Islamic Revival in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1990-2010 Harun Kari* The greater visibility of Islam in post-communist Bosnia and

Herzegovina has been the sub ect of a number of media articles! "mong these #ere some misleading articles #ritten by Bal$an and international ournalists #ho tended to focus their attention disproportionately if not e%clusively on the &audi-inspired puritan Islamic practice $no#n as Wahhabism' or #orse' #ho tried to associate Bosnian (uslims #ith radicalism! ) &cholarly #or$ on this topic is still' in my vie#' limited!* The revival of religion can be inspired by different factors and observed through different prisms! "lthough some of the events described in this #or$ have also impacted the +atholic and ,rthodo% church in Bosnia and Herzegovina resulting in a similar revival' this paper #ill focus only on Islam and consider the dynamics and the agents that have
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Harun Kari' (!"! -Bologna.! I #ould li$e to than$ the +enter for "dvanced &tudies in &ara evo for supporting this pro ect and its /irector' "hmet "liba0i' for meticulously reading this paper and for his useful comments and suggestions! "ll omissions are' of course' mine alone! 1mail2 harun$3yahoo!com! ) &ee /an Belifs$y' 4Islamic 5evival Tests Bosnia4s &ecular +ast4' The New York Times' *6 /ecember *778 and 9ivienne :alt' 4Bosnia4s Islamic 5evival4' TIME magazine' ); <une *77=> &ee for e%ample /ragana 5adu0$i and /e an ?a inovi' @5adi$alni islam u BIH nai0ao na plodno tloA' Nezavisne novine' *;!7*!*77=' available at2 http2BB###!nezavisne!comBnovostiBbihB5adi$alni-islam-u-BiH-naisao-na-plodno-tlo CDECC!htmlF modulGstampano-izdan eHpozivGdogad a iHnaslovG5adi$alni-islam-u-BiH-naisao-na-plodnotloHidvGCDECC> (erima &pahi' @9ehabi e uri0a u na dIami e u BIHA' Nacional' )C!7C!*77D' available at2 http2BB###!nacional!hrBclana$BC*C);Bvehabi e- urisa u-na-bih-dzami e> /Ienana Halimovi' @9ehabi e u BIH2 ,d Boin e do (aoeA' Radio Slobodna Evropa' 76!7*!*7)7' available at2 http2BB###!slobodnaevropa!orgBcontentBmaocaJvehabi eJselefi eJa$ci aJsv etlostB)=;77D7!html> /avud (uminovi' @9ehabi e s$rivena pri etn a u BIHA' Nezavisne novine' *;!))!*776' http2BB###!nezavisne!comBnovostiBdrustvoB9ehabi e-s$rivena-pri etn a-u-BiH-*D*)!htmlFmodulGstampanoizdan eHpozivGnedel neHnaslovG9ehabi e-s$rivena-pri etn a-u-BiHHidvG*D*)> Harmin &ul i' @Ke Ielimo 9ehabi e u BIHLA' *E 5u an *7)7' available at2 http2BB###!minber!baBinde%!phpF optionGcomJcontentHvie#GarticleHidGE8=72ne-elimo-vehabi e-u-bihHcatidG;82a$tuelno> :alter (ayr' 4Islamists gain ground in &ara evo4' Der Spiegel' *;!7*!*77=' available at2 http2BBsim!baBdo$umentiBMoreignJInfluencesJinJIslamJinJBosniaJandJHerzegovinaJsinceJ)==;!pdf> 5enate Mlottau' 4Mundamentalist Islam Minds Mertile Nround in Bosnia4' Der Spiegel' ))!7=!*77D' available at2 http2BB###!spiegel!deBinternationalBeuropeB7');)8';)6*)E'77!html! * &cholarly #or$ on post-communist Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina includes Le No vel Islam balkani! e" Les m s lmans# ac$e rs d pos$%comm nisme &''(%)(((# Oavier Bougarel et Kathalie +layer' -(aisonneuve H Parose' *77).> +hristian (oe and "hmet "liba0i' 4+urrent Islamic Trends in Bosnia2 " +ritical &urvey4' -revised "pril *776.' unpublished paper> 9el$o "tanassof' 4Bosnia and Herzegovina Q Islamic 5evival' International "dvocacy Ket#or$s' and Islamic Terrorism4' S$ra$egic Insigh$s' 9ol! I9' Issue ;> "hmet "liba0i' 4Traditional and 5eformist Islam in Bosnia4' available at2 http2BBiseef!netBinde%*!phpF optionGcomJcontentHdoJpdfG)HidGC)> Harun Kari' 4Islamic 5evival in post-socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina2 international actors and activities4' *o rnal o+ M slim Minori$, -++airs' 9ol! C7' Issue E' pp!;)=;CE> Harun Kari' 4Nlobalization and its impact on Islam in Bosnia2 foreign influences and their effects4' .oli$ics# Religion / Ideolog,' 9ol! ))' Issue *' pp!);)-)662 <uan +arlos "ntuanez' 44M,51INK IKMPR1K+1& IK I&P"( IK B,&KI" "K/ H15S1N,9IK" &IK+1 )==;44' available at2 http2BBsim!baBdo$umentiBMoreignJInfluencesJinJIslamJinJBosniaJandJHerzegovinaJsinceJ)==;!pdf!

* created the conditions necessary for the revival of religion and the means through #hich this revival has been -and still is. being manifested! This paper considers the period spanning from )==7 until *7)7! This has its reasons! "mong them #e can include ma or events #hich I consider have impacted the position and the role of religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina such as the collapse of communism in )==7 and transition to democracy' the proclamation of independence in )==*' the eruption of #ar in )==*' and the end of #ar in )==;! This is by no means an all encompassing piece of #or$! It is mostly a study of the manifestations of Islam in BosniaAs post-communist' democratic' and open society! Introduction Islamic revival' Islamic resurgence' and Islamic a#a$ening are terms used to denote a global phenomenon #hich gained momentum during the )=D7s and )=87s throughout the (iddle 1ast and later throughout the entire (uslim #orld! &implified' the term denotes the greater presence of Islam in both the private and public sphere! It #as manifested through a number of channels and these commonly include a greater observance of Islamic in unctions' greater mosTue attendance' adherence to Islamic dress and etiTuette' increased use of Islamic terminology and greetings' establishment of Islamic organizations and associations' greater interest in the study of Islamic sciences' greater publication of Islamic boo$s' and sometimes calls for the state implementation of Shari0a in the public domain! There are speculations as to #hat e%actly triggered this phenomenon but a number of concrete events that occurred in the late )=67s and early )=D7s can be singled out #hich left many (uslims pondering! "mong these events' the humiliating Israeli defeat over "rab armies in the )=6D #ar' the &oviet invasion of "fghanistan in )=D=' the Iranian Islamic 5evolution in the same year' and the first Ualestinian intifada in )=87 can be singled out!C "s these revivalist trends #ere gaining momentum in central (uslim lands' they #ere also ma$ing their #ay to (uslim minorities d#elling in parts of the Bal$ans' more often than not under brutal and repressive communist regimes! Islam in many places in the Bal$ans #as boiled do#n to a vague cultural affiliation #hich had almost lost its practical elements! The communist intention of transforming the (uslim identity from a religious to a national one could be deemed successful! The collapse of the Berlin #all and its domino effect on communist regimes throughout 1astern 1urope resulted in a series of intert#ined transitions in the political' socio-religious and economic life! It also brought about much needed change to the neglected (uslims living in these former-communist states! ,f particular interest #as the development of Islam in post-communist Bosnia and Herzegovina' #hose fate stands out in comparison to other (uslim populations in the Bal$ans! The destruction of Bosnian Muslims 1992-1995 :ith communism obviously collapsing by the turn of the last decade of the *7 th century and Bal$an nationalism on the rise' Bosnian &erb politicians and decision ma$ers embar$ed on plans that #ere to lead to the establishment of their o#n para-state on the
C

