. Saturation Factor=(RS+RL)IF/N.VK=.392 Margin Factor, K=1.32, found from figure A 3 - 9 . Relay voltage, VR=K(R S+RL)IF/N, then VR=82 volt, so pick the relay voltage, VR=90 volts.
2.4KV
Bus
differential
Switchgear rating = 200 MVA Maximum fault = 48,000 A Minimum fault = 24,000 A Maximum ground fault = 340 A C.T. 2000/5 = 400/1 =
Knee voltage = 240 volts = VK C.T. DC Resistance = .858ohms = RS One way lead resistance = .032 (50ft of # 8 ) = RL
R S+RL- . 8 9 ohms
Figure A3-9
.T .
C . T. Saturation Factor
From figure A3-9, margin factor, K> .95 VR=K (RS+RL) IF/N=. 95 ( .89 ohms) (48,000amps) / 4 0 0 Pick relay voltage, VR = 120 volts Check minimum fault current required to operate the relay.
=
101.5
= 6 circuits
VR=120 volts
IE = .015 A
1 . 0A
APPENDIX 4
BELLE PLANT TRAiiSFORMER PROTECTION
A4.1
(Westinghouse) In and check order to calculate the required tap settings performance the following
current
transformer
information is required.
4 ) One
Definition of terms
IP-Primary current at (KVA)M IR=Relay input current at (KVA)M IRH IRL IRI are
) )
same
as
intermediate voltage sides respectively. IS=CT secondary current at (KVA) T=Relay tap setting.
High
Intermediate
Low
(KVA)M= 15MVA
(KVA)M= 15MVA
(KVA)M= 15MVA
1)
300/5 C . T. ratio
2)
Is(high) =Ip/N=188/60=3. 13 A
IS(interm.) =Ip/N=721/240=3.0 A
IS(low)=I,/N=3600/1121=3.22
IR(low) =IS(low)=3.22 A
TAPhigh=TH=3. 2 (3.13/3.22)=3.11
TAPinterm.=TI-3.2 (3.0/3.22)=2.98
TAPlOw=TL=3.2
3 )
Mismatch calculation High side %Mismatch=100 [(IRhigh/IRinterm. ) - (TH/TI) ] /S S=The smaller of IRhigh/IRinterm. or TH/TI TH/TI=3.2/2.9=1.10 and IRhigh/IRinterm.=3.13/3.0=1.043 Then S=1.043
%Mismatch=100(1.043-1.103)/1.043=-5.79
%
Intermediate side %M=lOO [ (1,intex-m. /IRlow) - (TI/TL) 1 / S T /T -2.9/3.2=.906 and I interm./I low=3.0/3.22=.932 I LR R Then S=.906
%M=100(.932-.906)/.906=2.87%
4)
Check C.T. performance for WYE connection High side ZT=1.13RL+0.15/T +Z ohms, where R =.I63 Q 75 degree
H A
ZT=1.13(.5)+0.15/3.2=.61 ohms
Low side
Tintermz3
'
T ~ o=3.2) w
Type SC circuit switcher relay (Westinghouse) r151 The Wide the range proper type
SC
current
of voltage or current and can be calibrated for pickup setting. The type that is used here is a
4 0
to
Dropout ratio for a-c is between 90-98% and for d-c would be 65-80%. The proper adjustments to insure correct operation of this relay have been made at the factory. Range=40-160 amps. Circuit switcher interrupting rating =8,000A for primary faults. Primary C.T. ratio=200/5=40/1
125 160(40/1)=6400 the relay. No.2 amps, maximum current which will operate Since circuit switcher has to clear the fault primary feeder and coordinate with overcurrent
before
relay on bank No.1 then, the instantaneous setting =I60 A as shown in Appendix 5 section A5.1.
126
APPENDIX 5
DRAWINGS
A 5 . 1 "A" s w i t c h h o u s e , Bank N o . 1 and 1 2 k V B u s " D M
A5.1 continued Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9
relay curves.
UNIT
FROM IZKV 2
SWGR
clALn/Fz43n c m ~ mrm r Ln
r u 4 i~L
A5.3 continued Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9
relay curves.
ZEPO SEQUENCE
!'
NOTE: REFER TO W615413 FOR hE TAl LED G E N E R A T O R RELAY SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM.
A 5 . 4 continued
A5.5 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9
relay curves.
A 5 . 6 continued
CuQRErJT RELAY
#5 B~ICER FEEDWATER
PUMP
A5.7 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.9 for selection of type AA12P overload relay curves. Fuse curves are shown in Appendix 7.
-------- -.--
I .-,--... . -
.----..--.-.
- - -,,*--
. . L
---
... . ..
-..-..
- -- - . -
- -
.
1 .
