Type I : Present Past. Subject1 + wish(es)+ + subject 2 +verb in the past simple. I wish she were here.

If only + subject+ verb in the past simple. !y 78rim 2919 If only she were here. .!. "If only # wish + cause only. " $ffirmative%&'ne(ative !e in present( am)is)are) *ere She is absent now If only she werent absent. +erb in the present -i.n/t + verb ,e breaks his promises I wish he .i.n/t brea0 his promises. -on/t#.oesn/t+ verb +erb in the past simple She doesnt speak 1rench. If only she spoke 1rench. 2o.als Past of mo.al 3an coul.) will woul. I must wa0e up early tomorrow 2ay mi(ht) shall shoul. If only I didnt have to wa0e up early tomorrow 2ust#have to ha. to# .i.n/t have to Type II : Past Past Perfect Subject 1+ wish(es)+ subject 2+verb in the past perfect( ha.+pp)+. If only + subject+ verb in the past perfect. !y 78rim 2919 .!. "If only # wish + cause only. " $ffirmative%&'ne(ative !e in the past( was#were) ,a.(n/t) been 4hey were careless. If only they hadnt been careless +erb in the past ,a.n/t+pp I forgot my passwor.. I wish I hadnt forgotten my passwor.. -i.n/t+ verb ,a.+pp I didnt see the film. I wish I had seen the film.

I li0e the car. Its colour is re.. I want to be in a place. 4here is nobo.y in that place. I love the time. *e are to(ether in that time.

Possession Place 4ime

*hose *here when

I li0e the car whose colour is re.. I want to be in a place where there is nobo.y I love the time when we are to(ether.

*here& place *hen & time *hose & possession Sentences

I 0now the man. He lives here. I know the man. Youre talking about him I too0 the boo0. It was on the table.

who& people# subject whom &people#object which &thin(s 5ef. *h6 wor.
People#subj People/obj 4hin(s who whom *hich

3ombinations
I 0now the man who lives here I know the man about whom you are talking I too0 the boo0 which was on the table

I- Infinitives are verbs with "to" such as "to study", "to pretend" and " to imagine". there are basically ! rules governing the use o" in"initives# $% &erb' to'verb " deu( verbes )ui se suivent, le deu(i*me se met a l+in"initi"" ,.g.# I want to go home. or she needs to have some rest. -% ."ter wh%words " who, what, when, where, why, which, whose and how" I don+t know how to cook couscous. /ell me where to "ind the lycee. 0% /o e(press purpose why you do something " ,n "ran1ais pour le but2 ,.g.# I went to 3hemisset to see my "amily. I am phoning to apologi4e. 5% ."ter " It+s 'adjective' in"initive" It+s hard to solve this pu44le. this bag is heavy to li"t. 6% ."ter the superlative we use in"initives. !y 78rim 2919 ,.g.# 7e is the best man to do this job !% a"ter some e(pressions# used to, . II- Gerund= Verb+ing $% ."ter some verbs o" a% likes# like, love, pre"er, enjoy, appreciate, adore....'verbing# I enjoy helping people. b% dislikes# dislike, hate, detest, abhor, loathe...'verbing# 8he hates waiting "or a long time. -% ."ter prepositions# in, on, at, about, o", "or, upon ....' verbing# I am thinking about travelling tomorrow. 0% ."ter some e(pressions like# look "orward to, keen on, can+t help, can+t stand, bear, get/be used to, /here+s no, worth, what about, there+s no point9 it+s no use, spend money/ time, to be busy...'verbing ,.g.# I look "orward to receiving your e%mail. !y 78rim 2919 III- Bare infinitive = Verb: play, say a% ."ter some verbs# 7elp, let, recommend...' verb without "to" or "ing": ;an you help me do this e(ercise< b% ."ter modals# can/could, will/would, shall/ should, may/might, must, needn+t' verb e.g. # 8he could swim9 the kid might be sick ,(cept# ought, have, and had are "ollowed by "to" ,.g.# You ought to be on time. !y 78rim 2919

"I must go to the bank." "I needn+t phone her."

!y 78rim 2919

7e said he had to go to the bank. 7e said he didn+t need to phone her.

/7, @?CC?AIDE B?=.C &,>F8 =? D?/ ;7.DE,# Aould, could, might, ought to, needn+t have, must have, used to @irst ;onditional "I+ll go i" they go." 8econd ;onditional 7e said he would go i" they went.