<ohn 1sposito' A+laiming the +entre2 Uolitical Islam in TransitionA' p!*! "vailable at http2BB###!unaoc!orgBrepositoryB1spositoJUoliticalJIslam!pdf -last accessed *= "ugust *7)7.

C territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina' #hich #as to be called the @&erb 5epublic of Bosnia and HerzegovinaA! The idea #as to connect all to#ns and villages in 1astern and Korthern Bosnia #hich had significant &erb populations and carve out their o#n' @ethnically cleanA &erb mini-state #hich #ould eventually secede and oin neighboring &erbia and (ontenegro in attaining the centuries-old idea of an ethnically pure @Nreater &erbiaA! &ince these parts of the country often had either ma ority (uslim populations or significant numbers of such' the path to#ards attaining their political goals #ould have to include the ultimate destruction of these territoriesA (uslim inhabitants along #ith their Islamic cultural heritage!E "lthough violence against Bosnia and HerzegovinaAs (uslims had already started in late )==) and early )==*' the Bosnian declaration of independence in "pril )==* served as an e%cuse for Bosnian &erb secessionists to start hostilities! ; Heavily aided diplomatically' militarily' and financially by neighboring &erbia' Bosnian &erbs and their @"rmy of the &erb 5epublicA along #ith the Vugoslav UeopleAs "rmy -<K". embar$ed on #hat turned out to be a #ell-planned path of systematic destruction of the (uslim presence! They targeted areas in 1astern and Korthern Bosnia as these #ere of strategic importance to the future @&erb 5epublicA! The recognizable trait of their path of destruction #as the selection of (uslim @military ageA men Q #hich often included all (uslim males Q their torture' humiliation' immediate $illing or transfer to one of the many &erb-run concentration camps #here they #ould face further torture and eventual death! 6 The estimated death toll as a direct result of #ar is believed to stand close to )77'777! D This figure' ho#ever' ta$es into account only the #ar casualties in the strictest sense and e%cludes deaths as a result of starvation' lac$ of medicine' and cold! Murther to this' (ar$o "ttila Hoare notes that 8C!CCW of the civilian deaths #ere Bosnia$s and that Bosnia$s -Bosnian (uslims. #ere @the only one of the three principal nationalities #ho suffered higher civilian than military causalities!A8 These $illings of Bosnian (uslims during )==*-)==; #ere established by the RKestablished International +riminal Tribunal for Mormer Vugoslavia -I+TV. to constitute genocide!= Bosnian (uslim #omen' both young and old' #ere systematically raped by &erb soldiers #ith the aim of producing @&erb childrenA Q and #ere $ept loc$ed in concentration camps long enough until abortion #ould be impossible! )7 It is estimated that some *7'777 Bosnian (uslim #omen #ere raped during the )==*-)==; #ar!
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Mor more on @ethnic cleansingA see Korman +igar' @Nenocide in Bosnia2 the policy of @ethnic cleansingA' Te%as "H( Rniversity Uress' )==;! ; Mor more on the beginnings of #ar' see Koel (alcom' 1osnia" - Shor$ 2is$or,' Ke# Vor$ Rniversity Uress' )==E' pp! *CE-*;*! 6 <ames No#' AThe &erbian Uro ect and its "dversaries2 a strategy of #ar crimesA' Hurst H +o!' *77C' pp!)*=)C)! &ee also 5oy Nutman' - Wi$ness $o 3enocide' -(acmillian Uublishing' )==C.! D Uatric$ Ball' 1#a Tabeau i Uhilip 9er#imp' @Bosans$a Kn iga (rtvih2 ,c ena Baze Uodata$aA )E <uni *77D' http2BB###!idc!org!baBimagesBstoriesBI/+BpdfBevaluaci a-bos!pdf -last accessed *= "ugust *7)7.! 8 (ar$o "ttila Hoare' @:hat do the figures for the Bosnian #ar-dead tell usFA available at http2BBgreatersurbiton!#ordpress!com -last accessed * /ecember *7)7.! = I+TV Uress 5elease' @5adislav Krsti becomes the first person to be convicted of genocide at the I+TV and is sentenced to E6 years imprisonmentA The Hague' * "ugust *77)! "vailable at http2BB###!icty!org -last accessed *= "ugust *7)7.! )7 Pynda 1! Boose ' @+rossing the 5iver /rina2 Bosnian 5ape +amps' Tur$ish Impalement' and &erb +ultural (emory' 3ender and 4 l$ ral Memor,' 9ol! *8' Ko! )' -"utumn' *77*.' p! DE!

