Appendix B Matl Props

Appendix B
Material Properties
B.1:
B.2:
B.3:
B.4:
B.5:
B.6:
B.7:
Properties of dry air at atmospheric pressureSI units

Property values of gases at atmospheric pressure
Properties of saturated water
Properties of common liquidsSI units
Thermal properties of metals and alloys
Properties of other materials
Emissivities En of the radiation in the direction of the normal to the surface and E of the total hemispherical radiation for various materials for
the temperature T
A NOTE ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES

These tables on the properties of common materials are provided for quick reference and convenience. However, for detailed design and optimization of practical
systems, the various handbooks, encyclopedias, and references cited in the text
should be used instead, for the most appropriate and accurate property data.
TABLE B.1
Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric PressureSI Units
Temperature
K
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
205
210
Properties
nC
nF
173.15
163.15
153.15
143.15
133.15
123.15
113.15
103.15
93.15
83.15
73.15
68.15
63.15
280
262
244
226
208
190
172
154
136
118
100
91
82
R
3.598
3.256
2.975
2.740
2.540
2.367
2.217
2.085
1.968
1.863
1.769
1.726
1.684
cp
1.028
1.022
1.017
1.014
1.012
1.010
1.009
1.008
1.007
1.007
1.006
1.006
1.006
cp/cv
1.4202
1.4166
1.4139
1.4119
1.4102
1.4089
1.4079
1.4071
1.4064
1.4057
1.4055
1.4053
Pr
6.929
7.633
8.319
8.990
9.646
10.28
10.91
11.52
12.12
12.71
13.28
13.56
13.85
9.248
10.15
11.05
11.94
12.84
13.73
14.61
15.49
16.37
17.23
18.09
18.52
18.94
0.770
0.768
0.766
0.763
0.761
0.758
0.754
0.750
0.746
0.743
0.739
0.738
0.736
98.42
108.7
118.8
129.0
139.1
149.2
159.4
169.4
179.5
189.6
199.7
204.7
209.7
198.4
208.7
218.4
227.6
236.4
245.0
253.2
261.0
268.7
276.2
283.4
286.9
290.5
(Continued)
659
2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
660
Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems
TABLE B.1 (CONTINUED)

Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] at 16:25 24 January 2014
Temperature
Properties
nC
nF
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
410
420
58.15
53.15
48.15
43.15
38.15
33.15
28.15
23.15
18.15
13.15
8.15
3.15
1.85
6.85
11.85
16.85
21.85
26.85
31.85
36.85
41.85
46.85
51.85
56.85
61.85
66.85
71.85
76.85
81.85
86.85
91.85
96.85
101.85
106.85
111.85
116.85
121.85
126.85
136.85
146.85
73
64
55
46
37
28
19
10
1
8
17
26
35
44
53
62
71
80
89
98
107
116
125
134
143
152
161
170
179
188
197
206
215
224
233
242
251
260
278
296
R
1.646
1.607
1.572
1.537
1.505
1.473
1.443
1.413
1.386
1.359
1.333
1.308
1.235
1.261
1.240
1.218
1.197
1.177
1.158
1.139
1.121
1.103
1.086
1.070
1.054
1.038
1.023
1.008
0.9945
0.9805
0.9672
0.9539
0.9413
0.9288
0.9169
0.9050
0.8936
0.8822
0.8608
0.8402
cp
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.005
1.005
1.005
1.005
1.005
1.005
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.008
1.008
1.008
1.008
1.009
1.009
1.010
1.010
1.010
1.011
1.011
1.012
1.012
1.013
1.014
1.014
1.015
1.017
cp/cv
1.4050
1.4048
1.4046
1.4044
1.4042
1.4040
1.4038
1.4036
1.4034
1.4032
1.4030
1.4029
1.4026
1.4024
1.4022
1.4020
1.4018
1.4017
1.4015
1.4013
1.4010
1.4008
1.4006
1.4004
1.4001
1.3999
1.3996
1.3993
1.3990
1.3987
1.3984
1.3981
1.3978
1.3975
1.3971
1.3968
1.3964
1.3961
1.3953
1.3946
M
14.12
14.40
14.67
14.94
15.20
15.47
15.73
15.99
16.25
16.50
16.75
17.00
17.26
17.50
17.74
17.98
18.22
18.46
18.70
18.93
19.15
19.39
19.63
19.85
20.08
20.30
20.52
20.75
20.97
21.18
21.38
21.60
21.81
22.02
22.24
22.44
22.65
22.86
23.27
23.66
k
19.36
19.78
20.20
20.62
21.04
21.45
21.86
22.27
22.68
23.08
23.48
23.88
24.28
24.67
25.06
25.47
25.85
26.24
26.63
27.01
27.40
27.78
28.15
28.53
28.90
29.28
29.64
30.03
30.39
30.78
31.14
31.50
31.86
32.23
32.59
32.95
33.31
33.65
34.35
35.05
Pr
0.734
0.732
0.731
0.729
0.727
0.725
0.724
0.722
0.721
0.719
0.717
0.716
0.715
0.713
0.711
0.710
0.709
0.708
0.707
0.705
0.704
0.703
0.702
0.701
0.700
0.699
0.698
0.697
0.696
0.695
0.694
0.693
0.692
0.691
0.690
0.690
0.689
0.689
0.688
0.687
h
214.8
219.8
224.8
229.8
234.9
239.9
244.9
250.0
255.0
260.0
265.0
270.1
275.1
280.1
285.1
290.2
295.2
300.2
305.3
310.3
315.3
320.4
325.4
330.4
335.5
340.5
345.6
350.6
355.7
360.7
365.8
370.8
375.9
380.9
386.0
391.0
396.1
401.2
411.3
421.5
a
293.9
297.4
300.8
304.1
307.4
310.6
313.8
317.1
320.2
323.4
326.5
329.6
332.6
335.6
338.5
341.5
344.4
347.3
350.2
353.1
355.8
358.7
361.4
364.2
366.9
369.6
372.3
375.0
377.6
380.2
382.8
385.4
388.0
390.5
393.0
395.5
398.0
400.4
405.3
410.2
Appendix B
661

