Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Big Picture Themes

1. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or Peoples) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and muckraker writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and womens right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition. 3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a trust-buster. That is, he broke up a few highprofile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person. 4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation. 5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelts ways and the two split. Chapter# 28: Identifications Jacob Riis Jacob A. Riis is a Danish immigrant who wrote "How the Other Half Lives", criticizing the conditions of the New York slums.

Ida Tarbell Ida Tarbell was a writer for McClure's magazine who exposed the corruption of the Standard Oil Company.

Robert M. LaFollete Robert M. LaFollete is the governor of Wisconsin who fought for political reform. He was known as "Fighting Bob"

Charles Evans Hughes Charles Evans Hughes is the governor of New York who conducted investigations on The Coal Trust and other gas and securities companies

Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclair wrote "The Jungle", which made people aware of poor working conditions, especially those of the meat-packing industries.

Initiative The initiative said that ordinary people could make laws that would be voted on by legislature.

Referendum Referendum said that people could vote on social issues.

Recall Recall said that people could vote out officials if they were not doing their jobs.

Muckrakers Muckrakers was a term coined by President Theodore Roosevelt that means writers who expose social injustices in industries and big business.

Elkins Act The Elkins Act put fines on railroads that offered rebates.

Hepburn Act The Hepburn Act gave a penalty for free passes and current rates, and set maximum capacities.

Northern Securities Case The Northern Securities company was the first large trust attacked by Theodore Roosevelt in 1902. The case filed against the company resulted in the company's dissolution, along with others.

Meat Inspection Act

The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 allowed the federal government to inspect the meat quality to meet standards. It lowered competition and raised regulation of the meat industry.

Pure Food and Drug Act The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 regulated products so that people knew what they were buying. It was meant to prevent mislabeling.

Newlands Act The Newlands Act of 1902 had settlers pay for reclamation to fund irrigation in the West. Dollar diplomacy The Dollar diplomacy was one of Taft's foreign policies. It allowed American money to be sent to other countries so that America could have control of other countries' economies. Such countries were Honduras, Haiti, and Manchuria.

Payne-Aldrich Act The initial tariff rates of the Payne-Aldrich Act, passed by Aldrich and signed by Taft, were lower, but many Congressmen tacked on their own rates during the process of passing so that by the time it was signed, the tariff rates were very high and no different from before.

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair occurred when Ballinger, Secretary of Interior, sold land from Alaska, Wyoming, and Montana to make a little money, even though the lands were reserved for conservation. Pinchot, Chief of Forestry and also Theodore Roosevelt's good friend, protested and was fired by Taft. This caused a split between Roosevelt and Taft and in the Republican Party as well. Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots

Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives? The goals of the Progressives were to use the government to improve human welfare and to improve living standards in general. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers? Lincoln Steffens exposed the corruption in major industries. Ida M. Tarbell made people aware of the problems in the Standard Oil Company. Thomas W. Lawson showed people the railroad barons and their dirty ways of becoming rich. David G. Phillips said that most senators don't represent the people but big business. Ray Stannard Baker revealed that the majority of blacks were still illiterate. John Spargo wrote about the cruelty of child labor. Political Progressivism Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired. Direct primary elections allowed people to vote for their own government officials. Initiative let people to propose laws for Congress to vote on. Referendum allowed people to vote on social issues. Recall let people vote out officials that weren't doing their jobs. The Australian Ballot prevented unnecessary election spending and bribery. Millionaires' Club was a term used to describe the corruption in Congress. The Seventeenth Amendment made Senators to be elected by direct vote. Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level? Robert M. La Follette is the governor of Wisconsin who took control of railroads and other trusts and returned the power to the people. His Wisconsin idea discouraged trusts and encouraged higher education and a graduated income tax. Hiram W. Johnson is a governor who also took control of railroad trusts, mainly in Oregon and California. Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York, investigated gas and insurance companies. Progressive Women Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills? The Progressives' success varied depending on viewpoint. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire started up a lot of new laws about working conditions. The Muller v. Oregon case set a limit on women's work hours in concern for their health, but this limited their pay. The Lochner v. New York case got rid of a limit on work hours for bakers, and this was bad for their health. The Woman's Christian Temperance Society, led by Frances E. Willard, was successful in stopping the sale and production of alcohol.

TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor 6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal? The three Cs of the Square Deal was control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of nature. TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company 7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved." Theodore Roosevelt didn't kill that many trusts because he thought that the "good trusts" did no harm and could be kept. Instead, Taft destroyed many more trusts than Roosevelt did, because he believed that all trusts should disppear. Caring for the Consumer Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act 8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle? It made people more aware of working conditions and inspired laws such as the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation? Decrease of resources, an increase financial stability, and a newfound appreciation of nature started conservation. The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907? The results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907 was the blaming of Roosevelt for it, when the real cause was lack of good housing. Roosevelt passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, which allowed banks to print money when needed. The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs 11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency? There was one man who was able to carry on his legacy of popular policies for the people. That man was William Howard Taft, Secretary of War, and it was an obvious outcome against William Hennigs Bryan and Eugene V. Debs. He passed on his motives and power in the belief that the progressive movement will carry on and shape the future and the government that it upholds. Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain There was high expectation of Taft because he was a virtuoso and excelled in education at Yale and even became a lawyer. However, what really disappointed the general public was that he was not as

charismatic and did not gain the same popularity as his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt. He was too passive and could not cooperate with Congress and always disagreed with the public opinion. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy 13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced? Dollar Diplomacy is the process in which dollars were sent to foreign countries to improve foreign policies and gain power with other nations. This was first seen in the Manchuria railroad system but utterly failed in its attempt. Next were the countries in Central America, but that led to federal troops having to be instituted to protect the monetary values. Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason 14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft? Taft deserved the nickname Trustbuster because he held a stronger belief in eliminating all monopolies of America and busted more trusts than Roosevelt. The Rule of Reason stated antitrust prosecution would only commence when there was a restriction of trade within the trust. Taft went as far as going against the U.S. Steel Corporation which was part of Roosevelts control. Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon 15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft? The Progressive wing of the Republican Party sought for lower tariffs. However, Taft betrayed his peers by instigating the lowered tariff to multiple items. This was seen in the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. Richard Ballinger got into a confrontation with Gifford Pinchot because he opened land which went against Roosevelts policies. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention? The 1912 convention was between the Republican candidates, Roosevelt and Taft. Even though Taft had more supporters, there were less strong reformers than average reformers. Unfortunately, Rooseveltites were beaten by Tafts followers but they stayed with him until the third term.

Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad Big Picture Themes

1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. 2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people. 3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico. 4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being.

Chapter #29: Identifications Eugene Debs Eugene Debs was a former member of the Democratic Party who became a union leader and a presidential candidate for the Socialist Party. Pancho Villa Pancho Villa had the traits of a thief and a fighter who was an opponent of Mexican President Carranza. John J. Pershing John J. Pershing was a general and commander who participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and was sent to capture Pancho Villa but failed. Central Powers The Central Powers during World War I were Germany, Austro-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Allies The Allies consisted of Russia, France, and Britain. Later, the United States and Italy would join. Lusitania Lusitania was a British passenger ship that carried weaponry. It was sunk by Germans and killed over a hundred Americans, involving them in WWI. Sussex Pledge The Sussex Pledge was issued by Germany to agree not to sink passenger ships without warning but was later broken. Federal Reserve Act The Federal Reserve Act created a central banking system that would give loans at modest rates. It also gave twelve regions their own banks that had power to produce paper currency. New Nationalism New Nationalism was Roosevelts Progressive policy that advocated government participation in the economic and social attires such as controlling bad trusts and support programs of society. New Freedom New Freedom was Wilsons policy that favored miniature businesses and advocated unregulated markets to act as they wish in hopes of breaking up trusts. Underwood Tariff The Underwood Tariff would mean reduce import fees and a graduated income tax, instituted by the 16th Amendment, which would help with less revenue from tax. Federal Trade Commission The Federal Trade Commission was a group of people who examined interstate commerce industries and regulate trading and defeat monopolies.

Clayton Antitrust Act The Clayton Anti-Trust Act elongated the Sherman Anti-Trust Acts list of practices, stopped the naming of labor unions as trusts, and made it legal for labor unions to complain and enact strikes.