"side from the destruction of human life' numerous mosTues' mas5ids -mosTues #ithout minarets.' mek$ebs -places for Islamic education for children.' $ekkis -dervish lodges.' mausoleums -$ rbe. and wa!+ -endo#ment. buildings #ere systematically destroyed in territories occupied by &erb forces!)) "t the end of the nearly four year conflict' only one mosTue in these territories #as still standing' though damaged! "lthough the Islamic revival in former Vugoslavia started initially in the )=D7s the cumulative impact of the above mentioned events #hich occurred over a four-year period violently shoo$ the Bosnian (uslims and drastically influenced the course of the revival!)* The !namics of Islamic revival The dynamics of Islamic revival in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be divided into t#o periods! Kamely' the period spanning from )==7-*777 #hich #as mar$ed by much euphoria follo#ing the collapse of communism and #ar' and the later *777-*7)7 period #hich #as mar$ed by the ascension to po#er of the social-democrat "lliance! The #ar had a drastic impact on the re-a#a$ening of Bosnian (uslim masses! Innocent Bosnian (uslim civilians found themselves the targets of a brutal &erb genocidal campaign and' for a #hile' +roat atrocities! Pi$e#ise' their territory became the target of irredentist and hostile neighbors' intent on achieving their e%pansion aspirations! "lthough this #ar #as primarily a #ar over territory' the intentional $illing of Bosnian (uslims' destruction of their mosTues' and acts such as forced baptizing or carving out of crosses' made many Bosnian (uslims realize that they #ere often targeted for their religious affiliations!)C In the absence of adeTuate response to and interest in the plight of Bosnian (uslims during the early stages of #ar' the elected government of Bosnia and Herzegovina as #ell as the Islamic +ommunity too$ their o#n initiative in establishing contacts #ith (uslim states in an attempt to secure desperately needed diplomatic' humanitarian' and financial aid! The arrival of Islamic aid agencies during the #ar' both from (uslim states and from :estern 1urope' resulted in the establishment a lifeline for the beleaguered Bosnian (uslims! Ho#ever' Islamic aid agencies also engaged in the publication and distribution of Islamic literature during the #ar #hich opened a channel for the transfer of Islamic ideas from central (uslim lands! "long #ith Islamic aid agencies' Islamic missionaries and m 5ahedeen fighters #ere another channel for the transfer of such ideas! "s proof of such foreign impact on Bosnian (uslims' former members of the El%M 5aheed unit fran$ly admitted to having been influenced by @"rab brothersA and their Islamic teachings!)E Ke# legislations adopted in the country during the post-#ar period secured greater religious freedoms and thus paved the #ay for greater manifestation and practice of religion! These are the "nne% E of the /ayton Ueace "greement -)==;.' the 1uropean
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(uharem ,merdi' .rilozi iz 6avan5 genocidima nad 1o7n5acima# &'')%&''8' -&ara evo' 1l-Kalem' )===!. )* Mor more on the Islamic revival in the )=D7s' see Mi$ret Kari' @Islamic 5evival in the Bal$ans )=D7Q )==*A' Islamic S$ dies' C62*QC -)==D.! )C Mor an e%cellent study on the role of religion in the Bosnian #ar' see (ichael "! &ells' The 1ridge 1e$ra,ed" Religion and 3enocide in 1osnia' -Rniversity of +alifornia Uress' )==6.! )E /Ienana Karup' @Kuran e na0 ustavA' Dani' Ko!D*' C7 (art )==8!

; +onvention on Human 5ights -)==;. and the Pa# on the Mreedom of 5eligion and the Pegal Uosition of +hurches and 5eligious +ommunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina -*77E.! Pastly' the #ar created a Bosnian diaspora in :estern 1urope #hich resulted in Bosnian (uslims coming in contact #ith other (uslims residing in these countries and becoming acTuainted #ith ne# Islamic teachings #hich #ere eventually transferred bac$ to Bosnia and Herzegovina during their visits or by other means of communication!

"gents of Revival Uerhaps four ma or agents of Islamic revival can be detected in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina! "mong the first #e can include the imams of the Islamic +ommunity in Bosnia and Herzegovina #ho are perhaps most responsible for spreading the message of Islam to the masses #hich in turn resulted in a greater number of people' especially the young' starting to practice the tenets of Islam in post-communist Bosnia and Herzegovina! The second #ere students of Islamic studies! "mong these' both students of local Islamic institutions of higher education as #ell as Bosnian students studying abroad can be included! Bosnian students studying abroad played a ma or role in transmitting bac$ Islamic ideas and literature from (uslim countries and translating them into the Bosnian language! The third #ere the Islamic +ommunityAs organs and institutions! "mong these #e can include the Islamic +ommunityAs educational facilities' both for lo#er and higher Islamic education' its media and publishing! The fourth #ere the foreign factors! "mong these foreign factors #e can include Islamic humanitarian agencies #hich functioned during and immediately after the #ar' Islamic preachers' foreign fighters' and various activists present in the post #ar period! Manifestations of Islamic revival Education :ith the advent of democracy and freedom of religion' positive changes came about! ,ne of the earliest moves to#ards opening religion to a #ider audience came early in the )==)B=* academic year #hen 5eligious 1ducation #as introduced in a number of public schools in &ara evo! This #as follo#ed #ith the (inistry of 1ducation of the 5epublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina introducing 5eligious 1ducation in primary and secondary schools as an elective curse' sub ect to prior parental consent! It is #orth#hile noting that 5eligious 1ducation envisaged the teaching of five separate curricula2 Islamic' +atholic' ,rthodo%' <e#ish' "dventist.!); "nother #ay of teaching Islam to children #as through Mek$ebs #hich represent the traditional method of teaching Islam to Bosnian (uslim children! Mek$ebs are voluntary #ee$end classes organized by the Islamic +ommunity and usually held in mosTues by the
);

"hmet "liba0i and "sim Subevi' @Islamic 1ducation in Bosnia and HerzegovinaA' in 1dnan "slan -ed!.' Islamische Erzieh ng in E ropa 9 Islamic Ed ca$ion in E rope' 9ienna2 Bohlau' *77=' pp!EC-;D! &ee also "hmet "liba0i' @9 ers$o obrazovan e u avnim 0$olama u BiH2 Ka modelu $o i podrIava suIivot i uza amno razumi evan eA -Mond otvoreno dru0tvo' *778.! +omplete study available at ###!soros!org!ba

