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Gender Development and Planning

From:- RAHUL AGRAWAL (IP0108)

Introduction
CEPT UNIVERSITY | Evolution of theory & Planning 1
Gender Development and Planning

Throughout the Third World, especially during the last fifteen years, there has been a proifration
programs, policies and projects targeting women assistlow income. Until recently, however,
there has been no systematic classification or the classification of the various policy initiatives,
except for information Buvinic (1983.1986). This concern for low-income women to the needs
of history coincided with the recognition of their importantrole in development. Since the 1950s
have been many interventions. These reflect changes in the macro-economic and social
development in the Third World and the state policytowards women. Therefore, the change in
policy approaches to women, from'welfare "and" equity "in the" fight against poverty ", as
classified by Buvinic (1983),to two other approaches that classify as" efficiency "and
"empowerment" reflected the general trends in the Third World development policies,
modernization of policies to accelerate growth through the basic needs strategiesassociated with
the redeployment, the latest measuresassociated ~ compensation structure adjustment policies.
A large scale there is still confusion over the definition and employment
of different policy approaches. Many institutions, both in the national government and
international agencies are not clear about its policy approach women. Often, the omnipresent,
"women in development", has mystified rather than clarify conceptual categories. This has
served to legitimize a range of approaches to women, incorporating different
underlying assumptions with regard to their practical and strategic gender
needs. It is precisely because of this confusion is important to develop simple, but sufficiently
rigorous tools to enable policy makers and planners to understand more clearly the consequences
of their interventions in terms of their potential and help ThirdWorld restrictions on women.
To determine the extent to which policy interventions have been appropriate
gender needs of women, it is necessary to examine its underlying the planning of a gender
perspective.
Woman approaches to development are exarnilOed functions in terms of recognition, practical
and strategic gender needs and the extent to whichparticipatory planning procedures are
included .While policy interventions are described in chronological order, welfare
through empowerment, recognizes thlllt the linear process that this implies is a simplification of
reality. In pt'actice, many policieshave seems more or less simultaneously. Impliementing
organizations attended a notnecessarily ordered chalOging logic in their approach,
mostfrequently leap from welfare to efficiency without taking into account other approaches.
Similarly, various policies have plarticular appeal to different types of institutions. Policy makers
often combined approaches simultaneously meetthe rjeeds ofdifferent constituencies. Finally,
changes in the political approach often occur not only during theformulation, but also in the
process implefllentation (Buvinic 1986). With these caveats in mind, the following must be
described policey considered an "ideal types"

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Gender Development and Planning

Welfare Approach
The author says that the welfare system is the first political approach
For women in developing countries. The main objective is to develop better bring woman
mothers. Women are generally regarded as passive recipients of development. In general, the
reproductive role of women is recognized, the policy aims at meeting the practical needs of
women through this role from the top down for the distribution of food aid, measures against
malnutritionand planning.If family is not stimulants, so a very popular.
The welfare approach is the oldest and still the most popular social development of policies for
the Third World in general, for women in the particular.It can be identified as pre-wid.Its the
underlying logic womenreflects to its origin, which linked to the residual model of social
protection, first introduced by the colonial authorities of the man of the third world countries
before independence. Their main concern with law and order, maintaining a stable environment
for trade, agriculture, minerals extension means that social welfare is a low priority. The
international economic assistance in order of priority for the government that capital-intensive,
industrial and agricultural productionin the formal sector, for the acceleration of growth-oriented
increase production of the male labour. The welfare of the family was targeted womenh, which
disabled and the sick have been identified as "vulnerable" groups, and remained under the
responsibility of the ministries marginalized social protection.This approach is based on three
principles: firstly, that womenpassive recipients of development instead of participants in the
development process. Secondly, motherhood in society is the most important role. Thirdly, the
education of children is the most effective role earn a livelihood. However, the equity process is
also concerned with fundamental equality issues which are outside the field of development
cooperation.
The author Buvinic describes, is his main concern is the inequality between men and women in
both the public and private sectors of the life and the overall socio-economic groups. It identifies
the causes of the subordination of women not only in the context of the family, but also in
relations between men and women in the market. Therefore, it is also aimed at economic
empowerment, as a synonym for equity.

THE EQUITY APPROACH


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Gender Development and Planning

Equity is the original "women in development" approach, in which the UN women of the decade
1976-85. The aim is to achieve equity for women in development. Women are also seen as active
participants in development. He acknowledges that the triple role of women and focus on the
strategic needs of men and through the direct intervention of the state, the political and economic
independence of women and reduce the inequality of men. He also challenged the subordinate
position of women, which was criticized as Western feminism, is seen as a threat and not popular
with governments.