The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom 1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's. Roosevelt's Bull Moose campaign, featuring woman suffrage, was just one of his variety of social programs he instituted. Roosevelts policy of New Nationalism included government participation in the economic and social attires such as controlling bad trusts and support programs of society. However, Wilson had his own policy of New Freedom. This comprised of favoring miniature businesses and advocating unregulated markets to act as they wish in hopes of breaking up trusts. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain. The Republican vote was split between Taft and Roosevelt, resulting in Woodrow Wilson gaining an easy win in the election. Not only that but Woodrow Wilson did not even receive a majority of the popular vote, winning with only about 41% of the popular vote and still becoming president. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president? Wilson had a particularly rigid personality and was very stubborn on his ideas. For example, he was very against reform for blacks and allowed them no chance for more rights and better lives. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff 4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?" The triple wall of privilege included the tariff, banks, and trusts. Wilson called for Congress and showed up without telling the Capital so that his message would not be read by someone else. The House passed the Underwood Tariff which would lead to a great reduction in rates and import fees. Tax legislation was revolutionized and the 16th Amendment implemented a graduated income tax system. Wilson Battles the Bankers Know: The Federal Reserve Act 5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913? The Federal Reserve System was different from the banking system of 1913 in many ways. Wilson first instituted The Federal Reserve Act, which granted each twelve regions with its own bank that had powers such as implementing paper currency. The system of the districts would be overseen by the Federal Reserve Board that was created by the act. This system would aid the country through crisis such as during World War I. The President Tames the Trusts Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act

6. How did Wilson curb the trusts? Wilson was able to curb trusts through the use of two acts. After Congress instituted the Federal Trade Commission Act, interstate commerce and industries were analyzed thoroughly. Monopolies were demolished by the inspection of trade practices and evaluating the legitimacy of them. Also, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act elongated the Sherman Acts list of business practices. This was an attempt to exclude certain organizations from the anti-trust prosecutions. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis 7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilsons progressive legislation and actions. The Federal Farm Loan Act enabled farmers to receive credit after Populists constant demand. The Warehouse Act approved loans on the safety of crops. Sailors were pleased by their treatment after the institution of the La Follette Seamens Act. The Workingmens Compensation Act offered civil service employees assistance when they were in need. The Adamson Act created an eight hour day for workers of the Interstate Commerce trains. Louis D. Brandeis was selected to the Supreme Court. New Directions in Foreign Policy Know: Haiti 8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft. While Roosevelt and Taft tried to answer Bull Moosers, Wilson did not even attempt to do so. He harbored a resentment toward imperialism and disliked Tafts Dollar Diplomacy. He refused to let the government aid those who invested in Latin America and China. Also, The Panama Canal Tolls Act were refused by Wilsons constant persuasion. Marines were sent to Haiti and Dominican Republic for various reasons. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing 9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration? The Mexicans were in constant turmoil and would cause trouble by revolting. Victoriano Huerta was placed as their new president after the old president was murdered. After this incident, many chose to immigrate and the U.S. just so happened to be their choice. Wilson sent arms to Venustriano Carranza and Fracisco Villa. The ABC Powers aided Wilson when a shooting conflict was about to ensue. John J. Pershing was sent to capture Villa but he evidently failed. Thunder Across the Sea Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers 10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914? The heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was killed by a Serbian. An ultimatum was given but the Serbians could not accept it. Russia supported Serbia in their refusal and started to mobilize. Soon Germany commenced their plans and even went through neutral Belgium to attack France. The Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary would soon battle against the Allied Powers, consisting of France, Britain, and Russia.

A Precarious Neutrality Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II 11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers? The officially neutral America turned against the Central Powers because of the immigrants who decided to use violence in factories and ports, ruining the Central Powers image to Americans. Kaiser Wilhelm II commenced a strike in Belgium and plans for sabotage were discovered in New York because an operative from Germany had left his briefcase. America Earns Blood Money Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex 12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.? German submarines caused tension between Germany and U.S. because they were threatening. There were no laws to restrict its use because it was fairly new. They were able to sink ships in huge numbers, which finally led to the end of Lusitania, which held American passengers as well. After the sinking of the Arabic, Berlin agreed not to sink unarmed ships without warning. This was a false promise as the Sussex was sunk soon after. Wilson became irritated and threatened to break diplomatic relations if this carried on. Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War" 13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916? First, he had strong supporters coming from the working class and Bull Moose Party. Even though he did not make any promises to the people about avoiding war, the people were given assurance by his strong words. Charles Evan Hughes made different promises depending on his location and did not gain much support. Wilsons most used slogan was He Kept Us Out of War that insinuated that voting Hughes would mean the end of the U.S. Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives? Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians 14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why? Progressivism was sprung up by the middle class because middle class reform would have helped the middle class, not the wealthy and upper class.