Temperature
Properties
nC
nF
cp
cp/cv
Pr
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1800
156.85
166.85
176.85
186.85
196.85
206.85
216.85
226.85
236.85
246.85
256.85
266.85
276.85
286.85
296.85
306.85
316.85
326.85
346.85
366.85
386.85
406.85
426.85
446.85
466.85
486.85
506.85
526.85
576.85
626.85
676.85
726.85
826.85
926.85
1026.85
1126.85
1226.85
1326.85
1526.85
314
332
350
368
386
404
422
440
458
476
494
512
530
548
566
584
602
620
656
692
728
764
800
836
872
903
944
950
1070
1160
1250
1340
1520
1700
1580
2060
2240
2420
2780
0.8207
0.8021
0.7342
0.7677
0.7509
0.7351
0.7201
0.7057
0.6919
0.6786
0.6658
0.6535
0.6416
0.6301
0.6190
0.6084
0.5980
0.5881
0.5691
0.5514
0.5347
0.5189
0.5040
0.4901
0.4769
0.4643
0.4524
0.4410
0.4152
0.3920
0.3714
0.3529
0.3208
0.2941
0.2714
0.2521
0.2353
0.2206
0.1960
1.018
1.020
1.021
1.023
1.024
1.026
1.028
1.030
1.032
1.034
1.036
1.038
1.040
1.042
1.044
1.047
1.049
1.051
1.056
1.061
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.089
1.094
1.099
1.110
1.121
1.132
1.142
1.161
1.179
1.197
1.214
1.231
1.249
1.288
1.3938
1.3929
1.3920
1.3911
1.3901
1.3892
1.3881
1.3871
1.3861
1.3851
1.3840
1.3829
1.3818
1.3806
1.3795
1.3783
1.3772
1.3760
1.3737
1.3714
1.3691
1.3668
1.3646
1.3623
1.3601
1.3580
1.3559
1.354
1.349
1.345
1.340
1.336
1.329
1.322
1.316
1.310
1.304
1.299
1.288
24.06
24.45
24.85
25.22
25.58
25.96
26.32
26.70
27.06
27.42
27.78
28.14
28.48
28.83
29.17
29.52
29.84
30.17
30.82
31.47
32.09
32.71
33.32
33.92
34.52
35.11
35.69
36.24
37.63
38.97
40.26
41.53
43.96
46.26
48.46
50.57
52.61
54.57
58.29
35.75
36.43
37.10
37.78
38.46
39.11
39.76
40.41
41.06
41.69
42.32
42.94
43.57
44.20
44.80
45.41
46.01
46.61
47.80
48.69
50.12
51.25
52.36
53.45
54.53
55.62
56.68
57.74
60.30
62.76
65.20
67.54
0.686
0.684
0.684
0.683
0.682
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.681
0.682
0.682
0.683
0.684
0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689
0.693
0.696
0.699
0.702
431.7
441.9
452.1
462.3
472.5
482.8
493.0
503.3
513.6
524.0
534.3
544.7
555.1
565.5
575.9
586.4
596.9
607.4
628.4
649.6
670.9
692.2
713.7
735.2
756.9
778.6
800.5
822.4
877.5
933.4
989.7
1046
1162
1279
1398
1518
1640
1764
2018
414.9
419.6
424.2
428.7
433.2
437.6
442.0
446.4
450.6
454.9
459.0
463.2
467.3
471.3
475.3
479.2
483.2
486.9
494.5
502.1
509.4
516.7
523.7
531.0
537.6
544.6
551.2
557.8
574.1
589.6
604.9
619.5
648.0
675.2
701.0
725.9
749.4
772.6
815.7
(Continued)
662

