National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC)

Principles To achieve sustainable development path that simultaneously advances environmental and economic objectives of NAPCC are: o Protecting poor and vulnerable sections inclusive + sustainable dev, sensitive to climate change o Achieve national growth objectives by qualitative change in direction that enhances ecological sustainability leading to further mitigation of GHGs o Device-effective & Cost-effective strategies for end use demand side mgmt. o Deploy appropriate technologies for both adaption and mitigation of GHG emissions o Innovative forms of market regulatory & voluntary mech. to promote sust. Dev. o Eff. Programs linking civil society & local govt. inst. And through PPPs o Intl. co-op for research, dev, sharing and transfer of tech. enabled by additional funding & global IPR regime that facilitates technology transfer to dev countries under UNFCCC Eight National Missions which form core of National Action Plan, representing multi-pronged, long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in context of climate change o National Solar Mission: Since a tropical country, ours, has a great potential as future energy source Newer, Reflector based technologies that could enable setting up MW scale solar power plants all over the country R&D Program to draw intl. coop for more affordable, convenient solar power o National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency: BEE Inst. Mechanism for implementation of energy efficiency measures A market based mechanism to enhance cost effectiveness of improvements in energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries through cert. of energy savings Shift to energy efficient appliances through innovative measures to make products more affordable Mechanism to help finance demand side mgmt. programs in all sectors by capturing future energy savings Develop fiscal instruments to promote energy efficiency o National Mission on Sustainable Habitat: ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code), design of new and large commercial buildings to optimize energy demand, incentives provided for retooling existing Recycling of waste major component of ecologically sustainable eco dev. Area of focus is for development of technology for producing power from waste Focus on Bio-chemical conversion, waste water use, sewage utilization and recycling options Better urban planning and shift to public transport o National Water Mission: Integrated water resource mgmt. to conserve, minimize wastage, equitable distribution

Framework to optimize water usage and increase water use efficiency by 20% To ensure that a considerable amount of water needs of urban areas are met through recycling of waste water, and ensure that water req. of coastal cities with inadequate alt. are met through adaption of new techs (Low temp desalination technology) o National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem: Sustaining and safeguarding Himalayan glacier and mountain eco-systems An observational and monitoring network for Himalayan env. To be established to assess fresh water resources and health of ecosystem o National Mission for a Green India: Forests preserve ecological balance & maintenance of biodiversity(Carbon sinks) Afforestation of 6million ha (increase forest cover from 23% to 33%) CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Mgmt & Planning Authority) to work o National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture: Device strategy to make Indian agriculture more climate resilient Identify and develop new varieties of crops and especially thermal resistant crops, alternative cropping patterns, capable of withstanding extreme weather, long dry spells, flooding and variable moisture New credit and insurance mechanisms to be devised to facilitate adoption of desired practices Focus on in improving productivity of Rainfed agriculture o National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change: Research, agenda, socio-economic impacts of climate change on health, demography, migration, patterns and livelihoods of coastal communities Climate Science Research Fund would be created under the Mission to support research Mission also to focus on dissemination of new knowledge based on research findings Implementation of Missions: o Building public awareness will be vital in supporting implementation of the NAPCC through national portals, media engagement, civil society involvement, curricula reform and recognition awards, details of which will be worked out by an empowered group o Institutional arrangements for managing climate change agenda: Advisory Council on Climate Change (Chairman PM), to respond effectively to challenge of climate change It provide guidelines on matter of coordinated national action on domestic agenda and review of implementation of NAPCC incl. its R&D agenda It guides on matters related to Intl. negotiations including bilateral, multilateral programmes for collaboration, research and development NAPCC Intro: o The warming of earth from 1850 to present is unequivocal:

