5.4.

5 Participation in Income Generating Activities Whether or not house holds had received IGA support from community forestry user groups. IGAs had focused to the poor household but the poor HH had got benefited or not interested due to high opportunity cost loss due to involvement in long time taking IGA. The main IGA was Vegetation Goat farming !ig farming "hop keeping "ewing #arpenter fishery bee keeping etc. The details of IGAs are given in the IGAs subsection of this chapter.
Every times 0% Most of Times 11%

Never 38%

Sometimes 51%

Every times

Most of Times

Sometimes

Never

Figure 5: Participation in IGA

$ut of the %& respondent no respondents said that they involve in IGA for every time &'(()* were involving for the most of the time +,'%()* involving for sometimes and +( '-.)* respondents were never involved in the IGAs

5.3.6 Participation on decision making As /# is the main body for decision making participation status from ethnic groups wealth class and gender gave users participation in decision making to some e0tent. According to the #1 president women poor and dalit were not interested in the decision making process related to forest management and the other affairs not related to

--

them. /ven on their concerned matters they only agreed on the options provided by the other users and members and didn2t take their own views.

18%

11%

23% 48%

Always

Most of time

Sometimes

Never

"ource3 1ield "urvey +4(4

Figure 6: Participation in Decision-making

$ut of the %& respondents & '(()* were always involved in the decision5 making +6'7.)* were involved in most of the times (-'+-)* were sometimes involved and (4 '(.)* were never involved in the decision making process. !articipation of dalit in decision making was very poor. "imilarly participation in meeting and plantation was 8uite low as compared to overall participation. This was due to fact that dalit were not very interested in community participation. This result is similar to 9alla '+44-*. However participation of dalit in IGA and protection was high as compared to overall involvement of users. However participation of dalit in IGA and protection was high as compared to over all involvement of users. !articipation of female in training also lower in plantation activities. #1 meetings and decision making was low. This finding is similar to 9ahar:an '+447*. He showed that women;s role in decision making is negligible. This is due to the fact that women can;t e0press their views frankly in the meeting and decision making process due to their illiteracy and shyness in presence of male. /ven if they e0press their views their suggestions were ignored or given less

-7

!riority. !articipation of female was higher than male in training and IGA. !articipation of poor group was very low in decision making activities. <ut their participation in forest protection and management and training was higher than other groups. 5.5 Income Generating Activities (IGA 5.5.! Description o" t#e e$isting IGA /0ecutive #ommittee'/#* had allocated the fund of =>s. ( 44 444 used in different IGAs like goat farming pig farming metal working sewing carpentry work shop keeping etc. The fund was given to the users in the interest rate of () with the condition that users had to return the fund within the one year along with the interest. A Goat Farming: Goat farming the /# called the application for the goat farming Among the interested applicants the /# selected (% then poor interested farmers were selected by the /# and the /# provided the fund of =>s.- 444 per person with () interest rate provided that fund should be returned within ( years period. The /# had also made decision that goat farming was taken as annual program from the year +4&-?4&7. The /# distributed the forest area into interested users for grass planting and cutting for livestock consumption. The users ha d planted different type of grass like dinanath napier stylo etc. The /# had distributed the seed of the grasses to the users in nominal price. The @G had brought the two improved varieties of male goat for mating with the female goat and given to the farmers and these two farmers had to rare these goats and the earned =>s. +% per female goat. % &#op 'eeping 1or shop keeping /# allocated =>s. % 444 per person to the total - poor users. ( Pig "arming /# allocated =>s. - 444 per person to the total % poor user. Among them two users had successfully reared the pig. D )eta*+orking

-%

/# gave the fund of =>s. - 444 to the ( dalit member for buying the machine. He collected the (% 5 to +4 9an '74Ag* paddy in a year due to providing his service. , Grass p*anting The B1$ and B"#$ had given the seed of different grasses like Dinanath, Napier, Amlisho Stylo. The /# distributed the seeds of those grasses into the different. Among them two users had made some earning from the selling of seeds. The /# brought the seeds of Binnaath grass in the rate of =>s. (%4?kg. F %e* co**ection >ecently the @G had started the bel collection program. The user had to collect the bel from the forest in the @G office and the /# sold the collected bel to the collector and gave =>s.-?5 per Ag to the collectors. G -ai*oring Three users from the dalit community had been invested by the @G for the sewing machine purchase. "imilarly the @G had given the sewing training to the interested (% users with the coordination from the local club although none of them had taken tailoring as IGAs. . (arpenteringC $ne dalit user of the #1 had been invested =>s. - 444?5 by the @G for purchasing the e8uipments re8uired for carpentering and he had been successfully doing the carpentering works. I /ea" (o**ection o" %#or*a The users collected the leaf of bhorla from the #1 and the collector brought these leaves at the rate of >s.+?5 for &7 leaves and the collector had to pay >s. (4?5 per sack of the leaves. 5.5.0 Distri1ution o" t#e IGAs IGAs were one of the ma:or contributions of #1 in the economic upliftment of rural people. 1or the distribution of the IGAs had given ma:or priority for poor people.