A-Reporting Statements
=I>,;/ 8P,,;7 8imple Present "I live in Paris." Present ;ontinuous "I+m not "eeling well." Present Per"ect 8imple "I+ve never been there." Present Per"ect ;ontinuous "8he+s been working." 8imple Past "I saw my mother." @uture 8imple "/here will be a problem." @uture ;ontinuous "I+ll be leaving soon." >,P?>/,= 8P,,;7 8imple Past 7e said he lived in Paris. Past ;ontinuous 7e said he wasn+t "eeling well. Past Per"ect 8imple 7e said he had never been there. Past Per"ect ;ontinuous 7e said she had been working Past Per"ect 8imple 7e said he had seen his mother. ;onditional "Aould'&erb" 7e said there would be a problem. ;onditional ;ontinuous "Aould be'&erbing" 7e said he would be leaving soon. MODALS Present Bodals "I will go." "I can swim." "It may rain." Past Bodals 7e said he would go. 7e said he could swim. 7e said it might rain.

-I5:34 I -I5:34 today that day yesterday the day be"ore the day be"ore yesterday two days be"ore tomorrow the ne(t day / the "ollowing day the day a"ter tomorrow in two days time ne(t week / year etc. the "ollowing week / year etc. last week / year etc. the previous week / day etc. a year ago a year be"ore / the previous year here there this that /hese / now /hose/ then B- Reporting Yes/ o !"estions @orm# G ' as ed !+ob"e#t$ or %anted to no%+ if / whether Hchange tensesI 16 !e# present( am) is ) are) & was#were+ no inversion ;$re you tire.<=& he as0e. me if I was tire.. 26 !e#past (was#were) & ha. been+ no inversion. ;*ere you absent<=& he as0e. me if I ha. been absent. !y 78rim 2919 >6 -o#.oes +verb& verb in the past+ .elete .o#.oes. ;-oes she #ive here<=& he as0e. me if she #ived there. ?6 2o.als & past of mo.als+ no inversion. ;$an you come<=& he as0e. me if I %o"#d come $- Reporting &h-!"estions( where) when) what) why...) &orm: ' + asked H'objectI/ wanted to know+WH-word +!#(ange tenses$ """ 4he same rules apply here too""" ;&here are you<=&,e as0e. me where I was. !y 78rim 2919 ;)(en did she arrive& ,e as0e. me when she had arrived. '- Reporting i(perative )verb*+

&orm: '+ ordered*told* %anted+ ob"e#t+ infinitive!to+verb$++++ ,)rite your name+- & he tol. me to %rite my name+
,- Reporting egatives ) 'ont-.erb*+

&orm: '+ %arned+ob"e#t+ ./0+ infinitive ;'ont eat fatty foo..)& ,e warne. me /T to eat fatty foo..
0- Reporting 0"n%tions:

16+erbs followe. by either a t(at-#lause or a to-infinitive# 2

.eci.e e@pect

promise s%ear

guarantee (ope

t(reaten

26 +erbs followe. by ob"e#t + to-infinitive

!y 78rim 2919

a.vise forbi. teach as0 instruct tell be( invite warn comman. >6 .,RB1 0/22/&,' BY TH, 3,R4 ' 1"ggest ad(it re(e(ber*. ,5a(p#es. $2I will come on time.2 7e promised to come on time. -2Aould you come to my party.2 7e invited me to come to his party. 02Cets go out.2 7e suggested going out. 5%7e said, J/hank you:2 7e thanked me. 7e said, JEood luck:2 7e wished me luck. 7e said, J7appy ;hristmas: 7e wished me a happy ;hristmas. 7e said, J;ongratulations:2 7e congratulated me. 7e said, JCiar:2 7e called me a liar 7e said, J=amn:2 7e swore.

Ahen the ambulance arrived ,the man had already died. -% I #losed the door. I %ent to sleep. I (ad #losed the door be"ore I %ent to sleep/ I %ent to sleep a"ter I (ad #losed the door. 0% I HeatI LLLLthe sandwich which I HprepareILLLLLL Past Perfe%t %ontin"o"s. @orm # 7ad been'verbing. Ae use it with these adverbs # for) since) the whole .ay) all .ay a6 to insist on the .uration or process of an action of the 1st actionA
*hen Safaa came to 2e0nes) she ha. been livin( in 3asa for B years. b6 to e@plain a past effect or result. *hy< 2ariam achieve. her .reams because she ha. been wor0in( har..