The global atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased from a preindustrial value of about 280 to 379ppm in 2005 The temperature increases during 2090-99 relative to 1980-99 may range from 1,1 to 6.4 and sea-level rise from 0.18 to 0.59 metres o The need is to identify and prioritize strategies that promote development goals while also serving climate change objectives o Imperative of poverty alleviation: Economic reforms implemented since 1991 resulted faster growth of Indian economy, growth rates averaged roughly 8% while the population of india under poverty line is 27.5% and 44% are still without access to electricity Impacts of projections of climate change: o Impact on water resources Changes in key climate variables (temp, prec, hum) have significant long term implications for the quality and quantity of water A decline in total runoff for all river basins except Narmada and Tapti, is projected in Indias NATCOM Decline in runoff by more than 2/3rd is expected for Sabarmati & Luni Due to sea water rise the fresh water sources near coastal regions will suffer salt intrusion o Impacts on Food and Agriculture: IARI expect great loss in Rabi crop rise in 1deg temp will reduce wheat production by 4-5mil tonnes Small change in temperature or rainfall has significant effects on fruits, vegetable, tea, coffee, aromatic, medicinal plants and basmati rice Population of pathogens and Insects may increase dynamically with rise in temp Lower yields from dairy cattle & decline & fish breeding, migration, harvests Global report indicate a loss of 10-40% in crop production by 2100 Adaption and Mitigation: o Indias Policy Structure related to GHG Mitigation: The integrated Energy policy is adopted in 2006. Key provisions of it are Promotion of energy efficient in all sectors Emphasis on mass transport Emphasis on renewables including biofuels plantations Accelerated development of nuclear and hydropower for clean energy Focused R&D on several clean energy related technologies Some other provisions taken as part of other policies are Remove entry barriers and raise competition in exploration, extraction, conversion, transmission and distribution of primary & sec energy Accomplish price reform through full competition at point of sale Promote tax reforms to promote optimal fuel choices Augment and diversify energy options, sources and energy infra

 Provide tariffs for renewable (solar, wind, biomass cogeneration) Strengthen, and where applicable, introduce independent regulation o Introduction of labeling programme for appliances o Energy Conservation Building Code If all commercial space in India conform ECBC norms, energy consumption in this sector can be reduced by 30-40% o Energy audit of large industrial consumers o Mass transport; Clean air initiatives o Promotion of energy saving devices Bachat lamp Yojana o Promotion of biofuels Eight missions way forward: o National Solar Mission The average solar insolation incident over india is about 5.5kwh/m2. Just 1% of Indias land area can meet Indias entire electricity requirements till 2030 Solar based power technologies are extremely clean form of generation with practically no form of emissions at the point of generation Solar Thermal Power Generation(STPG) Also called as Concentrating Solar Power(CSP) use concentrated solar radiation as high temp energy source(>500deg) to produce electricity Solar Photovoltaic Generation(SPG) Here solar energy is directly converted to electricity using a semiconductor, usually a silicon diode (or Cadmium telluride) The objective would be delivering of solar energy competitively against fossil options from KW range of distributed & Solar PV to GW scale of base load priced and dispatchable CSP within next 20-25 years o National mission for enhanced energy efficiency in industry Industrial sector is the largest user of commercial energy in India of about 42% The direct CO2 emissions of industries is 31% of total CO2 emissions of country To enhance energy efficiency in big industries by Mandate specific energy consumption decreases in large energy consuming industries and facilitate the notified as designated consumers under Energy Conservation Act, and provide a framework to certify energy savings in excess of mandated savings. Certified excess savings may be traded amongst companies to meet mandated compliance req (similar to Kyoto between countries) Tax incentives for promotion of energy efficiency, incl. differential taxation on appliances that have been certified as energy efficient through energy labeling program