In the 1970s studies have shown that, although women are often the main sources of basic
productivity of their communities, especially in agriculture, their contribution to the economy
was returned or not national statistics in the planning and execution of development projects.
Tinker, in his development projects which wideped the gap between men and women, argued
that the development planners are unable to cope with the fact that women must fill two roles
that society m of performing a man. "She blames the negative effects of development on women
for three types of planning errors: first, errors of omission or failure to recognize and use
women's role in production, secondly, the mistakes that the strengthening of values that limit
women in the home situation of children involved in activities and the upbringing of children and
the third error of incorrect application of Western values in relation to the work of women.
This approach recognizes that women participate actively in the development process, which by
their reproductive role procuctive and offer criticism, so often ignored in contributing to
economic growth. The approach begins with the assumption that the economic strategies, often
have a negative impact on women. He recognizes that it must be ", that" the development process
through access to employment and the market.

With particular focus on reducing the inequality between men and women in the gender division
of labor, capital approach has a key strategic necessity between them . The underlying logic is
that women have lost to men in development. Therefore, in the process of redistribution, men
have to share a woman in implies allsocio-win economic and men of all socio-economic class or
losing acquire through discrimination policies if needed.
Although the approach emphasizes the "top-down legislative and other means to ensure equity,
gerulered consultative and participatory planning procedures already implicitly assumed. This
was especially the case since the introduction of equity approach itself was the result of a"
bottom-up comparison of the existing procedures by the feminist women.

In a climate of widespread antagonisman many of its underlying principles of development


organizations and third world governments, the equity is actually reduced by the majority of the
implementation angenices. Tinker and Jaquette noted that the objective of
the legal equality of women he accepted as a minimal basis of consensus which began its
investigation of controversial issues. This includes the rights of divorce, child custody, property,
credit, voting and other rights of citizens.

Ultimately, the approach of equity was built to meet the strategic needs of men and women
through top-down legislative measures. The bottom-up mobilization of women in political
pressure groups to ensure that political action is the result of the empowerment approach,
developed by women in the Third World.

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Gender Development and Planning

The Anti-Poverty Approach


According to the author, the weakened version of the equity, was introduced in the 1970s. The
fundamental objective is to ensure that poor women to increase their productivity. Women's
poverty is seen as the problem of underdevelopment, not of subordination. He recognizes the
productive role of women and is designed to meet the practical needs of women making money,
mainly through small income-generating projects. It is very popular with NGOs.

The fight against poverty approaching women can be identified as the second WID approach,
where economic inequalities between men and women is linked, but not subordination of
poverty. The focus shifts and reducing the inequality between men and women, reducing income
inequality. Women's issues are separated from equity issues related to the location and care for
the majority of women in the Third World, as "poor reaches the poor."

The low-income women are identified as a particular "target"


to be assisted absolute deprivation: first, because the failure of "trickle-down was partially
attributed to the fact that women are
ignored in earlier plans and development. because the traditional importance of women in a large
part of meeting the basic needs of the family.

The fight against poverty in the political approach of women focuses on the productivity of their
role on the hasis that alleyiation poverty and promoting balanced economic growth requires
increasing the productivity of women in households with low incomes.

The pre occupation of the basic needs of strategies for population control has also led to
increasing recognition that education and employment programs can simultaneously increase
women's contribution to the economy and reduction of fertility.

The fight against the poverty of income-generating projects to provide jobs to women, and thus
meet the practical needs of women, increasing their income, but unless the emp
emloyment leads to greater autonomy, it is not strategic need.

Efficiency Approach

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Gender Development and Planning

Efficiency is the third. and is now predominant, especially


since the 1980s debt crisis. Its aim is to ensure that development is more
efficient and effective through women in the economy contributiolJ. Women's participation is
treated as equity for women. The goal is to meet the practical needs of women, while relying on
the three roles of women and elastic concept of women's time. Women are mainly based on their
the ability to compensate for the reduction of social services by expanding its working day. It is
very popular as an approach. The assumption that economic participation enhances the status of
women and is associated with equityhas been criticized widely. Problems such as lack of
education and production technologies have also been identified as constraints redominant that
affect women's participation.

With the increased efficiency and productivity as two key objectives


Structural adjustment policies (SAP), it is no coincidence that the effectiveness
is the focus of policies towards women which is now increasingly
between international aid agencies and national governments. Once again, from the top down
approach, without the kind of participatory planning processes, often, in fact, not simply a
change in costs to be paid to the unpaid economy, particularly through the use of time does not
of women Paid
Disinvestment in human resources, in the name of greater
Effieceny in the IMF and World Bank "conditionality" policies, have resulted in at lower
income levels, severe cuts in government social spending programs, particularly health and
education. and cuts in food subsidies. These reductions in many practical gender needs of women
are considered to be relieved by the elasticity of women's work increasingly selfproduction food,
and changes in buying habits and consumption pattern.