Yesterday he HbeIL..tired Hwhy<I as he Hwork<ILL.in the garden all day. 0"t"re Perfe%t 1i(p#e: 4he future perfect refers to a complete. action in the future. 0or(: &i## have - P.P Mse the "uture per"ect simple when you have these adverbs: by )- date / ti(e+8 by the end of*8 this ti(e ne5t*8by the ti(e-si(pe present8 :.CA I have >D lessons an. I revise E lessons a .ay. So in F .ays time) I wi## have finished all my >9 lessons. I4ll (ave been here for si@ months on Gune 2>r. 5ou %ill (ave finis(ed your wor0 by this time ne@t wee0. Dn 11 $u(ust this year we wi## have been marrie. for five years. ,ow lon( wi## she have worked here by the en. of this year< If 999- %a"se 9999999999: 99999 9-effe%t 99999999999.

!y 78rim 2919 1ast 1erfe#t Simple

1ormA ,a.+past participle.

2se t(e past perfe#t to #ontrast t(e timing of t%o events: earlier and later past+ $.verbsA already ,by t(e time+ simple past ,ever, never, before, after, %(en, as soon as, on#e, till, until3 =ecide which is the action that happened "irst and which one happened second+ 1ut t(e 6st a%tion in past perfe%t and 7nd in si(p#e past+ $%/he man died at $KhKK. /hen the ambulance arrived at $Kh0K.

Ho(ic#automatic& con.itional 9A if+ present) + present. 1uture & con.. IA if +present ) +will+ verb Present & con.. IIA if +past) +woul.#coul.#mi(ht+verb. Past & con.. IIIA if+ past perfect) +woul.#coul.#mi(ht+have+P.P. !y 78rim 2919

:@amplesA I. 3lose your eyes an. you will see nothin(.(& lo(ic& con..9) 3ause :ffect If you #lose your eyes) you see nothin(. >

 Iou see nothin( if you #lose your eyes. 7- I will (et my !ac an. my father will buy me a laptop.(future& con. I ) 3ause :ffect If I get my !ac) my father %ill buy me a laptop. 2y father %ill buy me a laptop if I get my !ac. ;6 I can/t help you because I am busy.(present&con..II) :ffect 3ause e(.$ff. $ff. e(. !y 78rim 2919 If I %eren/t busy) I %ould (elp you. I %ould (elp you if I %eren6t busy. !A a6 Jse always were (not was) in con.itional) wish an. if only. c6 3auseA " !e (am) is) are) were(n/t) " +erb (present) .i.n/t +verb " -on/t#.oesn/t ++erb verb in the simple past. <-,e ha. a stomachache because he ate a lot.(past&con..III) :ffect 3ause $ff e( $ff e( If he (adn6t eaten a lot) he %ouldn6t (ave (ad a stomach ache. ,e %ouldn6t (ave (ad a stomach ache if he (adn6t eaten a lot. !A causeA be#past (was) were) ha.(n/t) been. +erb (past) ha.n/t + pp of the verb (& past perfect)

Passive

Dbject

!e (in tense of the verb)

PP

!y subject

Tense
Present simple

active

Passive
A letter is written by Ali A letter is being written A letter was written by Ali A letter was being written A letter has been written A letter had been written A letter will be written A letter is going to be written

Rules
subject+is/are+p.p subj.+is/are+being+p.p subj.+was/were+p.p subj.+was/were+being+p.p subj.+has/have+been+p.p subj.+had+been+p.p subj.+will+be+p.p subj.+is/are+going to be+p.p

Ali writes a letter Prsenet cont. Ali is writing a letter Past Simple Ali wrote a letter Past continuous Ali was writing a letter Present perfect Ali has written a letter Past perfect Ali had written a letter Future simple Ali will write a letter Ali is going to write a Be going to+verb letter Ali will have written a F. Perf simple letter.
odals! should" can"

A letter will have been written subj+will have been+p.p A letter should be written subj.+modal+be+p.p

Ali should write a letter.

That passive: *hat people believe) thin0) assume...