6 local imam or m allima -female religious teacher.! "ccording to the *77D Islamic +ommunity statistics' mek$eb classes #ere held in )'DD) mek$ebs #hich #as an increase by E6 mek$ebs compared to the *776 figures!)6 (ore recent figures sho# continued increase in mek$eb education! "ccording to the *77= statistics' mek$eb classes #ere held at )'8*; mek$ebs #hich #as an increase by C) mek$ebs compared to *778!)D This sho#s that ne# mek$ebs had been established in order to cater for the increased number of children attending them! The collapse of communism also led to the re-establishment of several traditional Islamic madrasas -based on the system of modern boarding schools. #hich #ere closed do#n and demolished during communism as #ell as the opening of ne# ones! Mor comparison sa$e' before the )=E6 communist ta$eover there #ere more than E7 madrasas in Bosnia and Herzegovina! "ll of them' e%cept for one Q the Nazi Husrev Beg madrasa Q #ere shut do#n! " total of five of them #ere established or re-established by the Islamic +ommunity during the dire conditions of #ar! These include the @,sman ef! 5edIoviA (adrasa in Xa angrad near 9iso$o' established in )==*> the @Behram-beyA (adrasa in Tuzla' established in )6*6 and re-established in )==C> the @1li Ibrahim Ua0aA (adrasa in Travni$' established in )D76 and re-established in )==C> the @/Iemaludin ef! Xau0eviA (adrasa in +azin' established in )==C> and the @KaraYoz BeyA (adrasa in (ostar' established in );;D and re-established in )==;!)8 "lthough previously the aim of Bosnian madrasas #as to educate imams only' today their aim is to teach young Bosnian (uslims both secular and traditional Islamic courses and hence prepare them not only for imam posts but for also for further university study! The post-#ar period also #itnessed the establishment of non-religious colleges and schools often run by foreign parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina' most notably by Iran and Tur$ey! &ince the end of the #ar' Iranians established the Uersian-Bosnia$ +ollege located near &ara evo!)= The +ollege is registered as a secondary school and follo#s the curriculum of the &ara evo +anton! In addition to this' it has an accent on teaching Shi0a Islam for religious education courses*7 and also maintains close ties #ith other Iranian institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and pays particular attention to commemorating Iranian events such as the /ay of the Islamic 5evolution and the "shura! " number of Tur$ish colleges and schools have also been established in Bosnia and Herzegovina by the @Bosna &emaA educational institution #hich is believed to be close to the movement of Methullah Nulen!*) The Tur$ish-Bosnian +olleges in &ara evo and in Biha and four international schools throughout the country also follo# the official curriculum of the &ara evo and Biha +anton respectively but also have an accent on teaching Islamic values and ethics!**

)6 )D

@,penito o v ers$oprosv etnom raduA' 3lasnik' Ko!;-6' *77D' p!ED8-ED=! 3lasnik# Ko!;-6' *7)7' p!;*)! )8 "hmet "liba0i' @Islamic Higher 1ducation in the Bal$ans2 " surveyA' Vorgen Kielsen' ed!' Yearbook o+ M slims in E rope' vol! II' Peiden' Brill *7)7' 6)=-CE! )= &ee http2BB###!pb$!edu!baBpb$Binde%!phpFoptionGcomJcontentHtas$Gvie#HidG);HItemidGC* -last accessed *7 "ugust *7)7.! *7 &!I!' @/a li e ovo ?iAizamFA' .reporod' Ko!)DB=C)' ) &eptembar *7)7' p!C! *) &ee http2BB###!bosnasema!comBinde%!phpFpGE -last accessed *E "ugust *7)7.! ** "nne 5oss &olberg' 4The Nulen &chools2 " perfect compromise or compromising perfectlyF4' available at http2BB$otor-net#or$!infoBpapersB*77;BNulen!&olberg!pdf -last accessed *= "ugust *7)7.!

D "dditionally' in order to cater for the greater need of Islamic-education teachers' t#o Islamic Uedagogical Maculties #ere established by the Islamic +ommunity during and immediately after the #ar! The first being the Islamic Uedagogical Maculty in Senica' *C established in )==C' and the second being the Islamic Uedagogical Maculty in Biha' established in )==6!*E It should be noted that the establishment and re-establishment of these Islamic educational institutions came purely from the Islamic +ommunity of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the curriculum and teaching staff #ere all provided for by the Islamic +ommunity! It is also true that some of these institutions' such as the KaraYoz-Beg (edresa in (ostar and the Islamic Uedagogical Maculty in Biha #ere refurbished in later years #ith &audi funds! *; Ho#ever' the operational costs of these institutions are covered by the Islamic +ommunity' #hich in turn is financed locally' by its Bosnian (uslim members! There has also been an increased interest among Bosnian (uslim students in the Maculty of Islamic &tudies in &ara evo' #hich #as established in )=DD and remains the oldest Islamic higher educational institution in the Bal$ans! &ince )==E' in addition to undergraduate study' the Maculty has introduced postgraduate courses as #ell! It #as renovated magnificently #ith generous support from a Zatari foundation in )==D and today it has some C77 full time and ;77 part-time students and runs a three month non-degree /iploma course in Islamic &tudies' #hich is particularly popular among the @international communityA in Bosnia and Herzegovina! &ince the )==7s various scholarships have been given out to Bosnian (uslim students to pursue their further studies abroad! "lthough it is difficult to establish the e%act number of students studying Islamic studies in (uslim countries' according to a some#hat outdated *77* report there #ere )7D students in &audi "rabia' 67 students in &yria' C8 in 1gypt' CE in <ordan' *8 in Iran' )) in Tur$ey' 8 in Ua$istan' * in Pibya' ) in Ku#ait' and ) in Pebanon!*6 These students of Islamic studies in (uslim countries are an influential channel for the transmission of Islamic ideas and practices from the countries of their study to Bosnia and Herzegovina! (ore recent data #as not available at the time of this #riting! Reconstruction of mosques (osTues symbolize the presence and practice of Islam in a given territory! ,n the other hand' the destruction of mosTues comes to symbolize the destruction of the (uslim inhabitants in the given territory! /uring the )==*-)==; #ar in Bosnia and Herzegovina' the $illings and forced e%pulsion of Bosnian (uslims #ere al#ays follo#ed by the destruction of mosTues' mas5ids' wa!+s' and any other Islamic symbols! It is #orth mentioning that during the #ar' mosTues #ere destroyed by &erb and +roat forces even in areas unaffected by #ar! "rchitectural masterpieces such as the "ladIa and Merhadi a mosTues #ere not spared either! The Islamic +ommunity has meticulously registered the destruction of Islamic ob ects by &erb and +roat troops during the )==*-)==; #ar! ,ut of the total of ))EE mosTues before the #ar' 6)E #ere destroyed and C7D #ere damaged! ,ut of the total of ;;D mas5ids' *)8
*C *E

&ee official #ebsite at ###!ipf!unze!ba -last accessed * /ecember *7)7.! &ee official #ebsite at ###!ipf!unbi!ba -last accessed * /ecember *7)7.! *; "! Kadribegovi' 4/ogada za sve pripadni$e Islama4' .reporod' Ko! )8B6*7' ); &eptembar )==D' p!;> H!Kesimovi' @Kova zgrada za 0iren e islams$e nau$e i $ultureA' .reporod' Ko! )=B6=*' ) ,$tobar *777! *6 &tepan (achace$' 441uropean Islam4 and Islamic 1ducation in Bosnia-Herzegovina44' S dos$ E ropa' ;; <ahrgang *77D' Heft E' p!E)=' footnote Ko!6)!