Moreover, the issue not only concerns the elasticity of time, but also
The balance of time. Evidence from a longitudinal study of low-income
community in Guayaquil, Ecuador, revealed that the real problem is not
length of time women work, but how. in a recession and the setting. were forced to change the
balance of their time between activities at each of its three functions. During the last decade,
these
low-income women have always worked twelve to eighteen hours
per day, depending on factors such as household composition, the period of the year and their
skills. Therefore, work hours have not changed
fundamentally. What has changed is the time to allocated different activities. The need for access
to resources for women to allocate increasing more time to productive and community
management activities, to the deteriment of reproductive activities, which in many cases have
become a secondary Delegation of priority as far as possible to other girls or women from
houshold members. The fact that paid work and unpaid work are competing for the time that
women have a significant impact on children, women themselves and
in the disintegration of the family.

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Gender Development and Planning

Empowerment Approach
Empowerment is the latest approach, articulated by Third World
women. His goal is to the position of women through greater autonomy.
The subordination of women is regarded not only as the problem of men, but also of colonial and
neo-colonial oppression. He acknowledges that women triple role, and is designed to meet the
strategic needs of men and indirectly through a bottom-up mobilization around the practical
needs of women. It is really difficult, even if they no criticism from the West inspired feminism.
It is unpopular, with the exception of the third world women's NGOs and their supporters.

This political approach is that women empowerment. It is neither


widely recognized as an "approach" or documented as such, although the
Origins are not recent. Superficially, it seems May synonymous with the approach of equity,
with references often combined with a power / empowerment. In many respects, developed at the
emancipation of dissatisfaction with the original approach WID as equity, because of the
perception of co-option in the fight against poverty and efficiency approaches. However,
empowerment approach also differs from the approach of equity. This concerns not only in the
countries of origin, but also the causes, dynamics and structures of oppression of women,
pointing out, in terms of strategies, which he intends to change the position of women in the
Third World.

The origins of the approach of empowerment, are derived from less


search for the world premiere of women, and most of the new feminist
written and organizational basis of the experiences of women in the Third World, then adds that
feminism is not just a recent Western urban middle class import.

The best known of the joint approach was empowermentmade by the Development Alternatives
with Women for a new era. 0Their goal was not only to analyze the world women, but also to
formulate a vision of an alternative society of tomorrow, they identify as follows:
We want a world in which inequality based on class, gender and race is
Absent from all countries and relations between the countries.
We want a world where basic needs become basic rights and
poverty and all forms of violence are eliminated. Each person will
the opportunity to develop his or her full potential and creativity and
women the values of education and human solidarity will characterize
relations. In such a world women's reproductive role will be redefined: childcare will be shared
by men, women and society as a whole ... Only by tightening the links between equality,
development and peace, we can show that the "fundamental rights" of the poor and the
transformation of institutions that subordinate women are inextricably linked. They can all be
achieved through self-empowemient women.

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Gender Development and Planning

The empowerment approach recognizes inequality between men and women, and the origin of
the subordination of women in the family. But it also underlines the fact that the experience of
the oppression of women differently on the basis of race, class, colonial history and current
position in the international economic order. She argues that women owressive challenge to
structures and situations simultaneously at different levels.

Using the stage as a basic parameter for change, Dawn distinction between long term and short
term strategies. Long-term strategies are needed to the structures of inequality between the sexes,
classes and nations.
Required for this important process of national liberation
colonial and neo-colonial domination, and in agriculture more control over the activities of
multinationals. Some short-term strategies as necessary to provide the means to respond to
current crises. Measures to help women understand food production by promoting a diversified
agricultural base, and in the formal and informal sector employment.
The emancipation of the three-pronged approach recognizes the role of women and aims through
a bottom-up women's associations to raise awareness of women to challenge their
subordioation.It is clear that the "flexibility" is still limited, with the well-being, and,more
recently, efficiency, policy approaches adopted prevail by most governments and international
agencies. More and more political Ideological and control in many contexts, serious difficulties
remain found in the change of policy towards the fight against poverty, equity or empowement
approach. However, there are individuals and groups involved in evolution of policy approaches
of governments and aid agencies personnel .They claim that "gender" approach to efficiency can
also be the means, with a hidden agenda to empower women, the proliferation of sub-number,
Small-scale women in the Third World in which women are becoming worse, not only to meet
the practical needs of women, but also raise awareness of the struggle for the strategic gender
needs.

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