Contents

1 Exercise Questions 1.1 Exercise Questions 1.2 Exercise Questions 1.3 Exercise Questions 1.4 Exercise Questions 1.5 Exercise Questions 1.6 Exercise Questions (0) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4

2 Exercise Answer Keywords 2.1 Exercise Answer Keywords 2.2 Exercise Answer Keywords 2.3 Exercise Answer Keywords 2.4 Exercise Answer Keywords 2.5 Exercise Answer Keywords

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1.1

Exercise Questions
Exercise Questions (0)

1. Please describe what is a molecule. What mean homonuclear and heteronuclear in terms of a molecule? Explain each term and give an example for each. (3points) 2. When you have two atoms with a certain distance to each other, what happens if you narrow them close together and what what when you increase the distance? Please explain what happens at an internuclear distance. (3points) 3. Please explain briey the Bohr-Model and draw a sketch for the hydrogen atom. In addition, please explain what Balmer series are. (5points)

1.2

Exercise Questions (1)

1. Please explain what matter and wave particle duality are. In particular, please explain the fundamenal ideas behind this. Is this conrmed by an experiment? (4points) 2. Please explain the Compton eect and draw a sketch. Please name an application of this method. (3points) 3. When phase velocity and group velocity are equal, please explain in detail what group velocity and phase velocity is. Please give the equations. (3points)

1.3

Exercise Questions (2)

1. Please explain what the Coulomb law is. Please draw a sketch and write down the formula. What must be fullled when you have like charges or dislike charges (4points) 2. How many quantum numbers are existent? Please name them and explain briey what they are. (8points) 3. Please write down what values can ml have, when l = 4 (g-orbital). How many values for l = 0 (s-orbital) are possible? Can two electrons have the same exact quanum state? (3points)

1.4

Exercise Questions (3)

sorry, wasnt there 1. something with total angular momentum quantum number J , make a sketch and formula, you know, J = L + S and stu 2. stu about Madelung rule 3. something about octet-rule and 18e rule 4. D-lines of sodium + sketch (spectral analysis stu), usin ground state, excited state, their quantum numbers

1.5

Exercise Questions (4)

1. Please explain what dissociation energy is and write down a general equation. How is the relation between atomization and dissociation energy in diatomic or polyatomic molecules? (3points) 2. Please draw the energy proile of an exothermic reaction as a sketch and explain the term. What is the opposite term of exothermic? Please explain the new term. (4points) 3. What determines the size of a molecule? How are pressure and volume of real gases related. Please give the equation. Please give additionally the equation for molecular volume. (3points) 4. Please explain the terms diusion, viscosity and thermal conductivity. Please write down the inernal friction (viscosity) of a gas and explain. (4points) 5. When we speak of diusion or thermal conductivity, what is the approximation that we made regarding the molecule? (1point) 6. Please explain briey the periodic system. What are the columns and wuat are the rows. How is it organized? What special role play noble gases? (4points) 7. What is the eective nuclear charge Zef f ? Please explain. Please explain the Slater rule and give the equation. (3points)

1.6

Exercise Questions (5)

1. What are the characteristics of resonance? Please write the conributing structures for nitrogendioxide. (4points) 2. What is a -bond and what is a -bond? What is the characteristic property of a double bond? (3poins) 3. What is a conjugated system? Please explain briey. (1point)

4. What is LCAO method? Please explain. Please explain briey what boning , anti-bonding and nonbonding of molecular orbitals mean. (4points)

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2.1

Exercise Answer Keywords

Exercise Answer Keywords (0)

2. attraction and repulsion blabla, energy levels and potential energy diagram

2.2

Exercise Answer Keywords (1)

1. particle properties (momentum) and wave properties (interference) at same time; double slit experiment h (1 cos); light scattering on matter with change of wave length (and therefore in energy); 2. = m ec light has particle properties (momenum conservation); radiotherapy in radiobiology (use of x-rays etc.) 3. The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall shape of the waves amplitudes, known as the modulation or envelope of the wave, propagates through space. vg = d dk