People believe that the prices will increase sharply ne@t year. subject1+verb1+that+Suject2+verb2 & 4*D SDHJ4ID S a6It+ be (in tense of verb1)+ verb1 in P.P+ that... 166It is believe. that the prices will increase sharply ne@t year. b6 Subject 2+be (in tense of verb1) +P.P of verb1+ infinitive of verb2 266 4he prices are believe. to increase sharply.(by people is not important ,5a(p#es: a6 Scientists say that humour activates our bloo. circulation. 16 it KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 26 ,umourKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.

-i.n/t/ + verb ha.+pp (&past perfect)

4here are > types of passiveA Dr.inary) that an. (erun.. *e will .eal just with the two first types. !y 78rim 2919 I6 Dr.inary. $ctive Subject +erb Dbject

! " #$ %* )( '& + ,- %./ Give 0 ?

1 , 23 $ 4 5678 9 -8 8 ,:; %: %< Up =>8 Give Up * ? + &; @ '%!A!8 B C Look D:9 8 ,:9 : 1 , E $ 4 After =>8 Look After A8 B C9 E FG
Blow Up 18 Break Down H IJ K 56GA! L B 4 2)"A8 ) Break in K 78 9 ;MA78 Break Up FGN K) O 8 Call Back P*9 >& / Q8 Call Off %8 Check In - 9 O' R6"& ." 1! Check out QB 1! Cheer up 6S =>8 9 TA8 Count on % 6BA8 Do Over P*9 EN 68 Drop out S6 4 K-78 Eat out O'; - L *5-& A8 ) Fall down U/ % V7!8 Figure out 77; 8 9 2A8 Get ack K8 Get over % W1A8 U 4 A8 Get up 8 !4 X8 Go ahead 968 !and in 0M 9 Y )O' L ;%!8 ) " !y 78rim 2919 !ang out E)6./ K A) Z78 !old on DA8 Let in &"*6= B!8 Look out ,A8

'OU(T O( DEPE(D O() RELY O() TRUST T*AT SOMET*I(G WILL *APPE( OR T*AT SOMEO(E WILL DO AS E+PE'TED ,-!! . / 0#1 $!2 3# 4& !& ,2 5# 4& 678 9!" 678 " GET O( MA:E PROGRESS ; ESPE'IALLY I( LIFE <%= >9"%= @ ? >2 4! A 9"%= >$2 GET O( E(TER A LARGEB 'LOSED CE*I'LE D/ E18 4 678 "3 :EEP O( FFOLLOWED GY A( ;I(G CERGH 'O(TI(UE 0# 9"> 93=! PUT O( 'LOT*ES GLASSES I A RI(G A (E':LA'E GEGI( TO WEAR) TO DRESS O(ESELF I 17 TUR( O( START GY TUR(I(G A *A(DLE OR SWIT'* J 678 AKL%1 E%M 9K# GREA: OUT FOF U(PLEASA(T T*I(GS ENGN WARSB EPIDEMI'SB FIRESB CIOLE('E TO STARTB USUALLY SUDDE(LY D# ,%=? DK# ! O?8 98& 01! D@ 'ARRY OUT I(STRU'TIO(S A DUTY A( ORDER A T*REAT A TEST TO FULFIL OR PERFORM FSOMET*I(GHN P7"7% !=Q% 9R =J? &? FI(D OUT FAGOUTH LEAR( GET I(FORMATIO( FAGOUTH 48 P!7" O#/ P!7" $7" O" GET OUT OF LEACE A SMALLB 'LOSED CE*I'LE <K3 E18 4 678 4 9J? K
Phrasal verbs Exercise1 Choose the suitable phrasal verbs from the list to replace the words in italics. Make any necessary changes . put on / put off / wake up / hand out / make up / look up / pick up / turn off / take off / write down

#un into 6>> GN 78 #un awa$ (8 %et up 68 ; D8 &ake off [- K%7 'ar( up 48BA% Q6AS 4G!8 'ork out EN = 18

1. 2. >. ?.