Create Energy efficient financing platforms for enabling PPP to capture energy savings through demand side mgmt. programs in municipal, buildings, agriculture sector Fiscal Incentives National Mission on Sustainable Habitat It comprises of Promoting energy efficiency in residential and commercial sector, mgmt. of municipal solid waste, promotion of urban public transport Energy Efficiency in residential and commercial sector: Energy use in commercial and residential buildings vary significantly across economic groups, building constr. Topology, climate etc. Implementing carbon mitigation options in buildings is associated with wide range of co-benefits, incl. improved energy security and system reliability Improved indoor and outdoor air quality and thereby improved health and quality of life Management of Municipal Solid Waste: Average rate of recycling (70 pc) of India is greater than that of most of the developed countries(US, Germany, Japan) and also the GHG emissions from MSW is also less compared with other countries Efforts at composting and generating electricity from waste have generally not been successful because of systematic, technology and pricing issues, including variable quality of waste, insufficient segregation of MSW, opposition to siting facilities from local residents National Environment Policy, 2006, provides for o Removal of barriers for benefit utilization of non-hazardous mat o Impl. PPP to operate haz and non-haz waste disposal facilities on payment of user fees, taking into acc. concerns of locals o Survey and Prep of national inventory of toxic and hazardous waste sites and online monitoring of their movement o Giving legal recognition to and strengthening informal sector systems of, collection and recycling and enhancing their access to finance and technology R&D need: o Biomethanation tech. for waste to energy (incl. segregations) o Dev of indigenous gas engines for waste to energy apps to reduce overall cost to the package o Upgrading plastic waste recycling tech to reduce occupational and environmental hazards o Recycling tech for constr. & demolition wastes & e-waste Promotion of Urban Public Transport:

The use of CNG helped reduce air pollution due to diesel use in some cities because of its low particulates emission Biofules Ethanol blending of gasoline upto 5% is needed in 9 states and is expected that this limit to be increased to 10% o Bio-diesel production from Jatropha Curcas and Pongamia shrubs is also increasing Hydrogen has the potential to replace fossil fuels in future o FCVs (Fuel Cell Vehicles) fuelled by hydrogen have zero CO2 emission and high efficiency, address air quality, and promotes energy security Following actions are proposed for transport sector: o Promoting use of coastal shipping and inland waterways, apart from rail based movement to long distance road based mov. o Encouraging energy R&D in railways o Introducing appropriate transport pricing measures to influence purchase & use of vehicles in respect of fuel eff. & fuel choice o Tightening of regulatory standards such as enforcing fueleconomy standards for automobile manufacturers o Establish mechanism to promote investments in dev. of high capacity public transport system o Abandoning of old vehicles to be made illegal with suitable legislation & fixing responsibility of owner in handling it o Setting of demonstration unit for recycling of vehicles, especially two wheelers, which require new techniques o Setting of a Combustion Research Institute to facilitate R&D in advanced engine design o Providing tax benefits and investment support for recovery of materials from scrap vehicles National Water Mission Studies on management of surface water resources Management and regulation of groundwater resources Accounts 40% of total available water resources in the country and meets nearly 55% irrigation requirements, 85% - rural & 50% - urban\ Upgrading storage structures for fresh water and drainage systems for wastewater Conservation of wetlands Development of desalination technologies National Mission for sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem It provides ecological security by forest cover, perennial rivers, irrigation and hydro power, conserving biodiversity, high value agriculture, spectacular landscapes

Relevant measures to conserve Himalayan Ecosystem are: Adopt appropriate land use planning and water shed mgmt. practices for sustainable dev. of mountain ecosystems Best practice norms for infra constr. In mountain regions to avoid or minimize damage to sensitive ecosystems and depositing of landscapes Encourage cultivation of traditional varieties of crops and horticulture by promotion of organic farming Promote sustainable tourism through best practice norms and access to ecological resources and multi-stakeholder partnership Considering particular unique mountains as entities with Incomparable values, in developing strategies for their protection National Mission for Green India Increase in forest cover and density Silviculture practices for fast growing and climate-hardy tree species Reduce fragmentation of forests by provision of corridors for species migration (both flora and fauna) Enhance PPP for raising plantations for increasing cover, density Impl. of Greening India Plan Formulation of forest fire management strategies Conserving Biodiversity Insitu & exsitu conserving of genetic species (of endangered, threatnd) Creation of Biodiversity registers for doc genetic diversity & Knowledge Eff. Impl. of Protected Area System under Wildlife Cons. Act Eff. Impl. of National Biodiversity Conservation Act, 2001 National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture Dryland Agriculture: Net cultivated area - 141mil ha; dryland/rainfed 85mil ha (60%) Risk management and Access to Information Strengthening of current agro and weather insurance mechanisms Creation of web enabled regional language based services for facilitation of weather based insurance Dev. of GIS and remote-sensing methodologies for detailed soil resource mapping and land use planning at level of watershed or a river basin Maintaining of regional soil, weather, genotypes, land-use patterns and water resources Provide information of off-season crops, aromatic and medicinal plants, green house crops, pasture development, agro forestry, livestock etc Use of Bio-technology Convert C3 crops to more carbon responsive C4 crops to achieve greater photosynthesis efficiency for increasing productivity