The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space. This is the velocity at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave travels. For such a component, any given phase of the wave (for example, the crest) will appear to travel at the phase velocity. The phase velocity is given in terms of the wavelength and period T as vp = = T k

Group velocity and phase velocity are equal only for a constant refractive index of the medium (dn/dk = 0). And for some reason we also need to mention the relativistic factor = 1 1
v2 c2

2.3

Exercise Answer Keywords (2)

1 q2 1. Coulomb, duuuh! You know that. F = k qr r12 and blablabla 2 12 2. n = principal l = azimuthal (or orbital angular momentum) ml = magntic ms = spin n = 1, 2, 3, ... l = 0, 1, 2, ..., n 1 ml = l, l + 1, ..., l 1, l 1 ms = 1 2 , 2 (for spin 1/2-particles) nEnergy levels lshape of orbital ml shape in presence of magnetic eld ms direction of rotation 3. ml=4 = 4, 3, ..., 3, 4 9 elements ml=0 = 0 1 element Pauli Exclusion Principle

2.4

Exercise Answer Keywords (4)

1. measure of how much energy is needed to break down a chemical bond; formula R R R + R ED diatomic: EA = ED , polyatomic: EA > ED 2. just google exthermic reaction to see the sketches immediately; exothermic, energy from the reacting system is released to the environment during the reaction; oppoite: endothermic reaction, energy from

the environment is stored within the newly formed system during the reaction 3. size: distance of the atomic radii, extension of the electron shell; van-der-Waals gas law P+ mol. volume Vmol = a 2 Vm (Vm b) = RT

2 3 b n d = 9 mol 4

4. diusion transport of mass viscosity transport of momentum thermal conductivity transport of energy 1 2 the mean square velocity; = l v 2 with l bein the mean free path, v 3 5. we assume them to be point masses 6. way of organizing atoms by chemical and physical properties; columns: group, number of valence electrons; rows: period, number of valence shell; radius increases from top to bottom, electronegativity increases from lower left to upper right, nuclear charge increses from left to right and from top to bottom,... noble gases: full stable electron cong. of valence shell, no need of elektron donation/ -acception 7. do the google, wikipedia... In an atom with one electron, that electron experiences the full charge of the positive nucleus. In this case, the eective nuclear charge can be calculated from Coulombs law. However, in an atom with many electrons the outer electrons are simultaneously attracted to the positive nucleus and repelled by the negatively charged electrons. The eective nuclear charge on such an electron is given by the following equation: Zef f = Z s with s being the shielding constant

2.5

Exercise Answer Keywords (5)

1. resonance is a superposition state of two morroredmolecules (enantinomers) + formula blaa 2. -bond is made of overlapping p-orbitals to form a covalent bond; -bond is made of overlapping s-orbitals to form a covalent bond; -bonds are shorter than -bons 3. see e.g. ring shaped organic molecules, they have alternating single and double bonds, you know, stu...and they can switch around within that circle In chemistry, a conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in compounds with alternating single and multiple bonds, which in general may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase stability. 4. LCAO describes molecular orbitals; weighted linear combination of atomic orbitals build a molecular orbital; energy: bonding molecule has lower energy than the atoms, anti-bonding molecule has higher energy than the atoms, non-bonding...well you can guess; for better understanding, do the google: Electrons that spend most of their time between the nuclei of two atoms are placed into the bonding orbitals, and electrons that spend most of their time outside the nuclei of two atoms are placed into antibonding orbitals. This is because there is an increasing in electron density between the nuclei in bonding orbitals, and a decreasing in electron density in antibonding orbitals (Chang 459). Placing an electron in the bonding orbital stabilizes the molecule because it is in between the two nuclei. Conversely, placing electrons into the antibonding orbitals will decrease the stability of the molecule. Electrons will ll according to the energy levels of the orbitals. They will rst ll the lower energy orbitals, and then they will ll the higher energy orbitals. If a bond order of zero is obtained, that means that the molecule is too unstable and so it will not exist.