Temperature
K
nC
2000
2400
2800
1726.85
2126.85
2526.85
Properties
nF
3140
3860
4580
cp/cv
cp
R
0.1764
0.1467
0.1245
1.338
1.574
2.259
1.274
1.238
1.196
Pr
h
2280
2853
3599
a
855.5
924.4
983.1
Symbols and units: K, absolute temperature, kelvins; nC, temperature, degrees Celsius; nF, temperature, degree Fahrenheit; R, density, kg/m3; cp, specific heat capacity, kJ/kgK; cp/cv, specific heat
capacity ratio, dimensionless; M, viscosity [for Ns/m2 (= kg/ms) multiply tabulated values by 106];
k, thermal conductivity, mW/mK; Pr, Prandtl number, dimensionless; h, enthalpy,. KJ/kg; a, sound
velocity, m/s.
Source: Reprinted with permission from R. C. Weast, ed., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Scioence. Copyright 1970, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
TABLE B.2
Property Values of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure
Helium
T, K
3
33
144
200
255
366
477
589
700
800
900
30
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
R,
kg/m3
1.4657
3.3799
0.2435
0.1906
0.13280
0.10204
0.08282
0.07032
0.06023
0.05286
0.84722
0.50955
0.24572
0.16371
0.12270
0.09819
0.08185
0.07016
cp,
Ws/kg K
5.200 10
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
M, kg/ms
3
10.840 103
10.501
11.229
12.602
13.540
14.059
14.314
14.436
N, m2/s
7
8.42 10
50.2
125.5
156.6
181.7
230.5
275.0
311.3
347.5
381.7
413.6
3.42 106
37.11
64.38
95.50
173.6
269.3
375.8
494.2
634.1
781.3
Hydrogen
1.895 106
1.606 106
2.516
4.880
4.212
17.14
5.595
34.18
6.813
55.53
7.919
80.64
8.963
109.5
9.954
141.9
k, W/m K
A, m2/s
Pr
0.0106
0.0353
0.0928
0.1177
0.1357
0.1691
0.197
0.225
0.251
0.275
0.298
0.04625 104
0.5275
0.9288
1.3675
2.449
3.716
5.125
6.661
8.774
10.834
0.74
0.70
0.694
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.0228
0.0362
0.0665
0.0981
0.1282
0.1561
0.182
0.206
0.02493 104
0.0676
0.2408
0.475
0.772
1.130
1.554
2.031
0.759
0.721
0.712
0.718
0.719
0.713
0.706
0.697
Appendix B
663

T, K
R,
kg/m3
400 0.06135
450 0.05462
500 0.04918
550 0.04469
600 0.04085
700 0.03492
800 0.03060
900 0.02723
1000 0.02451
1100 0.02227
1200 0.02050
1300 0.01890
1333 0.01842
cp,
Ws/kg K
14.491
14.499
14.507
14.532
14.537
14.574
14.675
14.821
14.968
15.165
15.366
15.575
15.638
M, kg/ms
10.864
11.779
12.636
13.475
14.285
15.89
17.40
18.78
20.16
21.46
22.75
24.08
24.44
N, m2/s
177.1
215.6
257.0
301.6
349.7
455.1
569
690
822
965
1107
1273
1328
Oxygen
1.946 106
4.387
7.593
11.45
15.86
20.80
26.18
31.99
38.34
45.05
52.15
3.9918
2.6190
1.9559
1.5618
1.3007
1.1133
0.9755
0.8682
0.7801
0.7096
0.6504
0.9479 103
0.9178
0.9131
0.9157
0.9203
0.9291
0.9420
0.9567
0.9722
0.9881
1.0044
7.768 106
11.490
14.850
17.87
20.63
23.16
25.54
27.77
29.91
31.97
33.92
100 3.4808
200 1.7108
300 1.1421
400 0.8538
500 0.6824
600 0.5687
700 0.4934
800 0.4277
900 0.3796
1000 0.3412
1100 0.3108
1200 0.2851
1.0722 103
1.0429
1.0408
1.0459
1.0555
1.0756
1.0969
1.1225
1.1464
1.1677
1.1857
1.2037
Nitrogen
6.862 106 1.971 106
12.947
7.568
17.84
15.63
21.98
25.74
25.70
37.66
29.11
51.19
32.13
65.13
34.84
81.46
37.49
91.06
40.00
117.2
42.28
136.0
44.50
156.1
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
k, W/m K
A, m2/s
Pr
2.568
3.164
3.817
4.516
5.306
6.903
8.563
10.217
11.997
13.726
15.484
17.394
18.013
0.690
0.682
0.675
0.668
0.664
0.659
0.664
0.676
0.686
0.703
0.715
0.733
0.736
0.00903
0.01367
0.01824
0.02259
0.02676
0.03070
0.03461
0.03828
0.04173
0.04517
0.04832
0.023876 104
0.05688
0.10214
0.15794
0.22353
0.2968
0.3768
0.4609
0.5502
0.6441
0.7399
0.815
0.773
0.745
0.725
0.709
0.702
0.695
0.694
0.697
0.700
0.704
0.009450
0.01824
0.02620
0.03335
0.03984
0.04580
0.05123
0.05609
0.06070
0.06475
0.06850
0.07184
0.025319 104
0.10224
0.22044
0.3734
0.5530
0.7486
0.9466
1.1685
1.3946
1.6250
1.8591
2.0932
0.786
0.747
0.713
0.619
0.684
0.686
0.691
0.700
0.711
0.724
0.736
0.748
0.228
0.251
0.272
0.292
0.315
0.351
0.384
0.412
0.440
0.464
0.488
0.512
0.519
(Continued)
664