8 #ere destroyed and E) damaged! ,ut of the total of )E*; wa!+ ob ects' E7; #ere destroyed and )E= damaged! "dditionally' dozens of mek$ebs' $ rbes' and $ekkis #ere also damaged and destroyed during the #ar!*D <ust as the destruction of mosTues symbolizes the destruction of (uslim presence in a given territory' the reconstruction of these mosTues symbolizes the return of the territoryAs (uslim inhabitants and the revival of Islam in that area! The reconstruction of damaged and destroyed mosTues in Bosnia and Herzegovina started immediately after the #ar and #as' due to the lac$ of funding' significantly aided by foreign (uslim donors! Ke# mosTues #ere also constructed by (uslims states throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina! Today' in &ara evo alone there is a (alaysian' Indonesian' Ku#aiti' Zatari' &audi' and a <ordanian mosTue! This is a ne# development in the post-,ttoman period #hich #as characterized by mosTues built by local (uslims! "ccording to the *77= statistics' *ED ne# mosTues and )7C mas5ids -smaller prayer areas. #ere being constructed!*8 &ome of these mosTues have been reconstructed at the e%act spots #here they #ere demolished by &erb and +roat forces during the #ar' ho#ever' even more ne# mosTues have been constructed in ma or cities #ithin the Mederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina! This is because large numbers of Bosnian (uslims that have been e%pelled during the #ar settled in larger (uslim-ma ority to#ns and cities #ithin the Mederation such as &ara evo' Tuzla' Biha' Bugo no' and (ostar! Bearing in mind that due to the communist restrictions on the construction of mosTues during the Vugoslav era' these cities had fe#er than needed mosTues' hence came a need for the construction of ne# places of (uslim #orship! The construction of ne# mosTues in these cities also reflects the post-#ar reality regarding population shifts! It is perhaps also indicative to state that according to the Islamic +ommunityAs +enter for Islamic "rchitecture' by *7)7 an estimated =;W of all the mosTues destroyed during the )==*-)==; #ar have been reconstructed! *= This figure is some#hat misleading as it refers to the physical reconstruction of mosTues #hile their 5amaa$s' the very elements for #hich mosTues are constructed in the first place' have not been as luc$y! "ccording to an Islamic +ommunity official' several hundred 5amaa$s have been permanently destroyed in the &erb 5epublic during the #ar! C7 Thus' even if mosTues have been reconstructed in the &erb 5epublic' they remain largely empty and loc$ed! Publications The publishing of Islamic boo$s' ne#spapers' and magazines throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina has also flourished since the collapse of communism! In most cases' the translation of foreign literature dominates the list of Islamic literature! These publications can be broadly divided into the publications of the Islamic +ommunityAs publishing house' and to a lesser e%tent the publications of private and humanitarian agencies! It should be
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(uharem ,merdi' @Urilozi izuavan u genocida nad bo0n acima -)==*-)==;.' -&ara evo' 1l-Kalem' )===.' p!ED6! *8 3lasnik' Ko!;-6' *7)7' p!;*)! *= The +enter for Islamic "rhitecture does not issue any reports on its activities! It does not have a #ebsite either but only a disfunctional lin$ on the Islamic +ommunity4s official #ebsite! &ee http2BB###!ri aset!baBinde%!phpFoptionGcomJcontentHvie#GarticleHidGC)HItemidG*7E! &ome#hat hesitant' its /irector' Matima ?i0i' ans#ered my email and provided me #ith the above mentioned percentage! 1mail communicated on )= "ugust *7)7! C7 Mor an overvie# on the number of 5amaa$s and mosTues destroyed during the #ar' see (uharem ,merdi .rilozi iz 6avan5 genocida nad 1o7n5acima' -1l Kalem' )===.' pp!E6)-E6C!

= noted that free boo$s in post-#ar Bosnia and Herzegovina have been and continue to be distributed by all parties' from human rights activists to <ehovahAs #itnesses' radical +hristian 1vangelicals' to Iranian Shii$es! In addition to that' the publication of these boo$s is mostly supply driven and not demand driven! Hence' such boo$s funded by foreign interest parties are mostly forms of subsidized literature! The #ar-period #as mar$ed by large scale publication of Islamic boo$lets by foreign Islamic organizations! There #ere several Islamic organizations and aid agencies that #ere active in both providing humanitarian aid to the beleaguered Bosnian (uslims but also in publishing and handing out large amounts of free Islamic boo$lets! These include the &audi High +ommittee' "l-Haramain Moundation' Taibah International' and T:5"! Uerhaps the largest number of such boo$s #as published by the &audi High +ommittee' often #ritten by Sala+i authors such as (uhammed Ben <amil Sino and &hei$h 5ahmetullah bin Halil 1l-Hindi or by &audi educated Bosnian (uslims such as (uharem ?tulanovi! They covered the very basic topics in Islam such as belief' fasting' and prayer and #ere published in large numbers and given out for free!C) The publication of Islamic boo$s by foreign organizations continued after the #ar' reaching its pea$ by )=== and then entering eventual decline! /uring the same time' El% :alem' the official publishing house of the Islamic +ommunity as #ell as other commercial and private publishing houses gained momentum! :ithin the last decade alone' El%:alemAs publishing activities has been flourishing! "mong its publications are boo$s on 2adi$h# ;i!h# -hla!' "rabic language' collections of +a$awa and Islamic boo$lets for children' most of #hich are #ritten by Bosnian (uslim authors or by mainstream &unni scholars such as &hei$h Vusuf Zarada#i! It publishes boo$s #hich are theoretically supposed to be in conformity #ith the dominant interpretations of Islam in the Islamic +ommunity! Uerhaps because the Islamic +ommunity nurtures the concept of Islamic pluralism' it has on a number of occasions published boo$s by authors promoting Sala+i# Shi0a and S +i ideals and teachings!C* The Islamic +ommunityAs official ne#spaper' .reporod' prints in an average of *7'777 copies and remains by far one of the most #idely circulated Islamic ne#spaper in the country! It covers topics ranging from the opening of ne# mosTues throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina to coo$ing recipes and R& foreign policy to#ards (uslim states! &ince *777 the Islamic +ommunity also publishes the Novi M allim -@Ke# TeacherA. #hich is more academic and focused on Islamic education and builds upon its predecessor M allim -@TeacherA. #hich #as first published in )=)7!CC It covers ne# methods and techniTues of teaching Islam and religion in schools and has a circulation of about *'777 copies!