The baby got up because of the ringing of the telephone. o The baby woke up because of the ringing of the telephone .Key The teachers distributed the pri es among the best students.Key !lease" would you lift these old newspapers from the floor#Key $ou should remove your shoes in the mos%ue. Key

WEAR OFF TO DISAPPEAR GRADUALLY "! # $%&

E. F. L. M. B. 1. 2. >. ?. E. F. L.

The police inspector took down the witnesses& names and addresses in his notebook. Key The little boy only invented the complete story. Key They decided to delay their wedding party because of the death of the bride&s grandfather. Key 'he forgot to switchoff the radio. Key

!lease" search for this word in the dictionary( Key Exercise 2 Match the phrasal verbs and the meanings . to give out Key to turn out Key to fade away Key to sit down Key to give up Key to speak out Key to rise up Key A. to take a seat B. to speak boldly" freely and plainly C. to distribute D. to revolt E. to produce . to deliver or allow to pass to someone else

!y 78rim 2919

to come across someone2something Key 3. to leave on a 4ourney 5. to refuse an offer or the person who makes it C. to speak to someone angrily because he2she has done something wrong /. to meet or find someone2something by chance E. to have a friendly relationship with someone ). to fall in love with someone 6. to learn something without formal lessons 0. to get some information by asking or studying .. to be responsible for or take care of someone2something Exercise $ )ill in each blank with the right phrasal verb from the list making the necessary changes . turn down look after %et on with pick up come across

1. 2. >. ?. E. F. L. M. B.

to get on with somebody. Key to look after someone2something Key to pick up something Key to set off Key to find out Key to turn down Key to tell off Key to fall for Key

1. 2. >. ?.
9.

*. want to go back to work if . can find somebody to ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, my little daughter"- 'usan told her neighbour. Key 7ames&s son" 7oe" ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, a lot of .talian by playing with the local children. Key Kate ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, well ,,,,,, her colleagues at work.Key 7ean asked 8on to marry her but he ,,,,,,,,,, her ,,,,,,.Key . ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, this old 'wiss clock at a thrift shop downtown.

!. to .isappear or .ie (ra.ually Exercise " )ill in each blank with the right phrasal verb from the list making the necessary changes . set up take after turn down look forward to look up let down

1. 2. >. ?. E.

*+e are really ,,,,,,,,,, seeing you again.- Key .&ll have to ,,,,,,,,,, your plan because it is not convincing. Key The company should ,,,,,,,,,, some new branches all over the country.Key . don&t know this word. Can you ,,,,,,,,,, it ,,,,,, in your dictionary# Key /on&t worry( 0e will not ,,,,,,,,,, you ,,,,,, because he is very reliable person. Key

&odals
2o.alsA :@pressin( .e(rees of certainty NOPQRS #TUVUWURS TXYZ [\ ]U^_Q`R aN\bcdRS eb_fgS h-e(ree of certaintyh refers to how sure we are6what we thin0 the chances are6that somethin( is true. If we are sure that somethin( is true in the present) we .o not nee. to use a mo.al. 1or e@ample) if I say) h2artha is sic0)h I am surei I am statin( a fact that I am sure. 2y .e(ree of certainty here is 199j. If I am as0e. h*hy isnkt 2artha in class<h an. I am not sure of the reason) I can respon. in the followin(

F. 'ue really ,,,,,,,,,, her mother1 she has the same eyes" nose and hair. Key Exercise # Match the phrasal verbs and the definitions.

waysA bdUf l .aN\bcm eb_fn om pSYb^\ aN\ qd_Qcr bm stu q_f tf TUVUWURS ln NOPQRS TXYZ ln vNm [\ ]U^_Q`R wRx y`\ T`zmn t`{ 1She must be sic0. ,ere) I am BEj sure that she is (not 199j) TdRS tf BE T^cV| NOPQRS NU}~ 2ust 2She may be sic0. ,ere) I am E9j sure that she is TdRS tf E9 T^cV| NOPQRS NU}~ 2ay >She mi(ht be sic0. ,ere) I am less than E9j sure that she is TdRS tf E9 [m qn T^cV| NOPQRS NU}~ 2i(ht ?She coul. be sic0. ,ere) I am statin( a mere (uess. 4his is a very wea0 .e(ree of certainty T}U_ NOPQRS TXYZ n n S]QfS Nn Wf brn 3oul. 4he e(ative t}VRS `n 1ormin( such sentences in the ne(ative can be confusin(. 5ea. these sentences 2aria is not hun(ry. I am 199j sure that she is not hun(ry. TdRS tf Tm NOPQm brPf ebzdRS tf bdO +erb to be qd_Qn bmNV\ I .onkt 0now why 2aria is not eatin( with us. She may not (or mi(ht not) be hun(ry. I am E9j or less certain that she is not hun(ry. 2ay not# mi(ht not TdRb| E9 T^cV| NOPQRS NU}~ 2aria cannot be hun(ry. She has just ha. .iner. ,ere) I believe that there is no possibility that 2aria is hun(ry) but I am not 199j sure. TUrbmS SN_rS [\ ]^\n 3an not om bV 2aria is not eatin(. She must not be hun(ry. ,ere) I am e@pressin( a lo(ical conclusion) a best (uess. eW_ml tWVm bQVQS [\ ]^\n 2ust not om bV