T, K
220
R,
kg/m3
2.4733
cp,
Ws/kg K
M, kg/ms
N, m2/s
Carbon Dioxide
0.783 103 11.105 106 4.490 106
k, W/m K
0.010805
A, m2/s
Pr
0.05920 104 0.818
250
2.1657
0.804
12.590
5.813
0.012884
0.07401
0.793
300
1.7973
0.871
14.958
8.321
0.016572
0.10588
0.770
350
1.5362
0.900
17.205
11.19
0.02047
0.14808
0.755
400
1.3424
0.942
19.32
14.39
0.02461
0.19463
0.738
450
1.1918
0.980
21.34
17.90
0.02897
0.24813
0.721
500
1.0732
1.013
23.26
21.67
0.03352
0.3084
0.702
550
0.9739
1.047
25.08
25.74
0.03821
0.3750
0.685
600
0.8938
1.076
26.83
30.02
0.04311
0.4483
0.668
220
Carbon Monoxide
1.55363 1.0429 103 13.832 106 8.903 106 0.01906
0.11760 104 0.758
250
0.8410 1.0425
15.40
11.28
0.02144
0.15063
0.750
300
1.13876 1.0421
17.843
15.67
0.02525
0.21280
0.737
350
0.97425 1.0434
20.09
20.62
0.02883
0.2836
0.728
400
0.85363 1.0484
22.19
25.99
0.03226
0.3605
0.722
450
0.75848 1.0551
24.18
31.88
0.0436
0.4439
0.718
500
0.68223 1.0635
26.06
38.19
0.03863
0.5324
0.718
550
0.62024 1.0756
27.89
44.97
0.04162
0.6240
0.721
600
0.56850 1.0877
29.60
52.06
0.04446
0.7190
0.724
220
0.3828
Ammonia, NH3
2.198 103 7.255 106 1.90 105
0.0171
0.2054 104
0.93
273
0.7929
2.177
9.353
1.18
0.0220
0.1308
0.90
323
0.6487
2.177
11.035
1.70
0.0270
0.1920
0.88
373
0.5590
2.236
12.886
2.30
0.0327
0.2619
0.87
423
0.4934
2.315
14.672
2.97
0.0391
0.3432
0.87
473
0.4405
2.395
16.49
3.74
0.0467
0.4421
0.84
380
0.5863
Steam (H2O vapor)

2.060 103 12.71 106
2.16 105
0.0246
0.2036 104
1.060
400
0.5542
2.014
13.44
2.42
0.0261
0.2338
1.040
450
0.4902
1.980
15.25
3.11
0.0299
0.307
1.010
500
0.4405
1.985
17.04
3.86
0.0339
0.387
0.996
550
0.4005
1.997
18.84
4.70
0.0379
0.475
0.991
600
0.3652
2.026
20.67
5.66
0.0422
0.573
0.986
650
0.3380
2.056
22.47
6.64
0.0464
0.666
0.995
700
0.3140
2.085
24.26
7.72
0.0505
0.772
1.000
Appendix B
665

T, K
R,
kg/m3
cp,
Ws/kg K
M, kg/ms
N, m2/s
k, W/m K
A, m2/s
Pr
750
0.2931
2.119
26.04
8.88
0.0549
0.883
1.005
800
0.2739
2.152
27.86
10.20
0.0592
1.001
1.010
850
0.2579
2.186
29.69
11.52
0.0637
1.130
1.019
Source: Eckert, E.R.G. and Drake, R.M. (1972) Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill,
New York.
TABLE B.3
Properties of Saturated Water
T
(nC)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
120
140
cp
(kJ/kg nC)
4.218
4.203
4.193
4.187
4.182
4.180
4.180
4.179
4.179
4.182
4.182
4.184
4.186
4.187
4.191
4.191
4.195
4.201
4.203
4.210
4.215
4.246
4.282
R
(kg/m3)
99.8
1000.0
999.8
999.2
998.3
997.1
995.7
994.1
992.3
990.2
998.0
985.7
983.1
980.5
977.7
974.7
971.6
968.4
965.1
961.7
958.1
942.8
925.9
M r 103
(kg/m s)
1.791
1.520
1.308
1.139
1.003
0.8908
0.7978
0.7196
0.6531
0.5962
0.5471
0.5043
0.4668
0.4338
0.4044
0.3783
0.3550
0.3339
0.3150
0.2978
0.2822
0.2321
0.1961
N r 106
(m2/s)
1.792
1.520
1.308
1.140
1.004
0.8933
0.8012
0.7238
0.6582
0.6021
0.5537
0.5116
0.4748
0.4424
0.4137
0.3881
0.3653
0.3448
0.3264
0.3097
0.2945
0.2461
0.2118
k
(W/m nC)
0.5619
0.5723
0.5820
0.5911
0.5996
0.6076
0.6150
0.6221
0.6286
0.6347
0.6405
0.6458
0.6507
0.6553
0.6594
0.6633
0.6668
0.6699
0.6727
0.6753
0.6775
0.6833
0.6845
A r 107
(m2/s)
1.332
1.362
1.389
1.413
1.436
1.458
1.478
1.497
1.516
1.533
1.550
1.566
1.581
1.596
1.609
1.624
1.636
1.647
1.659
1.668
1.677
1.707
1.727
B r 103
(1/K)
0.0853
0.0052
0.0821
0.148
0.207
0.259
0.306
0.349
0.389
0.427
0.462
0.496
0.529
0.560
0.590
0.619
0.647
0.675
0.702
0.728
0.755
0.859
0.966
Pr
13.45
11.16
9.42
8.07
6.99
6.13
5.42
4.83
4.34
3.93
3.57
3.27
3.00
2.77
2.57
2.39
2.23
2.09
1.97
1.86
1.76
1.44
1.23
(Continued)
666