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Mor e%ample' the boo$ @Rpozna svo e v erovan e $roz KurAan i &unneteA #ritten by (uhamad Ben <amil Sino #as published by the &audi High +ommittee in Sagreb -)==E. and printed and distributed in )77'777 copies! "nother e%ample is the boo$ Ramazanski .os$ #ritten by &audi educated (uharem ?tulanovi and published by the &audi High +ommittee in Sagreb -)==;. and printed and distributed in 87'777 free copies! &ince the end of the #ar and in the immediate post #ar years' such publications have stopped! C* &ee boo$s such as 49i est veli$a4 #ritten by /r! (uhammed 4"bdullah /raz' published by 1l-Kalem in cooperation #ith the &audi High +ommittee in &ara evo' *777! "lso see boo$s #irtten by traditionally educated &hi4a scholars such as &e id (uhammed Huse n Tabatabai4s 44Kuran u Islamu44' published by 1lKalem in cooperation #ith the Iranian (ulla &adra Moundation in &ara evo! "lso see Di5alog 4ivilizaci5a #hich deals #ith Methullah Nulens Islamic ideals' authored by B! <ill +arroll' 1l-Kalem' *7)7! CC http2BB###!ri aset!baBinde%!phpFoptionGcomJcontentHtas$Gvie#HidG*DC* -last accessed *E "ugust *7)7.!

)7 T#o other publications of Islamic +ommunity #hich deserve to be mentioned are Takvim and 3lasnik! Takvim is an almanac dating bac$ to )=CE #hich' apart from featuring prayer times and dates of Islamic holidays' also features articles dealing #ith Islamic issues and has a circulation of ;7'777 copies! 3lasnik is also a #ell established publication dating bac$ to )=CC #ith a circulation of **77 copies and deals #ith topics such as Ta+sir# 2adi$h# ;i!h# ahla!' but also history' literature' and publishes reports from the Islamic +ommunityAs organs and institutions! Urivate local publishing houses have also flourished in the last decade and have been active proponents of Islamic literature! The most notable are Pibris' +onnectum' and Ilum #hich have published dozens of titles in the last decade and sold them for commercial gain! It is interesting to note that publishing houses such as Bemust have published Tuite a number of #or$s by the famed Tur$ish scholar &aid Kursi! CE This is perhaps another e%ample of subsidized literature! /uring the post-#ar period' a youth magazine #ith visible Sala+i inclinations called S-;; -@Urayer ro#A.' believed to be the mouth-piece of the &audi funded "ctive Islamic Vouth' as #ell as Novi 2orizon$i -@Ke# HorizonsA. #ere also regular Islamic publication! "t its pea$' S-;; #as a color fortnightly #ith a circulation of ;'777 copies and covered topics ranging from personal hygiene' to prayer' fasting' to the R& invasion of IraT and "fghanistan! The "ctive Islamic Vouth #as shut do#n in *77; and as of *7)7' apparently due to a lac$ of funds' S-;; stopped publishing its printed version e%cept for subscription only #hile ma$ing its online version free!C; The Novi 2orizon$i is a magazine #ith Sala+i%reformist inclinations #hose contributors #ere mostly professors from the Islamic Uedagogical Maculty in Senica and Biha' many of them educated in "rab countries! It is still active' ho#ever' over the last number of years it has dra#n itself closer to the mainstream Islam of the Islamic +ommunity in Bosnia and Herzegovina! "ccording to some sources' the future sustainability of this magazine is rather Tuestionable! " #omen and family magazine #hich deserves to be mentioned is <ehra #hich #as initiated in *77)!C6 It is a pro ect of :ewser# a #omenAs association #ith Shi0a inclinations' and ta$es its name from Matime-ez-Sehre' the daughter of Urophet (uhammad and the #ife of the fourth +aliph' Imam "li! The magazine deals #ith a #ide array of issues ranging from cuisine' psychological development' mysticism' children' and family and tries to promote Islamic family values compatible #ith modern life! Public manifestations of Islam Uerhaps one of the most visible signs of an Islamic revival in a given country is the use of Islamic social symbols such as headscarves' long-sleeves and long-s$irts for #omen and beards for men! The communist period in Bosnia and Herzegovina #as mar$ed by the fact that only #omen in the rural areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina #ore headscarves as part of their (uslim traditional gear! Tiny numbers of urban Bosnian #omen started #earing the
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&ee Bediuzzaman &aid Kursi' Savr7en znak -Bemust' *77;.> Ihlas I 1ra$s$vo -Bemust' *77;.> Siri5sko .redavan5e -Bemust' *77C.! C; &ee http2BB###!saff!ba -last accessed * /ecember *7)7. C6 &ee http2BB###!zehra!ba -last accessed * /ecember *7)7.

)) headscarf in the late )=D7s and early )=87s! Ho#ever' the post-communist period sa# a spi$e in the number of urban and educated Bosnian (uslim #omen #earing the headscarf! This is visible mostly in Bosnian (uslim-ma ority to#ns such as &ara evo' Tuzla' Senica' Travni$' and Biha and is certainly due to the presence Islamic educational institutions in these to#ns! The increase in the number of headscarved #omen compared to the communist period is obvious' ho#ever percentage#ise this number is still tiny! In addition to this' the post-communist period has also #itnessed the appearance of a tiny number of #omen donning the zar and +ered5a -comparable to the b r!a. and the ni!ab! The zar and +ered5a #ere #orn by Bosnian (uslim #omen until they #ere banned by the communist government in the early )=;7s! Their re-appearance' although in tiny numbers' has been associated #ith Sala+i trends in the post-communist period! Shari0a marriages have also become more common in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the postcommunist period! It should be noted that Shari0a marriages are not recognized by the state and are conducted by practicing Bosnian (uslims only after a civil marriage! The number of Shari0a marriages over the last decade has been gradually increasing! In *77E' for e%ample' there #ere E'6C= Shari0a marriages #hich #as an increase by ))!CW compared to the previous year!CD In *77; there #ere E'8E7 Shari0a marriages!C8 In *77= there #ere ;'C;; recorded Shari0a marriages!C= Thus' #e can clearly see a gradually increasing number of Bosnian (uslims opting to conduct a Shari0a marriage alongside a civil marriage! (osTue attendance throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina has also visibly increased since the collapse of communism and even more since the #ar! /uring the pre-#ar period it #as mostly the elderly -from rural areas. #ho attended mosTues! Ho#ever' the #ar and post#ar period #as characterized by an increase in the number of young' educated' urban' and self-confident Bosnian (uslims ma$ing their #ay regularly to the mosTue! Here it is note#orthy to mention that such large scale attendance of mosTues is noticeable mostly on the #ee$ly Mriday prayers -5 m 0a. and on the annual Bayram prayers -@ Eid. but not on other days of the #ee$! Ho#ever' the very fact that ne# mosTues are being constructed in (uslim ma ority cities in the Mederation -as mentioned earlier. sho#s that the e%isting capacities for group prayers do not suffice the increasing needs! "nother form of public manifestation of Islam has been the organization of large concerts featuring recitations of the ZurAan and Islamic spiritual music' $no#n locally as Ilahi,e and :aside' held mostly in &ara evo! In the last decade' the annual Mo7 s .e5gamberov -@The (us$ of the UrophetA. concert became the largest and most popular concert of Islamic spiritual music in the country! Interestingly enough' it is organized by K1:&15 Q the Bosnian #omenAs non-governmental organization #ith obvious Shi0a inclinations due to their accent on the Ehl l%1e,$ -@UrophetAs familyA. as #ell as on the martyrdom of Imam Hussein at the battle of Kerbela! E7 Top Islamic +ommunity officials including the Nrand (ufti (ustafa +eri are regular guests at this concert' #hich often ta$es place at the S1T5" stadium in &ara evo and dra#s cro#ds by their thousands! Islamic websites and Radio
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3lasnik' Ko!;-6' *77;' p!ED8! 3lasnik' Ko!;-6' *776' p!E8;! C= 3lasnik' 9ol!POOII' Ko!;-6' (a -<une *7)7' p!;*)! E7 http2BB###!zehra!baBzehraBinde%!phpF optionGcomJcontentHvie#GcategoryHlayoutGblogHidGC=HItemidG6; -last accessed *E "ugust *7)7.!

