Hygiene and Bacteriology

Infection control

Government bodies and agencies

Each state or territory has its on legislation regarding different areas of beauty therapy. Depending on the state you may or may not be able to pierce the skin(e.g. use lancets) according to the skin penetration act. As a therapist it is your responsibility to be aware of what can legally be performed in your state.

Some agencies and bodies to be aware of:

Public Health (Skin Penetration) regulation 2000 NSW Health TGA- Therapeutic Goods Administration deals with which products can be allowed to be used and what products have been government tested for the Australian market for: quality safety efficacy, where appropriate, and timely availability

Infection control
Micro organisms are everywhere. It is not possible to live in a sterile environment so we need to make sure that the risk of cross infection is minimised. Because micro organisms are invisible traces may be present that can cause serious health risks such as Hepatitis B and C, and HIV Safe working practices must be applied at all times.

4 Classifications of infectious Microorganisms

Bacteria

Fungi
Viruses Parasites

Bacteria
Micro-organisms are microscopic (cannot be seen by the naked eye). They are plants or animals Sometimes called microbes they can exist almost anywhere. Bacteria is grouped into 2 primary types even though there are thousands of different kinds. 1. Non pathogenic 2. Pathogenic

Bacteria
Non pathogenic
Most Bacteria are non pathogenic. This means that they are completely harmless and do not cause disease. In our body non pathogenic bacteria break down food, protect us against infection and stimulate the immune system.

Pathogenic
These are considered harmful . They may cause disease or infection. Sanitary conditions must be practiced at all times to prevent spread of infection.

 Classification of pathogenic bacteria There are 3 types of Cocci bacteria. Their distinct shape makes it easy to identify them. They are round and can be found singularly or in groups.

1.Cocci
Staphyloccoci- this bacteria is pus forming and appears in clusters like a bunch of grapes. Can cause pustules, boils and abscesses
Streptococci- pus forming bacteria arranged in lines like a string of beads. Can cause strep throat and blood poisoning. Diplococci-grows in pairs and can cause diseases like pneumonia

Staphylococci

http://inst.bact.wisc.edu/inst/index.php?module=Book&func=d isplayarticle&art_id=137

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/strep-staph.htm

Streptococci

Impetigo

bottelsena.glogster.com/Scarlet-Fever/

http://www.bytheholyspirit.org/beliefs_values.html

Diplococci

http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mc13/bacterial_meningitis_causative_organism

 2. Bacilli

This bacteria is characterised by its rod like shape. Diseases from bacilli include tetanus(lock jaw),typhoid fever, diphtheria and tuberculosis.

Rod like shape of bacilli

microvet.arizona.edu/.../07Exams/bacilli.jpg

3. Spirilla

Spiral or corkscrewshaped bacteria. A subdivision of this can cause syphilis.

Spirilla bacteria

staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/.../standard/spirilla.jpg

Fungus Is a general term for the group of mushrooms, yeasts and moulds marked by the absence of chlorophyll They are highly contagious and responsible for athlete's foot(tinea pedis) as well as thrush

Tinea pedis (Athletes foot)

Thrives in a wet/warm environment

2.bp.blogspot.com/.../s400/athletes-foot_03.jpg

Viruses A virus is a microscopic organism that can infest almost all plants and animals including bacteria Viruses are responsible for the common cold, herpes, hepatitis, measles and chicken pox to name a few.

measles

http://dermatology.about.com/od/infection virus/ig/Measles/Measles-Rash-onBody.htm

Viruses and bacteria

A difference between viruses and bacteria is that viruses live only by penetrating cells and becoming part of them while bacteria can live on their own.

Viral infections cannot treated with anti-biotics.

Blood borne pathogens

Disease carrying bacteria and viruses that are carried through the body in blood or bodily fluids are called blood borne pathogens. These pathogens can enter the body in many ways : Through a break in the skin e.g.cut,scratch The mouth, eyes, ears, nose Unprotected sex

Parasites
Parasites can live internally(endoparasites) and externally(ectoparasites) Internal parasites can come from ingesting raw fish and meat. This can cause tapeworm, hookworms and round worms External parasites burrow in the skin. E.g. Head lice ,itch mites(scabies)

Parasites Head lice

Tapeworm

http://www.natural-health-and-wellbeing.com/head-lice-advice.html

http://www.adkforum.com/showthread.php?t=13365

Immunity
Is the ability of the body to resist disease. We can have immunity in 2 ways. 1. Natural Immunity- inherited resistance to disease (white blood cells and antibodies fight infection, unbroken skin is a natural barrier) 2. Aquired Immunity- through overcoming disease or through vaccination

Sanitisation, Disinfection, Sterilisation

http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Specials/Swine-flu2009/Pages/Swine-Flu-special-2009-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-yourside.html

www.bellchemicals.co.za/Catalogue/disinfectan...

Sanitisation
to significantly reduce the number of pathogens or disease producing organisms found on a surface Hand washing is a form of sanitisation. Antiseptics can kill, retard or prevent growth of bacteria but they are not classified as disinfectants. They are weaker than disinfectants.

Disinfectants
Disinfection is the killing of disease causing microorganisms except bacterial spores Disinfection is by either thermal or chemical methods The thermal method uses heat and water to kill micro-organisms Chemical method uses liquid solutions in which non porous implements can be soaked. They should be mixed with water according to manufacturers instructions to be effective.

Disinfectants
Anything that needs to be disinfected must be thoroughly cleaned with water and detergent first to remove any soiled matter. Disinfecting will not be effective if items are not sanitised first.

Sterilisation
Sterilisation is the killing of all micro-organisms including spores. It is the highest level of decontamination. Any metal implements that may penetrate the skin should be sterilised using steam autoclave and dry heat.

Sterilisation
Depends on the following factors:

Temperature Cleanliness Circulation

Boiling, pressure cookers, uv light, dishwashers etc do Not sterilise.

Review questions
Miladys work book chapter 4 pg14-18

References:
Miladys standard aesthetics fundamentals Skin penetration code of best practice Learners guide: WRBCS305A Apply knowledge of Skin biology to beauty treatments Learners guide: WRBCS409A Apply knowledge of skin science to beauty treatments