Properties of Saturated Water
T
(nC)
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
cp
(kJ/kg nC)
4.339
4.411
4.498
4.608
4.770
4.991
5.294
5.758
6.566
8.234
16.138
R
(kg/m3)
907.3
886.9
864.7
840.4
813.6
783.9
750.5
712.2
666.9
610.2
526.2
M r 103
(kg/m s)
0.1695
0.1494
0.1336
0.1210
0.1105
0.1015
0.0934
0.0858
0.0783
0.0702
0.0600
N r 106
(m2/s)
0.1869
0.1684
0.1545
0.1439
0.1358
0.1295
0.1245
0.1205
0.1174
0.1151
0.1139
k
(W/m nC)
0.6815
0.6745
0.6634
0.6483
0.6292
0.6059
0.5780
0.5450
0.5063
0.4611
0.4115
A r 107
(m2/s)
1.731
1.724
1.706
1.674
1.622
1.549
1.455
1.329
1.156
0.918
0.485
B r 103
(1/K)
1.084
1.216
1.372
1.563
1.806
2.130
2.589
3.293
4.511
7.170
21.28
Pr
1.08
0.98
0.91
0.86
0.84
0.84
0.86
0.91
1.02
1.25
2.35
Source: A. J. Chapman, Heat Transfer, 4th ed., Macmillan, New York, 1984. Reprinted with permission of Simon & Schuster, copyright 1984.
Acetic acid
Acetone
Alcohol, ethyl
Alcohol, methyl
Alcohol, propyl
Ammonia (aqua)
Benzene
Bromine
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Castor oil
Chloroform
Decane
Dodecane
Ether
Ethylene glycol
Fluorine refrigerant
R-11
R-12
1049
784.6
785.1
786.5
800.0
823.5
873.8
Specic
Heat,
kJ/kg K
Viscosity,
N s/m2
0.001155
0.000316
0.001095
0.00056
0.00192
1261
1584
956.1
1465
726.3
754.6
713.5
1097
2.18
2.15
2.44
2.54
2.37
4.38
1.73
0.473
0.992
0.866
1.97
1.05
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.36
0.000601
0.00095
0.00036
0.00091
0.650
0.00053
0.000859
0.001374
0.000223
0.0162
1476
0.870b
0.00042
1311
0.971b
Thermal
Conductivity,
W/m K
0.171
0.161
0.171
0.202
0.161
0.353
0.144
Freezing
Point, K
Latent
Heat of
Fusion, kJ/kg
Boiling
Point, K
Latent Heat
of Evaporation,
kJ/kg
Coefcient
of Cubical
Expansion, K1
290
179.0
158.6
175.5
146
181
98.3
108
98.8
86.5
391
329
351.46
337.8
371
402
518
846
1100
779
0.0011
0.0015
0.0011
0.0014
0.161
0.104
0.180
0.118
0.147
0.140
0.130
0.258
278.68
245.84
161.2
250.35
263.2
209.6
243.5
247.18
157
260.2
126
66.7
57.6
174
353.3
331.6
319.40
349.6
390
193
351
194
0.0013
0.0012
0.0013
0.0013
77.0
201
216
96.2
181
334.4
447.2
489.4
307.7
470
247
263
256
372
800
0.0013
0.093b
162
297.0
180c
0.071b
115
243.4
165c
34.4
0.0016
(Continued)
667
Common Name
Density,
kg/m3
Appendix B
TABLE B.4
Properties of Common LiquidsSI Unitsa
Common Name
R-22
Glycerine
Heptane
Hexane
Iodine
Kerosene
Linseed oil
Mercury
Octane
Phenol
Propane
Propylene
Propylene glycol
Sea water
Toluene
Turpentine
Water
Density,
kg/m3
1194
1259
679.5
654.8
820.1
929.1
698.6
1072
493.5
514.4
965.3
1025
862.3
868.2
997.1
Specic
Heat,
kJ/kg K
1.26b
2.62
2.24
2.26
2.15
2.09
1.84
0.139
2.15
1.43
2.41b
2.85
2.50
3.764.10
1.72
1.78
4.18
Viscosity,
N s/m2
Thermal
Conductivity,
W/m K
0.950
0.000376
0.000297
0.086b
0.287
0.128
0.124
0.00164
0.0331
0.00153
0.00051
0.0080
0.00011
0.00009
0.042
0.145
0.000550
0.001375
0.00089
0.133
0.121
0.609
0.131
0.190
Freezing
Point, K
113
264.8
182.54
178.0
386.6
253
234.3
216.4
316.2
85.5
87.9
213
270.6
178
214
273
Latent
Heat of
Fusion, kJ/kg
Boiling
Point, K
183
200
140
152
62.2
232.4
563.4
371.5
341.84
457.5
11.6
181
121
79.9
71.4
560
630
398
455
231.08
225.45
460
71.8
333
383.6
433
373
Latent Heat
of Evaporation,
kJ/kg
232c
974
318
365
164
251
295
298
Coefcient
of Cubical
Expansion, K1
0.00054
0.00018
0.00072
0.00090
428c
342
914
363
293
2260
0.00099
0.00020
At 1.0 atm pressure (0.101325 MN/m2), 300 K, except as noted.