Dev. of crops with better water and nitrogen use efficiency which may result in reduced emissions of GHGs or greater tolerance to drought or submergence or salinity

National Mission of Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change: Research in key substantive domains of climate science like monsoon dynamics, aerosol science, ecosystem responses Model to improve quality & specificity of climate change incl. hydro cycles Create essential research infra (high perf computing & large bandwidth n/w) Other Initiatives: o GHG mitigation in Power Generation Reserves and Potential for generation Coal deposits Jharkhand, Orissa, Chattisgarh, WB, AP, Maha 99% Present energy mix in electricity generation in India o Coal(55); Hydro(26); Oil & Gas(10); Wind(7); nuclear(3) To adopt Super critical and Ultra-super critical plants (thermal plants) achieve efficiency of 40 & 45% resp compared to Sub-critical (35%) Indian coal (bituminous) comprise of High ash, low-sulfur content Focus on Closed cycle three staged nuclear power programme Other Renewable Energy Technologies Programme Usage of Biomass for power options Straight biomass combustion, Biomass Gasification o Not harmful to its counterpart coal ash, bio degradable, enhance agriculture productivity o Biomass growth water & soil conservation, T&D losses low o Disaster management response to extreme climate events Reducing risk to infra through better design Strengthening communication networks and disaster management facilities Protection of coastal areas Improvement in health sector enhanced public health care services, assessment of increased burden of disease due to climate change Creating appropriate capacity at different levels of government Recent Successful ongoing Non-conventional ongoing projects Technology Informatics Design Endeavor(TIDE), a Karnataka based NGO, disseminates smokeless stoves among rural women in the state. TIDE identified the Sarla stove, designed by the Centre of Science and Technology, to be the most effective as it was easy to build, use and maintain. Moreover, it required only agro waste as fuel, which is very accessible to the rural community.

The Bachat Lamp Yojana is a scheme developed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency that replaces incandescent bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) to avoid carbon dioxide emissions, overheating and overconsumption of electricity in households. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) coordinates the implementation of the Bachat Lamp Yojana in various states by supporting CFL manufacturers, traders and investors and through collaboration with Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOMs). Once the CFLs have reached their end of life, suppliers arrange for the collection and scrapping of CFLs in an environment friendly manner.

North Eastern Region Community Resource Management Project (NERCORMP) works towards the objective of creating livelihood for vulnerable groups while contributing to environmental conservation. The project, implemented jointly by the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the Government of India represented through the North Eastern Council, brings together the knowledge, expertise and ideologies of the government, IFAD, local civil societies and the communities to unleash the potentials for development tapped in the backward areas.

Husk Power Systems (HPS) is a rural electrification company that uses a renewable energy source to produce and supply electricity at a low cost and in an environmentally friendly way. The platform is a biomass gasification technology that converts rice husks into combustible gases that can drive generators to produce electricity.

Norwegian company, partnered with Development Alternatives (DA), an Indian non-profit organisation, to pilot the Community Solar Power Plant (CSPP) project in two villages: Rampura and Gopalpura in Jhansi district, Uttar Pradesh. A Village Energy Committee (VEC) was formed and trained to operate and maintain the solar plant locally.

Gali Vinod Simha