.,.*-
. - - - ----,
U v L r m r ruu cunxrwr IN A
n s x a X & A T ~xv. A
A 5 . 8 2.4kV 7 5 h p m o t o r a s h pump
Z 4 K V UNIT 3 A
p ; R u A D a
(3
50/5
L.R.
OVER
CURREUT
RELAY
A5.8 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.9 for selection of type AA12P overload relay curves. Fuse curves are shown in Appendix 7.
mmarrcrIS_n
a l m H
N A I L CI /%-A
--
cr
m rm r r r rn
&
nnmnro-H
Cf -,%-A
1 U I L -
I m r mu *
cmlr miu
m u R - X
n u l
A 5 . 9 continued
UNIT
68
F.D. FACJ
A5.10 continued Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.4 for selection of type CON-5 overcurrent relay curves. Type AA12P overload relay curves
& ,
A5.11 continued Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9
relay curves.
MULTIPLY $CALL C U R R E N T IN A M P E R E S
X =AT-?&
KV
SECIPC, PUMP
relay curves.
BANK
4GKV
4CKY
1 5M V A
*7
IZKV
IZKY
A 5 . 1 3 continued
Refer
to
Appendix of type
selection
CO-7,
CO-9
and
CO-11
relay
curves
respectively.
A5.14 continued
Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of
relay curves.
UNIT 4 A
UNIT 4 6
A 5 . 1 5 continued
Refer type
relay curves.
er
TY__ IL
nanmrrcr>
a l
-+-n n
mlDAsl
mr-m-I2
CT
' 5 - n c w n mrrcr n
. n ma-um ur-m-x
1 U 1 1 -
-U IL L-/I n
'
I
CI
, /
'OAT= KV.
UNIT 4A
UNIT 4 8
A5.16 continued
Refer type to Appendix 6 section A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of
relay curves.
( n
roowe
T L
4 -
cr. -R--n
NLllRUM&#V
mr m m w R
cr. a ,%>/I
m ~ mrm r Ll
LV
NI-;anvrunr m1'mb an
BLLI
r m -
L I
c m i 1 1Y a r m
-<'
A5.17 continued Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.7 and A6.8 for selection of Amptector
A 5 . 1 8 4 8 0 V f e e d e r s , ECR No.8 s h e e t 2
BLR* 9 MCC
=Rat4
MCC
BLR'ISUCC
AS.18 continued Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.7 and A6.8 for selection of Amptector
AS.19 continued Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.7 and A 6 . 8 for selection of Arnptector 11-A and DSL-206 limiters. Appendix 7 shows
A 5 . 2 0 2.4kV 5 5 0 h p motors
A5.20 continued Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of
relay curves.
APPENDIX
WESTINGHOUSE
OVERCURRENT,
V)
Q 2
0
U
9 10
12 14 16 18 20
M U L T i P L E S OF T A P V A L U E C U R R E H T
T,r
cul T
C , r v e q i thr T v o e
CO 9
RCIO~
A 6 . 3 Type
TIME D I A L SETTING
T y p , c o l Trme C u r v e o i the T y p e
C O -l i Relay
l
i
'
J
I
I , ,
,.*
1
I
TYPICAL T I M E CURVES
OVER CURRENT R E L A Y
8 910
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
v )
16
0
U W
v )
14
12
10
1 )
1C
2C
30
40
50
60
7G
80
90
0 1OC
P E A C E N T TAP V A L U E V O L T A G E
TIP,cal60-crcle T ~ , ~ W C U ~ or* tho O S t y p o C V 2 S h o e T ; m * Undorvoltope R e l o r .
A 6 . 6 Type CV-7
Over a n d Under V o l t a g e R e l a y [ l G ]
T r P . < a l Y 1 - c y c ~ +t ~ m rc v r e x o f t h e t y p e C V 7 I h r r T . 0 . Ow..
o l d Umd.rroltap*
R.iey,
A 6 . 8 Type DSL-206 L i m i t e r s [ 1 8 ]
"
- n - - - -
TRIP
n M E
IN SECONDS
Y
I.
I
L.
G.
, #
. ) U
" - -3
..--; -.
2
.(
- ,.__, M I
---.--. . .-LIW'
"
"
---"I
I -
-I
.-.-.-
I I
_ . . - ' . n . . o
--..-,.z
. .
. .. - .- .. .
---&i
A 6 . 9 Continued
- -
- - - - o
. . . . . . .. ....
"
I.
- . - - I .
o - ' ., ,. .0
+:-
,_ _.
,
--
"
a
,
1,.
-.
-----
--+
4
---.
.
4
..........
. ! *
I
'.-. . . . . . . .
,
. & ,, . . ,
. . . . . . . .
.
, -
. . < . .
'r)
. .
> - .
. . . . . . . . .
I .