At 297 K, liquid.
c At 0.101325 MN/m2, saturation temperature.
Source: Reprinted with permission from R. C. Weast, ed., Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering science. Copyright 1970, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
b
668

Properties of Common LiquidsSI Unitsa
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m nC)
Properties at 20nC
Metal
Aluminum
Pure
AlCu (Duralumin) 9496
AL 35 Cu, trace Mg
AlMg (Hydronalium) 9195
Al, 59 Mg
AlSi (Silumin) 87 Al, 13 Si
AlSi (Silumin copper
bearing) 86.5 Al, 12.5 Si,
1 Cu
AlSi (Alusil) 7880 Al,
2022 Si
AlMgSi, 97 Al, 1 Mg,
1 Si, 1 Mn
R
(kg/m3)
cp (kJ/
kg nC)
k
(W/mnC)
A r 105
(m2/s)
100nC
0nC
100nC
200nC
300nC
400nC
2,707
0.896
204
8.418
215
202
206
215
228
249
2,787
0.883
164
6.676
126
159
182
194
2,611
2,659
0.904
0.871
112
164
4.764
7.099
93
149
109
163
125
175
142
185
2,659
0.867
137
5.933
119
137
144
152
161
2,627
0.854
161
7.172
144
157
168
175
178
2,707
0.892
177
7.311
175
189
204
600nC
800nC
1000nC
1200nC
(Continued)
669
Appendix B
TABLE B.5
Thermal Properties of Metals and Alloys
Properties at 20nC
Metal
Lead
Iron
Pure
Wrought iron (C < 0.5%)
Cast iron (C 4%)
Steel (Cmax. 1.5%)
Carbon Steel, C 0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
Iron
Steel
Nickel steel, Ni 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
A r 10
(m2/s)
100nC
0nC
100nC
200nC
300nC
35
2.343
36.9
35.1
33.4
31.5
29.8
0.452
0.46
0.42
73
59
52
2.026
1.626
1.703
87
73
59
67
57
62
52
7,833
7,801
7,753
0.465
0.473
0.486
54
43
36
1.474
1.172
0.970
55
43
36
52
43
36
7.897
7,945
7,993
8,073
8,169
8,266
8,378
8,506
8,618
0.452
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
73
26
19
12
10
14
19
26
35
2.026
0.720
0.526
0.325
0.279
0.361
0.493
0.666
0.872
73
67
R
(kg/m3)
cp (kJ/
kg nC)
11,373
0.130
7,897
7,849
7,272
k
(W/mnC)
87
400nC
600nC
800nC
1000nC
1200nC
55
48
48
45
40
36
36
33
35
33
36
33
48
42
36
45
40
35
42
36
33
35
33
31
31
29
28
29
28
28
31
29
29
62
55
48
40
36
35
36
670