TURbQRS URS ebd_QS { tbdRS tf NOPQRS [m TXYZ [\ ]U^_QRS brZYn Sx 2o.al verb + have + past participle :@amples 2aria .i.n/t atten. the meetin(. She must have been sic0 Ybd`R T`dRS ]Un bmNV\ the present 2aria .oesn/t atten. the meetin(. She must be sic0 bVdRS N\bcdRS q_}RS Wf qd_Qcr bVrn n 3oul. in the past 3oul. tbm 3oul. is use. to e@press ability in the past. ,ere it is tbdRS tf st| bUWRS y`\ aYNWRS [\ ]U^_QR 3oul. qd_Qc~ 1or e@ampleA 2y (irlfrien. coul. lift the .es0) but I coul. not. 666 4his means that my (irlfrien. was able to lift the .es0) but I was unable to. I coul. play football when I was a 0i.. :@ercise (She wasn't very rich. She gave money to the beggar. (although (He left early. He wanted to arrive on time. (so that .2 4. I don't earn a big salary. But if I did, I wouldn't buy a car. (even if) Sue li es !"era. #oe "refers $a%%. (&hey have different tastes.) (whereas He had the 'flu. He went to wor . (in spite of

!y 78rim 2919

you.

worry.

162a0in( an. 5espon.in( to 5euests Sample phrases (from formal to informal) $A 3oul. I trouble#bother you to len. me 299 -,s< !A (positive) Df course) itks no problem#trouble (at all). !A (ne(ative) Itks impossible for me because Ikve only (ot 1E9 -,s. $A 3oul. you please ta0e me to the airport tomorrow mornin(< !A (positive) 3ertainly. !A (ne(ative) I wish I coul.) but Ikve (ot an appointment at MA>9. $A *ill you help me fi@ this error) please< !A (positive) Sure. Ikll be (la. to. !A (ne(ative) Ikm afrai. I cankt. I .onkt 0now anythin( about computers. $A *oul. you min. lettin( me borrow your boo0< !A (positive) o) not at all. !A (ne(ative) Ikm sorry) but I nee. it for ne@t wee0ks e@am. $A Ik. li0e you to buy some boo0s for me on the way home) if you have time. !A (positive) o problem. !A (ne(ative) I cankt .o that because I wonkt be bac0 until 2>A99. Re="ests and /ffers (in a nutshell) 5euestin( Dfferin( -o you thin0 you coul.< 3an I help you< *oul. you min. ...in( me< *oul. you li0e me to ...< 3an you help me here< -o you nee. a han.< 3oul. you help me please< 3an I (et you somethin(< $cceptin( Ies) than0 you very much. 4han0 you. 4hatks very (oo. of 5efusin( 4han0s) but I can mana(e. 4han0 you) but .onkt

262a0in( 3omplaints Ikm sorry tohave to say this but... Ikm sorry to bother you) but... 2aybe you for(ot to... !y 78rim 2919 I thin0 you mi(ht have for(otten to... :@cuse me if Ikm out of line) but... 4here may have been a misun.erstan.in( about... -onkt (et me wron() but I thin0 we shoul.... :@amplesA 1ormula :@ample 1inish
Ikm sorry to have to say this but Ikm sorry to bother you) but 2aybe you for(ot to I thin0 you mi(ht have for(otten to :@cuse me if Ikm out of line) but 4here may have been a misun.erstan.in( about -onkt (et me wron() but I thin0 we shoul. I thin0 you nee. to fi@ rewrite this essay. It is full of mista0es. I thin0 you nee. to refine this layout. inclu.e his name an. number. finish the report on time. your wor0 has not been (oo.. what I e@pecte. from you. concentrate on the Smith account for the moment.

