Particle Image Velocimetry

Jarmo Kalilainen

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

Outline
1. Introduction 2. PIV operation principles a) Illumination b) cameras c) Seeding d) Velocity calculation e) Post processing 3. Advanced PIV methods a) Stereographic PIV b) Tomographic PIV c) Micro-PIV 4. Summary

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

Introduction
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a set of methods where the velocity of the flow is determined by investigating motion of a large number of particles following the flow In PIV, the velocity is directly calculated from the displacement of the flow element at given time Advantage when compared to other experimental methods, such as Laser Doppler Anomometry or hot wires, where intermediate phenomena is measured for velocity calculation

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

Introduction
With PIV: Velocity vectors from relatively large area of a flow can be measured intantaniously Visualization of the flow field Closely related to Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) Flow field determined by following a individual particles

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

Basic planar PIV

Operation principle of planar PIV: Tracer particles seeded to the flow Part of the flow that is under investigation is illuminated with light source (for example laser) Two successive images taken form the light sheet Flow velocity determined form the movement of particles at the light sheet using some correlation method

Picture: Raffel, Willert, Komphans: PIV, a practical Guide

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

Illumination
Typically, illumination in PIV handled with double-pulsed laser Solid state lasers (like Nd:YAG) commonly used With frequency doubling crystal, wavelength 532 nm Two lasers for two illuminations Light sheet optics used to form a laser sheet from the pulse

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

Illumination
Q-switch is used to produce a high energy (101000 mJ) laser pulse When flash lamp is enabled, Pockels cell is OFF and light emitted from the Nd:YAG rod due to spontanious emissions is reflected by the Glanlaser polarizer After the exitation of laser rod is completed, Q-switch is enabled -> Pockels cell ON -> light passes through the polarizer and cause stimulated emissions in the laser rod -> high energy light pulse (5-10 ns)
Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

Illumination

Laser pulse energy can be controlled with

Q-switch delay time: shorter delay -> lower energy Flash lamp voltage: lower voltage -> lower laser pulse energy

Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

Illumination

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

Illumination

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Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Camera
Camera records the particle image to a video chip Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), electric charge held in electron storage wells Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS), arrays convert light into electrical signal Modern PIV camera has 1-22 million pixels Particle image diameter > 5 pixels Smaller particle image can cause pixel locking, where particle displacement cannot be accurately determined

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Particles
Seed particles must be small enough to follow the flow with good accuracy 1 m diameter particles for gas flows 10 m diameter particles for liquid flows On the other hand, particles should have good light scattering abilities Mono-disperse particles

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Particles

Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

For gas flows, also liquid droplets, such as oils (olive oil, DEHS etc.) can be used

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Image displacement
Light intensity of image plane with multiple particle images:

For image displacement calculation, the image is divided into interrogation spot (for example, one image contains 128 x 128 or 64 x 64 square interrogation spots) If the image density (related to the number of particles inside an interrogation spot) is low -> PTV High image density -> PIV
8.5.2012 Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics 14

Image displacement
If the image density is high the displacement of interrogation spot must be determined using some correlation method Two different ways to obtain image displacement with high image density 1. Single-pulsed, double-frame where successive pictures are saved into two frames Image displacement with cross-correlation

2. Single-frame, double-pulsed -> pictures into a single frame Image displacement with auto-correlation

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Image displacement
Cross-correlation

With cross-correlation, only one displacement peak Auto-correlation produces to mirror displacement peaks -> direction of image displacement must be known
Auto-correlation

Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

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Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Image displacement

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Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Improved velocity calculations and Post processing

Besides individual square interrogation windows Overlapping windows Rectangular shape (128 x 64 pixels ) Advanced interrogation methods Multipass: multiple image displacement calculations. Velocity obtained from the first pass used to offset the second image for successive passes Multigrid: same as multipass, but second pass done with smaller interrogation window (first pass: 128 x 128 window, second pass 64 x 64 window, etc.) Reduces in-plane particle displacements
Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

8.5.2012

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Improved velocity calculations and Post processing

After a measurement, obtained velocity field contains invalid vectors Produced by correlation peaks that do not represent the vector displacement Noise level too high or problem with the images (glaring wall, etc.) Invalid vectors can be taken out using a post processing methods, such as median filters where each vectors is compared to its neighbors median value -> vector is removed if difference too large Out-of-plane (vector moved away form the 2nd image to z direction) and in-plane (vector moved away form the 2nd image to x or y direction) particle displacement can cause invalid vectors The amount of invalid vectors in PIV image < 10 %
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PIV operation principle

Velocity vector fiel on a plane perpendicular to the wall in a flat-plate turbulent Boundary layer

Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Stereographic PIV

With stereographic PIV (SPIV), all components of a velocity vector in a planar domain can be measured By comparing the image displacement measurement of two cameras, out of plane velocity can be calculated

Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Tomographic PIV
Tomographic PIV can be used to measure 3-D velocity of a volume of fluid In principle, tomographic PIV operational with two cameras However, more cameras are recommended, typical setup has 4

Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Tomographic PIV

Position of particles in a measurement volume at a given time t determined by comparing the images of all cameras After the two illuminations, the particle displacement is calculated using a 3-D correlation procedure, closely related to one used in planar 2-D PIV discussed earlier
Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Tomographic PIV

Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Micro-PIV
Used to measure small scale flows High image magnification Fluerescent particles with camera filter used to prevent overexposure Low image density -> particle tracking needs to be used Small tracer particles effected by Brownian motion-> particle track wont represent flow accurately Correlation average where the mean velocity is obtained from a large number of PIV images (accurate result since Re is small)

Picture: Adrian, Westerweel: Particle Image velocimetry

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Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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Summary
Particle image velocimetry used to measure velocity field of liquid or gas flow Basic PIV system can measure two planar velocity components of a flow, with more advanced measurement setup also the out of plane velocity component can be measured Laser is used to illuminate the measurement are of the flow Two successive images of the flow are taken and the displacement of particle images are calculated using auto or cross-correlation After the velocity calculation, invalid vectors are removed using proper post processing tools With more advanced PIV setups, velocity field on a volume or small scale flow field can be measured using tomographic PIV or micro-PIV, respectively

8.5.2012

Kul-34.4551 Postgraduate Seminar on Fluid Mechanics

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