0.46
47
1.156
8,906
0.448
90
2.276
0.286
Invar, Ni = 36%
8,137
0.46
10.7
7,897
0.452
73
2.026
73
67
62
55
48
40
36
35
1%
7,865
0.46
61
1.665
62
55
52
47
42
36
33
33
2%
7,865
0.46
52
1.443
54
48
45
42
38
33
31
31
5%
7,833
0.46
40
1.110
40
38
36
36
33
29
29
29
10%
7,785
0.46
31
0.867
31
31
31
29
29
28
28
29
20%
7,689
0.46
22
0.635
22
22
22
22
24
24
26
29
30%
7,625
0.46
19
0.542
15 Cr, 10 Ni
7,865
0.46
19
0.526
18 Cr, 8 Ni (V2A)
7,817
0.46
16.3
0.444
16.3
17
17
19
19
22
26
31
20 Cr, 15 Ni
7,833
0.46
15.1
0.415
25 Cr, 20 Ni
7,865
0.46
12.8
0.361
80 Ni, 15 Cr
8,522
0.46
17
0.444
60 Ni, 15 Cr
8,266
0.46
12.8
0.333
40 Ni, 15 Cr
8,073
0.46
11.6
0.305
20 Ni, 15 Cr
7,865
0.46
14.0
0.390
14.0
15.1
15.1
16.3
17
19
22
Chrome steel, Cr = 0%
87
36
CrNi (chrome-nickel);
NiCr (nickel-chrome);
(Continued)
671
8,762
100%
Appendix B
90%
Properties at 20nC
Metal
CrNiAl; 6 Cr, 1.5 Al,
0.55 Si (Sicromal 8)
24 Cr, 2.5 Al, 0.55
Si (Sicromal 12)
Manganese steel,
Mn = 0%
1%
2%
5%
10%
Tungsten steel, W = 0%
1%
2%
5%
10%
20%
Silicon steel, Si = 0%
1%
2%
5%
Copper
R
(kg/m3)
cp (kJ/
kg nC)
k
(W/mnC)
A r 105
(m2/s)
7,721
0.490
22
0.594
7,673
0.494
19
0.501
7,897
7,865
7,865
7,849
7,801
7,897
7,913
7,961
8,073
8,314
8,826
7,897
7,769
7,673
7,417
0.452
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.452
0.448
0.444
0.435
0.419
0.389
0.452
0.46
0.46
0.46
73
50
38
22
17
73
66
62
54
48
43
73
42
31
19
2.026
1.388
1.050
0.637
0.483
2.026
1.858
1.763
1.525
1.391
1.249
2.026
100nC
0nC
100nC
200nC
300nC
400nC
600nC
800nC
1000nC
1200nC
87
73
67
62
55
48
40
36
35
36
36
36
36
36
35
33
73
67
62
55
48
40
36
35
36
62
59
54
48
45
36
73
67
62
55
48
40
36
35
36
87
87
672

0.3831
386
11.234
407
386
379
374
369
8,666
8,666
8,714
8,522
0.410
0.343
0.385
0.385
83
26
61
111
2.330
0.859
1.804
3.412
8,618
8,922
0.394
0.410
24.9
22.7
1,746
1.013
1,810
1,778
10,220
8,906
8,906
8,666
8.314
59
88
71
128
144
147
0.733
0.612
19.2
21
31
22.2
40
26
45
171
9.708
178
171
168
163
157
1.00
1.00
0.251
66
114
123
3.605
6.382
4.790
52
111
125
62
125
118
74
130
114
83
93
138
111
109
0.4459
0.444
0.444
0.444
90
69
17
12.6
2.266
1.747
0.444
0.343
93
69
17.1
12.3
83
64
18.9
13.8
73
59
20.9
15.6
64
55
22.8
17.1
59
52
24.6
18.9
104
363
353
48
106
102
99
92
55
62
67
69
22.5
(Continued)
673
8,954
Appendix B
Pure
Aluminum bronze:
95 Cu,
5 Al
Bronze: 75 Cu, 25 Sn
Red brass: 85 Cu, 9 Sn, 6 Zn
Brass: 70 Cu, 30 Zn
German silver: 62 Cu, 15 Ni,
22 Zn
Constantan: 60 Cu, 40 Ni
Magnesium
Pure
MgAl (electrolytic):
68 Al, 12 Zn
MgMn: 2% Mn
Molybdenum
Nickel
Pure (99.9%)
Impure (99.2%)
NiCr: 90 Ni 10 Cr
80 Ni, 20 Cr
Properties at 20nC
A r 105
(m2/s)
100nC
0nC
419
407
17.004
16.563
419
419
417
410
0.2265
64
3.884
74
19,350
0.1344
163
6.271
7,144
0.3843
112.2
4.106
Metal
R
(kg/m3)
cp (kJ/
kg nC)
Silver
Purest
Pure (99.9%)
10.524
10.524
0.2340
0.2340
Tin, pure
7,304
Tungsten
Zinc, pure
k
(W/mnC)
114
200nC
300nC
400nC
415
415
412
374
362
360
59
57
166
151
142
133
126
112
109
406
100
93
65.9
100nC
600nC
112
800nC
1000nC
1200nC
76
Source: Data collected by R. Koch and R. M. Drake, as given in Eckert, E. R. G., and Drake, R. M. (1972) Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill,
New York.
674

Appendix B
675
TABLE B.6
Properties of Other Materials
Description/
Composition
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brick, refractory
Carborundum
Chrome brick
Diatomaceous silica, fired

Fire clay, burnt 1600 K
Fire clay, burnt 1725 K
Fire clay brick
Magnesite
Clay
Coal, anthracite
Concrete (stone mix)
Cotton
Foodstuffs
Banana (75.7% water content)
Apple, red (75% water content)
Cake, batter
Cake, fully baked
Chicken meat, white
(74.4% water content)
Temperature,
K
Density,
R, kg/m3
300
300
2115
1300
872
1672
473
823
1173
478
1145
773
1073
1373
773
1073
1373
478
922
1478
478
922
1478
300
300
300
300
3010
300
300
300
300
198
233
253
263
273
283
293
2050
2325
2645
1460
1350
2300
80
980
840
720
280
Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/m K
0.062
1.4
18.5
11.0
2.3
2.5
2.0
0.25
0.30
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.8
3.8
2.8
1.9
1.3
0.26
1.4
0.06
0.481
0.513
0.223
0.121
1.60
1.49
1.35
1.20
0.476
0.480
0.489
Specic
Heat, cp,
J/kg K
920
1465
835
960
960
960
1130
880
1260
880
1300
3350
3600
(Continued)
676