,5pressing #a%k of "nderstanding *hat .o you mean< :@ampleA I/m afrai. I really .on/t un.erstan. what you mean#you are sayin(. -o you meanKKKKKK..< I cankt (et what you mean I/m sorry) I/m not sure if I un.erstan. what you mean. Sorry) but I lost you when you sai.K

>sking for %#arifi%ation

3oul. you be more e@plicit< *oul. you repeat) please< 3oul. you e@plain what you mean by this) please< -o you min. clarifyin( more< I woul. be than0ful if you put it .ifferently. M -o you meanK< *hat .oes that mean e@actly<

teacher A 4o.ay we are (oin( to spea0 about learnin( styles. Stu.entAI am I/m afrai. I really .on/t un.erstan. what you mean by learnin( styles< 3oul. you e@plain what you mean by this) please< 4eacherA Hearnin( styles stan. for the ways we use to learn. there are basically seven learnin( styles. ?62a0in( an. respon.in( to apolo(ies ? >po#ogies Sorry ... Ikm terribly sorry. -o for(ive me ... Ikm very sorry in.ee.. Please accept our apolo(ies.
? >sking *hat .o you thin0 ...< *hatks your opinion about ...< ,ow .o you feel about ...< *hatks your reaction to that< $ny comments) Gohn< F6$(reein( or .isa(reein( $(reein( Ies) I a(ree with Gohn. Ies) I thin0 thatks a (oo. point. L6:@pressin( re(ret M65euests an. Dffers Re="esting -o you thin0 you coul.< *oul. you min. ...in( me< 3an you help me here<

3oul. you help me please< >%%epting Ies) than0 you very much. 4han0 you. 4hatks very (oo. of you. Ies) if youkre sure.

3an I (et you somethin(< Ref"sing 4han0s) but I can mana(e. 4han0 you) but .onkt worry.

>%%epting 4hatks D7. -onkt mention it. -onkt worry about it. ever min..

o than0 you) please .onkt bother.

E6:@pressin( an. respon.in( to opinion

3iving *ell) I thin0 ... In my opinion I thin0 ... I feel that we shoul. ... 2y reaction is that we shoul. ... 2ay I ma0e a comment on that<

B6$s0in( for an. (ivin( pieces of a.vice $s0in( for $.vice *hat .o you thin0 I shoul. .o< *hat .o you su((est< Civin( $.vice I thin0 you shoul. K. 2aybe you shoul. try someplace else. *hy .onkt you call the company< If I were you) I woul. tell her.

!y 78rim 2919

@ake an apolo(y a journey a mista0e a jo0e love frien.s a telephone call money a su((estion e@cuses

-isa(reein( Ikm sorry) but I cankt a(ree with Gohn. I thin0 you may have misse. the point there ...

@ake and 'o @ake a profit enuiries a .iscovery a loss a .ecision an offer pro(ress an impression a choice

/ffering 3an I help you< *oul. you li0e me to ...< -o you nee. a han.<

'o .ama(e wor0 a favour business oneks best ba.ly well (ar.enin( homewor0 housewor0

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!y 78rim 2919

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19

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Cultural 4alues& BY K@RIM 2010

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11

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!y 78rim 2919 www.0arim6teacher.webs.com

*omen wor0in( incre.ibly har. bW{N~ #bY~ [d{ T{N| [`d_{ sbcr 4hey are outstan.in( performers bQdm q| 6`d\ lZ{ [

12

4o run a company TO]u ]{N~ n I am for power6sharin( T`cRS bW~ om n 7ey

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2etter of %o(p#aint :writing

q` ^~NXll Q{]QuS stu e t~ TRbY )-ear Sir or 2a.am Dn 2> . of $pril this year I bou(ht an ,P pentuim? com""""r with the serial ?19 wor0station at your com""""r store Jnfortunately) your com""""r has not performe. well because it 0eeps shuttin( itself .own an. the 0eyboar. remains inactive. I am .isappointe. because the pro.uct .oes not wor0 properly 4o resolve the problem) I woul. appreciate that you sen. someone to help repair the above mentione. com""""r or else be sent my money bac0. :nclose. are copies of the (uarantee) as well as the com""""r bill price I loo0 forwar. to your reply an. a resolution to my problem) an. will wait until the en. of this wee0 before see0in( help from a consumer protection a(ency or the !etter !usiness !ureau. Please contact me at the above a..ress or by phone at home )Sincerely Iour name

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