)* The post-communist period' especially the late )==7s' #ere mar$ed by the appearance -and disappearance. of Islamic #ebsites on the internet #hich offered articles' advice' +a$awa' and audio and video material in the Bosnian language! They are characterized by their temporary nature' perhaps comparable to @shooting starsA and only a fe# have lasted longer periods! The pool of Islamic #ebsites that #as formed came to represent the different Islamic trends that have appeared in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the post-communist period! The Islamic +ommunity in Bosnia and Herzegovina entered the internet-era by opening #ebsites for its Uresidency' the Ri5ase$ -###!ri aset!ba. and for other ma or institutions #ithin its structure such as its publishing house El%:alem -###!el$alem!ba.' .reporod ne#spaper -###!preporod!com.' Nazi Husrev Beg Pibrary -###!ghbibl!com!ba.' Maculty of Islamic &tudies -###!fin!ba.' and for all its madrasas! The #ebsites of the Islamic +ommunity have been characterized by their unattractive style' their often disfunctioning lin$s' and their poor and often obsolete content! Ho#ever' in recent years the #ebsites of the Islamic +ommunityAs El%:alem publishing house and its .reporod ne#spaper have undergone some improvements! The different Islamic activist groups that have appeared in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the early )==7s have adapted themselves #ell to the globalization age! "lthough they are fragmented and differ greatly in their interpretation of Islam' #hat they have in common is that they run graphically #ell-done and #ell maintained #ebsites tac$ling a #ide array of topics! Uerhaps the earliest and today one of the most freTuented Islamic #ebsites is ###!islambosna!ba #hich has e%cellent graphics' the latest ne#s' articles' +a$awa' and audio and video material! ,ther freTuently visited #ebsites include ###!minber!ba and ###!fetve!org Q #hich is actually a +a$wa ban$ and features mostly +a$awa issued by the &audi Uermanent +ouncil for Mat#a as #ell as other influential &audi scholars such as the late &hei$h Bin Baz! The S-;; magazine' #hich acted as the mouthpiece of the no# e%tinguished "ctive Islamic Vouth' in addition to its recently e%tinguished magazine' has also been running a #ell designed #ebsite for years no#!E) &ome radical Islamic #ebsites such as ###!$elimetul-haTT!org and ###!putv erni$a!com are openly critical of the Islamic +ommunity #hom they moc$ingly refer to as the @-Rn.Islamic +ommunityA E* and are stricter in their interpretation of Shari0a la# -e%2 in claiming that face-covering is an obligation for #omen.! Ho#ever' such groups are believed to represent the tiniest numbers! In addition to these #ebsites' a number of Iranian institutions functioning in Bosnia and Herzegovina have also gone online and maintain #ell designed #ebsites and provide articles -###!ibn-sina!net. as #ell as online boo$s and +a$awa #ith Shi0a inclinations -###!mullasadra!ba.! There are also a number of S +i #ebsites that have gone online in the Bosnian language! "mong them #e can include ###!znaci!com #hich represents a local' Bosnian brand of S +ism' but also other S +i groups of transnational nature such as HaTTani group
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###!saff!ba -ast accessed *= "ugust *7)7.! http2BB###!$elimetul-haTT!org -last accessed *= "ugust *7)7.!

)C -###!navrelumudrosti!com. and a #ebsite #hich promotes Bosnian translations of &aid KursiAs #or$s -###!re han!net.! "mong Islamic radio stations' 5adio K"B" and 5adio BI5 ought to be mentioned! 5adio K"B" #as established in )==C and claims to be the only radio station to include the obligatory @halal clauseA in its commercial mar$eting services! EC Through their program they aim to educate their listeners about Islam and its universal values and to inform their listeners on the happenings throughout the mmah on the global' regional' and local scale! 5adio BI5' on the other hand' is the Islamic +ommunityAs official radio station #hich started its operations only in *778!EE Its program includes political' educational' religious' sports' music' and youth programs! Women, youth, and Sufi organizations The post-communist Islamic revival in Bosnia and Herzegovina has also been mar$ed by the appearance -and disappearance. of (uslim #omenAs organizations and youth associations! Uerhaps one of the earliest (uslim #omenAs organizations #as S me55a! The #omenAs association S me55a #as locally initiated and established in )==) as an association of @Bosnia$A #oman #hich over the years e%panded its activities to include male members as #ell! It has an educative character and provides ZurAan recitation lessons as #ell as 1nglish' Nerman' and Italian language courses!E; It also organizes other events such as the circumcision of children as #ell as humanitarian activities for the sic$ and poor! /uring the #ar' the no# famous #omenAs organization :ewser #as established! It is an association #ith a strong emphasis on educating the (uslim #oman so that she can be ready to live a modern life in accordance #ith Islamic standards! It features its o#n magazine titled <ehra' its o#n radio -5adio Sehra. and T9 station -T9 Sahra.! The association has' as mentioned earlier' rather clear Shi0a inclinations! In *777 another #omenAs organization' Nahla# #hich also has an educative character and aims to empo#er the (uslim #omen through education' #as established in &ara evo! Nahla has a #ide array of activities including ZurAan courses' "rabic language courses' courses on se#ing' health' psychology' time management! E6 They also teach parenting s$ills and help in resolving marital disputes! "mong the youth organizations' the "ctive Islamic Vouth -"IV. gained much popularity as #ell as criticism in post-#ar Bosnia and Herzegovina! The "IV #as an organization established by former members of the El%M 5aheed military unit after the #ar' #ith the aim of continuing their dawa -@callA. after the #ar!ED It #as initially funded by the &audi High +ommittee but later turned to other sources! &ome of their members openly admit to having been influenced by @"rab brothersA #ho fought together #ith them in the El% M 5aheed military unit! "lthough they claimed to be simply @(uslimsA their form of practicing Islam #as #idely perceived to be Sala+i Islam! By the time they reached the pea$ of their activities in late )==8 and )===' they #ere organizing hundreds of lectures' Shari0a courses' summer schools and camps! /ue to a lac$ of funding' they #ere shut
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http2BB###!naba!ba -last accessed * /ecember *7)7.! &ee http2BB###!bir!ba -last accessed * /ecember *7)7.! E; &ee ###!sume a!ba -last accessed *= "ugust *7)7.! E6 &ee ###!nahla!ba -last accessed *= "ugust *7)7.! ED /Ienana Karup' @Kuran e na0 ustavA' Dani' Ko!D*' C7 (art )==8!