8
;
-c
7 . y
1
L l n O i - . - & - -
uo---0
- 1 , -,..-..-+-8
--.--..
- - - ------
---i-.3-t
--,-.----
' .. -r
I
-_-A
-.-2 Zd:6i
..........,..................
...
f IIS6,jf
1.-
. , A .
b:
TRtP T I H E
SECO&JDf
A 6 . 9 Continued
f R I P TIME IN SECONDS
4hl, ----
.- .
...
xw .m
. . .
. l
. -. ..
I . .
- - --.
. .
. I: I . -. . ! :... .--r.-. :
..
3m
b
6.--
. -.
.
. - ",
"
4 . -
,i-.-
.-.-
.-
. - - - i d .
-. . . . . . . . . . .
, . -
. . . . .
-..
...
-----
. .
L.-.
-----..
--I
: :
r r g r z x i
522i!?f
1rZa
T R I P TIWE IN S E C O N D S .
A 6 . 9 Continued
TRlP TtME
IN SECONDS
i--1--7-
t a
LX:,
- l .
<,.*.
...
----------. .
. r
. . . . . . . A -
-----i . ? .
--..
L...
L..
.-..
-., -.
-.---.
. , # , ,.
.
8
- -. - -..-.
..
.
-.-,
,
.
.
-.
I
_ _ #
.--*
1 M
\..-
rur
-0
.-------.-,--.-.. : .,- --.--.--: -..-. :--!A_ --;..-____ ,-,r * + , l ---.* __; , . -----.. - .. -..1.L-I -.--.. - . . -.. ...-..-- -- . . - .
'
._A
8 ,
"
- - - a -
L U
. ..----.
I
.-.
f 5 3
. 8Z.i:
'
-1
TRlP T I W E IN S E C O N D S
A 6 . 9 Continued
T R I P TIME IN SECONDS
A 6 . 9 Continued.
L47.2 Type
KRP-C H I - C A P F u s e s ( 6 0 0 ~[I91 )
APPENDIX 8
AND FUNCTIONS
AND FUNCTIONS
Each device in an automatic switching equipment has a device function the device number symbol which on is placed adjacent to or all wiring diagrams and
within
drawings so that its function and operation may identified. These numbers are based on a system adopted as standard for Automatic Switchgear by Association and appear in ASA
which the
American
Standards
The
following
is
list
of
functions as taken from this standard. DEVICE No. FUNCTION Master Element Time delay Starting or Closing Relay Checking or Interlocking relay Master Contactor Stopping Device Starting Circuit Breaker Anode Circuit Breaker Control Power Disconnecting Device Reversing Device Unit Sequence Device Reversed for future application
AND DEFINITION
.1 2
3
Overspeed Device Synchronous speed Device Underspeed Device Speed or Frequency Matching Device Reversed for future application Shunting or Discharge Switch Accelarating or Decelerating Device Starting to Run Transition Contactor Electrically Operated Valve Distance Relay Equalizer Circuit Breaker Temperature Control Device Reversed for future application Synchronizing or synchronism Check Device Apparatus Thermal Device Undervoltage Relay Reserved for future application Isolating Contactor Annunciator Relay Separate Excitation Device Direction power Relay Position Switch Motor Operated Sequence Switch Brush operating or Slip ring Short cir. Device Polarity Device
Undercurrent or Under power Relay Bearing Protective Device Reversed for future application Field Relay Field Circuit Breaker Running Circuit Breaker Manual Transfer or Selector Device Unit Sequence Starting Relay Reversed for future application Reversed Phase or Phase Balanced Relay Phase Sequence Voltage Relay Incomplete Sequence Relay Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rate of rise A-C Time Overcurrent Relay A-C Circuit Breaker Exciter or DC Generator High speed D-C Circuit Breaker Power Factor Relay Field Application Relay Short Circuit or Grounding Device Power Rectifier Misfire Relay Overvoltage Relay Voltage Balance Relay Current Balance Relay
185
Time delay Stopping or Opening Relay Liquid or Gas Pressure, Level, or Flow Relay Ground Protection Relay Governor Notching or Jogging Device A-C Directional Overcurrent Relay Blocking Relay Permissive Control Device Electrically Operated Rheostat Reserved for future application D-C Circuit Breaker Load Resistor Contactor Alarm Relay Position Changing Mechanism D-C Overcurrent Relay Pulse Transmitter Phase Angle Measuring A-C Reclosing Relay Reserved for future application Frequency Relay D-C Reclosing Relay Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay Operating Mechanism Carrier or pilot wire Receiver Relay Locking out Relay
Differential Protective Relay Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator Line Switch Regulating Device Voltage Directional Relay Voltage and Power Directional Relay Field Changing Contactor Tripping or Trip Free Relay