-&

Although IGAs mainly directed towards poor community but some of poor users were not interested due to lack of knowledge about economic benefits from IGAs. Buring the HH survey only (6 '-4.-&)* respondents said that they were involved in IGA activities and -,'&,.&7)* HH said that they didn2t. $nly -% '&+.%)* HH were satisfied with the current IGAs through #1 and that +( '-6.%)* weren2t satisfied. 9ainly the users form medium and rich respondents didn;t satisfy with the IGA distribution. They didn;t get IGAs program because of being medium and rich class even if they were poor. "ome of the dalit and Dana:ati respondents were also not satisfied with the IGA because they were out of the main stream of community forestry and benefit sharing because of dominance of clever <rahmin and #hhetri.

-a1*e !2: Distri1ution o" t#e IGAs on t#e 1asis o" &e$3 4ea*t#3 and ,t#nicit5 IGA
6o.o" .. invo*ved /oan per .. -ota* Amount )a*e "ema*e 7ic# )idd*e Poor Da*it 8an9ati %ra#min: (##etri &e$ 4ea*t# c*ass ,t#nicit5

Goat 1arming "hop keeping

(% % ( ( +.

- 444 % 444 - 444 - 444 -444 -444

7% 444 (% 444 (% 444 , 444 - 444 - 444 ,4 444

(4 + % + ( ( +(

% ( 4 ( 4 4 6

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

, ( 4 4 4 4 (4

& + % ( ( (.

+ 4 ( + ( ( 6

7 ( 7 ( 4 4 (4

, + 4 4 4 4 ((

!ig 1arming
Tailoring 9etal working #arpente5 ring

-ota*

'"ourceC >ecords "hree Dymare <han:ang #1@G*

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$ut of the total IGAs allocated to +. HHs +( were allocated to male and 6 to female. "imilarly (4 IGAs were given to the meddle class and (. were to the poor class and there were no IGAs to the rich HH. Eikewise 6 IGAs were given to dalit (4 were to the Dana:ati and (( were given to the <rahmin and #hhetri. 5.5.3 Annua* income t#roug# di""erent IGAs 9ost of the IGAs program were started from one year so that user;s were hadn;t got distinct economic earnings from some of the programs like Aurilo cultivation bel collection and some of the users couldn;t continue their IGA program like shop keeping tailoring and Aurilo cultivation. Buring the household survey some of the respondent couldn;t e0press their e0act income form the IGA activities. -a1*e !;: Income "rom di""erent t5pes o" IGA &.6. IGA 6o. o" 7espondents -ota* mone5 Average Per .. - 444 (( 444 (. 444 % 444 (+ 444 earned 15 .. Annua* income ( Goat farming + !ig farming "hop Aeeping 7 Tailoring % 9etal working "ourceC 1ield "urvey +4(4 7 + + ( ( in a 5ear (+ 444 ++ 444 -& 444 % 444 (+ 444

Above table (, shows that 7 HH had goat farming and the average annual income was =>s. - 444 per HH. + HH had pig farming and the average annual income was =>s (( 444 per HH. + HH had shop keeping and average annual income was =>s (. 444."imilarly average annual income was =>s. % 444 and =>s. (+ 444 per HH from Tailoring and 9etal working respectively. "hop keeping and metal workings were IGAs having highest annual income 5.6 Forest product distri1ution s5stem The forest products were distributed on the basis of provision made in the $peration !lan '$!*. Buring the distribution first priority was given to the own users of the #1 .<ut the users had to use the forest product for their HH use not for the commercial purpose. The distribution system of the @G was on the re8uirement basis.

-.

Any users could get the forest products on their re8uirements by following the rules in their $!.

5.6.! -im1er distri1ution s5stem The distribution of the timber was on the sale basis .The @G make the rate is per cu.ft =>s (44 of the timber. Bue to the high price of the timber poor people were unable to afford for money for timber. $nly rich and medium wealth class were mainly benefited .According to the $! "econd priority of the timber distribution would be given to the ad:acent users after the use of the timber by the users. Buring the HH survey most of the users were satisfied with the distribution system e0cept timber distribution system. 5.6.0 Fue* +ood distri1ution s5stem The distribution of the firewood is free for those who collected firewood on the bhari basis but for the collection of firewood on tractor they had to pay >s.(%4 per tractor. =evertheless there was no price for the fuel wood from the tractor for those who are affected by the natural calamities. 5.6.3 Grass and "odder distri1ution s5stem There was no pricing system for the grass collection. @sers #1 were gone to the forest for grass collection. 1or the grass distribution of the grass forest areas were given to the interested users. 1or the distribution of the forest areas to the users /# called for the application from the users. Then /# allocated the certain forest area to the forest users for grass planting and cutting for the own domestic consumption. 5.6.4 &amp*e <sers= perception a1out "orest product distri1ution s5stem ".=. 1orest !roduct ( Timber + 1uel Wood 1odder? Grass "ourceC 1ield survey +4(4 "atisfied -4.&% 6..&7 ...6( =on "atisfied &,.-% (,.-& ((.+,

-,

9ainly users got timber fuel wood and grass. <ut &,.-%) of respondents were not satisfied with the timber distribution of #1@G. 9ainly respondents were not satisfied with price rate of timber. All of the dalit and most of the Dana:ati respondents were not satisfied with the price rate. All of the poor respondents and most of the medium class respondents were not satisfied with the current system of timber distribution. <ut respondents were satisfied with fuel wood '6..&%)* and fodder and grass '...6()*. The researcher found in the study area there are strictly follow the rule of 1orest Act +44(. In this Act +44( there are clearly mention that the #1 must have plant five trees if they cut one tree. "o there is no any affect timber distribution system.

74