Bending B di I I: Pure Bending

MAE314 SolidMechanics Y.Zhu

Slide 1

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Beams in Pure Bending

Prismatic beams subject to equal and opposite couples acting in the same plane are in pure bending.

Slide 2

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Pure vs. Non-Uniform Bending

Pure bending: Shear force (V) = 0 over the section Non-uniform bending: V 0 over the section
Non-uniform bending Moment normal stresses Shear force shear stresses

Pure bending P b di Moment normal stresses

Slide 3

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Pure Bending: Assumptions

Beam is symmetric y about the x y plane p All loads act in the x y plane

Slide 4

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Pure Bending: Curvature

Sections originally perpendicular to longitudinal ( ) axis (y-z) i remain i plane l and d perpendicular: di l Plane sections remain plane.

Right angle

Sign convention
Positive bending moment: beam bends towards +y direction Negative bending moment: beam bends towards -y direction

Slide 5

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Pure Bending: Deformation

Since angles do not change (remain plane), there is no shear h stress. t The top part of the beam contracts in the axial direction. The bottom part of the beam expands in the axial direction. There exists a line in the beam that remains the same length called the neutral line (neutral plane). Set y = 0 at the neutral line. = radius of curvature x < 0 for y > 0 and x > 0 for y < 0

Slide 6

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Pure Bending: Axial Strain

The length of DE is LDE = The length of JK is LJK = (-y) Axial strain at a distance y from the neutral axis (x):

LJK LDE ( y ) x = = = L LDE

LJK

x =

LDE

Maximum M i compressive i strain t i occurs on the th upper surface. f Maximum tensile strain occurs on the lower surface.

Slide 7

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Pure Bending: Axial Strain contd

c = maximum distance between the neutral axis and the upper or lower surface When c is the distance to the surface in compression max = c When c is the distance to the surface in tension max = c

Slide 8

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Pure Bending: Transverse Strain

Recall there are no transverse stresses since the beam is free to move in the y and z directions. However, transverse strains (in the y and z directions) exist due to the Poissons ratio of the material.

y = x y = y
z = x z = y
' = radius of anticlastic curvature = /

Slide 9

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Pure Bending: Normal Stress

Let us now assume that the beam is made of a linear-elastic material.

x = E x =

Ey

The normal stress varies linearly with the distance from the neutral surface.

Slide 10

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Pure Bending: Normal Stress contd

Recollecting that the applied loading is a pure moment, we calculate resultant loads on the cross-section. The resultant axial force must be equal to zero.

dA = E x dA =
A

ydA = 0 y
A

ydA = 0
A

which is the definition of the centroid, so the just the centroid of the section. neutral axis is j

Slide 11

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Pure Bending: Normal Stress contd

The resultant moment about the z-axis must be equal to the applied moment M.

y x dA = yE x dA =
A A

2 y dA = M A

Definition of the second moment of inertia, I

M=

EI

My I

x = E x =

Ey

x =

Slide 12

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Review From Last Time

Beams in pure bending (no shear forces) Plane sections remain plane +M, upper surface in compression +M, lower surface in tension Transverse strains exist due to

x =

EI

y y = z =

Radius of Curvature

Neutral Line

M=

x =

My I

Slide 13

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Centroids
To match with our axis convention use centroid in the y-direction.

y=

ydA A

Centroids for common shapes p are located in the back cover of y your textbook. If a cross section shape has an axis of symmetry, then the centroid passes through p g that axis of symmetry. y y

Slide 14

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Centroids for Composite Shapes

Choose a reference x-axis (normally the base of the shape). Divide the composite shape into individual shapes. Calc late the area for each shape Calculate shape. Find the location of the centroid for each shape relative to the reference y-axis.
Area
A1 A2 A3 h1b1 h2b2 h3b3

y
0.5h1 h1+0.5h2

Area y
0.5h12b1 h2b2(h1+0.5h2)

b3 y3

h3

A3

h1+h2+0.5h3 h3b3(h1+h2+0.5h3)
i

A
i

Ai y i
i

h2

A2

y2

Ay y= A
i i i i

h1

A1 b2
b1

y1

y=0

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Moments of Inertia
Moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis

I x = y 2 dA
A

Moments of inertia for common shapes p are located in the back cover of your textbook.

x x x Ix x Ix Ix Ix

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Moments of Inertia for Composite Shapes

Divide the composite shape into individual shapes. Calculate I of each shape about its own centroid. Calculate I of each shape about the centroid of the entire composite shape using the parallel axis theorem: ( I ) = ( I ) + A d 2
x i x' i i i

I x'
A1 A2 A3 b1h13/12 b2h23/12 b3h33/12

Ad

I x + Ad 2
b1h1(d12+h12/12) b2h2(d22+h22/12) b3h3(d32+h32/12)

b3

b1h1d12 b2h2d22 b3h3d32

h3

A3

C3

x
d3

I x = (I x )i
i

h2

d2

x x
d1

A2

C2

h1

A1

C1

b2
b1

Slide 17

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Example Problem 1
Find the location of the centroid and the moment of inertia of the section below (the moment is applied about the horizontal axis).
5 in 0.5 in

4 in

1 5 in 1.5

3 in

3 in

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Slide 19

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Stress in the Elastic Range

Revisiting the beam subject to pure bending
For positive bending moment
Maximum tensile stress = Mc2 / I Maximum compressive stress = Mc1 / I Maximum tensile stress = Mc1 / I Maximum compressive stress = Mc2 / I

For negative bending moment

c1 c2

The ratio I/c1 (or I/c2) is known as S, elastic section modulus. g values for S indicate a beam that is more resistant to Larger bending.

Slide 20

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Deformations in the Elastic Range

Which shapes are most resistant to bending?
S-beam W-beam Wb I-beam

Why?
Large portion of the cross section is located far from the neutral axis, resulting in large values of S.

The deformation of a member due to bending g can be calculated by 1 M = EI

Slide 21 --- Bending ---

Example Problem 2
A beam with cross-section like the previous example is subjected to a pure bending moment of M = -4500 inlb. Find the maximum tensile and compressi e normal stresses. compressive stresses
5 in 0.5 in

4i in

1.5 in

3 in

3 in

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Slide 23

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