)E do#n in *776 and their magazine' S-;;' stopped issuing its printed version -e%cept for subscribers. and no# appears in an online free version! S +i orders -@tariTatsA. have been present in Bosnia and Herzegovina for centuries! "lthough having been banned under communism' they have resurfaced in the past t#o decades and are mostly found in &ara evo' Travni$' 9iso$o' Senica' Mo nica' Kisel a$' and (ostar! (ost of them belong to the Na!shibandi,,ah and the =adirri,ah orders although there are smaller numbers of R +a0is and Shadhili,,ahs! It is estimated that today there are around ;7 places of dhikr -lit! @remembranceA but refers to group prayers. compared to E7 in )=8) of #hich *7 are S +i lodges!E8 Their publications include >ebi -r s and :elam 0l >i+a0! ,ne charismatic local imam #ith neo-S +i inclinations #ho deserves to be mentioned is &ule man Bugari!E= (ore than any other Islamic +ommunity imam' Bugari #as -and still is. immensely successful in attracting large masses of Bosnian youth' including non(uslims' #ith his positive message and openness! He holds regular lectures at various locations and it is mostly university students #ho floc$ to listen to him! Conclusion The increasing number of children attending mek$ebs' the reconstruction of destroyed and damaged mosTues and the construction of ne# ones' the opening of ne# Islamic educational institutions' the increase in the publishing of Islamic literature' the visible increase in the adherence of Islamic in unctions' the increase in the number of Shari0a marriages' the appearance of Islamic #ebsites' and the appearance of (uslim youth organizations in the period from )==7 to *7)7 constitutes a revival of Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina! Uerhaps no single factor can be singled out as being responsible for the revival of Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina! 5ather' the cumulative effects of the collapse of communism' #ar' and genocide have had a oint impact on the Bosnian (uslim population since )==7! The genocide of Bosnian (uslims and the destruction of their Islamic culture and heritage cornered the Bosnian (uslims in their o#n state and resulted in them contemplating their attitude to#ards their religion! They #ere' after all' targeted for destruction solely for being (uslims!;7 The increased interest in Islam resulted in an increased need of institutions to cater for the education of Bosnian (uslims! This resulted in the Islamic +ommunity opening madrasas and Islamic Uedagogical "cademies -later renamed to @Islamic Uedagogical MacultiesA. to produce competent staff to teach Islam! ,nly a handful of traditional Islamic madrasas have been re-constructed! Ulans to reconstruct the rest' #hich have been demolished during communism' have still not moved on due to a lac$ of funds! (ost of the mosTues destroyed during the #ar have been rebuilt and ne# ones have been constructed to cater for the needs of the Bosnian (uslim populations e%pelled from eastern and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina and no# living in central (uslim-ma ority to#ns and cities in the Mederations! /estroyed mosTues in the &erb 5epublic have been largely reconstructed' but their 5amaa$s have never recovered!
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+hristian (oe and "hmet "liba0i' @+urrent Islamic Trends in Bosnia2 " +ritical &urveyA' -unpublished paper' revised "pril *776.' p!)D! E= http2BB###!sule manbugari!com -last accessed * /ecember *7)7. ;7 (ichael "! &ells' The 1ridge 1e$ra,ed" Religion and 3enocide in 1osnia' -Rniversity of +alifornia Uress' )==6.' p!)EE!

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Moreign Islamic trends have been visible in post-communist Bosnia and Herzegovina! This #as due to Bosnia and HerzegovinaAs dependence on (uslim countries during and immediately after the #ar for humanitarian aid' financial aid' reconstruction funds' and scholarships for students! "long #ith this came ne# trends in interpreting Islam such as Sala+ism' Shiism' and Tur$ish neo-S +ism!;) Ho#ever' the Islamic +ommunity carried the bul$ of the efforts in the revival of Islam and still seems to hold a dominant position #hile foreign Islamic influences' although clearly active and attention grabbing' still occupy the fringe! The revival of Islam is only noticeable in the (uslim ma ority to#ns in the Mederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina' #hich comprises ;)W of the country! In the &erb 5epublic there are hardly any signs of its once significant (uslim population' let alone of an Islamic revival! The Islamic revival that is present in the Mederation refers more to the increased presence of Islam in the public sphere! "s for personal piety' although the number of people attending Mriday prayers and the number of mosTues has increased' the number of people attending regular daily prayers is still lo#! "lcohol consumption is on the increase among the youth in the -(uslim ma ority. Mederation!;* It should also be noted that Islamic endo#ments - wa!+s.' #hich #ere a crucial financial source for the Islamic +ommunity in the past' have never been returned after being forcefully confiscated and nationalized by the communist government! "lthough mainstream &unni Islam strongly dominates the scene' the post-communist specter of Islamic ideas -and practices. in Bosnia and Herzegovina is certainly #ide and includes conservatives' modernists' traditionalists' liberals' salafis' &ufis' and radicals! It is #orth noting that among all the follo#ers of this #ide array of ideas there have not been any serious organizations calling for the state implementation of Shari0a in the public domain or for the establishment of an Islamic state Poo$ing at BosniaAs Islamic revival from a broader perspective and comparing it to other transitions in the country' including its transition from communism to democracy' #ar to peace' liberalization' reconstruction' and 1uropean Rnion integration' and also comparing it to the revival of other religions' the revival of Islam certainly does not dominate the scene!

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Mor a good analysis of foreign influences in Islam see "ntuanez' <uan +arlos! 44M,51INK IKMPR1K+1& IK I&P"( IK B,&KI" "K/ H15S1N,9IK" &IK+1 )==;!44 ###!I&11M!net' *7)7! ;* 4Uri$az problema prouzro$ovanih zloupotrebom al$ohola i drugih droga4' available at http2BB###!nar$omani a!baBinde%!phpFidG)*8! -last accessed )* Mebruary *7)).!