Properties of Other Materials
Description/
Composition
Glass
Plate (soda lime)
Pyrex
Ice
Leather (sole)
Paper
Paraffin
Rock
Granite, Barre
Limestone, Salem
Marble, Halston
Quartzite, Sioux
Sandstone, Berea
Rubber, vulcanized
Soft
Hard
Sand
Soil
Snow
Teflon
Tissue, human
Skin
Fat layer (adipose)
Muscle
Wood, cross gain
Balsa
Cypress
Fir
Oak
Yellow pine
White pine
Wood, radial
Oak
Fir
Temperature,
K
Density,
R, kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/m K
Specic
Heat, cp,
J/kg K
300
300
273
253
300
300
300
2500
2225
920
998
930
900
1.4
1.4
1.88
2.03
0.159
0.180
0.240
750
835
2040
1945
1340
2890
300
300
300
300
300
2630
2320
2680
2640
2150
2.79
2.15
2.80
5.38
2.90
775
810
830
1105
745
300
300
300
300
273
1100
1190
1515
2050
110
500
2200
0.13
0.16
0.27
0.52
0.049
0.190
0.35
0.45
2010
800
1840
300
400
300
300
300
0.37
0.2
0.41
300
300
300
300
300
300
140
465
415
545
640
435
0.055
0.097
0.11
0.17
0.15
0.11
2720
2385
2805
300
300
545
420
0.19
0.14
2385
2720
Source: Incropera, F.P., and Dewitt, D. P., (1990) Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed.,
Wiley, New York. Copyright 1990. Used with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Appendix B
677
TABLE B.7
Emissivities En of the Radiation in the Direction of the Normal to the
Surface and E of the Total Hemispherical Radiation for Various Materials
for the Temperature T
Surface
T, nC
En
Gold, polished
130
400
20
20
20
20
20
131
170
500
100
150
100
100
118
150
150
20
20
20
130
100
20
80
200
20
20
80
80
70
100
100
20
80
80
20
20
90
0.018
0.022
0.020
0.030
0.037
0.070
0.78
0.76
0.039
0.050
0.200.40
0.186
0.041
0.045
0.048
0.058
0.128
0.24
0.61
0.77
0.60
0.80
0.85
0.613
0.639
0.230.28
0.28
0.340
0.855
0.91
0.925
0.93
0.850.95
0.970
0.935
0.93
0.920.94
0.940
Silver
Copper, polished
Lightly oxidized
Scraped
Black oxidized
Oxidized
Aluminum, bright rolled
Aluminum paint
Silumin, cast polished
Nickel, bright matte
Polished
Manganin, bright rolled
Chrome, polished
Iron, bright etched
Bright abrased
Red rusted
Hot rolled
Hot cast
Heavily rusted
Heat-resistant oxidized
Zinc, gray oxidized
Lead, gray oxidized
Bismuth, bright
Corundum, emery rough
Clay, fired
Lacquer, white
Red lead
Enamel, lacquer
Lacquer, black matte
Bakelite lacquer
Brick, mortar, plaster
Porcelain
Glass
0.725
0.049
0.046
0.053
0.057
0.071
0.158
0.366
0.84
0.86
0.876
(Continued)
678

Emissivities En of the Radiation in the Direction of the Normal to the
Surface and E of the Total Hemispherical Radiation for Various Materials
for the Temperature T
Surface
T, nC
En
Ice, smooth, water
0.966
Rough crystals
0.985
Waterglass
20
0.96
Paper
95
0.92
0.89
0.91
Wood, beech
70
0.935
Tarpaper
20
0.93
0.918
: From measurements by E. Schmidt and E. Eckert.

: For metals, the emissivities rise with rising temperature, but for nonmetallic substances (metal
oxides, organic substances) this rule is sometimes not correct. Where the exact measurements are
not given, take for bright metal surfaces an average ratio E/En = 1.2 and for other substances with
smooth surfaces E/En = 0.95; for rough surfaces use E/En = 0.98.
Source: Eckert, E.R.G., and Drake, R.M., (1972) Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill,
New York.

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Appendix B

Properties of dry air at atmospheric pressureSI units

A NOTE ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems

TABLE B.1 (CONTINUED)

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE B.1 (CONTINUED)

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems

TABLE B.1 (CONTINUED)

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE B.2 (CONTINUED)

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems

TABLE B.2 (CONTINUED)

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0.05920 104 0.818

0.11760 104 0.758

Steam (H2O vapor)

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE B.2 (CONTINUED)

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems

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TABLE B.3 (CONTINUED)

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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At 1.0 atm pressure (0.101325 MN/m2), 300 K, except as noted.

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems

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TABLE B.4 (CONTINUED)

Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m nC)

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m nC)

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems

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TABLE B.5 (CONTINUED)

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m nC)

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems

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TABLE B.5 (CONTINUED)

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m nC)

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems

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TABLE B.5 (CONTINUED)

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Diatomaceous silica, fired

Fire clay, burnt 1725 K

Fire clay brick