15/11/13

1
LLC1u8L 3: 8lpolar !uncuon
1ranslsLor (8!1)
LLCS 170A
13/11/13 1
-V
A +V
A
q(Vbi)
q(Vbi-VA)
q(Vbi-VA)
Holes with enough
energy to overcome built-
in potential
electrons with enough
energy to overcome built-in
potential
!"##$%&
ln prevlous lecLures we undersLood how Lhe mosL baslc elecLronlc devlce (p-n
[uncuon dlode) works.
We sLarLed baslc assumpuons Lo ldeallze Lhe dlode
1he dlode ls operaung under sLeady sLaLe condluon: 1here are no LranslenL eecLs, d/dL!0
1he semlconducLor ls a non-degeneraLely doped semlconducLor, |L
C
-L
l
|>3k1, & |L
v
-L
l
|>3k1,
Cne dlmenslonal dlode sLrucLure, (varlauons are always along x dlrecuon)
Low level ln[ecuon: Carrler denslLy dluslng from across Lhe [uncuon ls much lower Lhan Lhe ma[orlLy carrlers, An<<p ln p slde,
and Ap<<n ln n slde,
1he generauon process ln Lhe quasl neuLral reglons ls negllglbly small, C
L
=0
1oLal currenL owlng Lhrough Lhe devlce ls consLanL aL any polnL along Lhe devlce, !
LoLal
(x)=llxLu
We sald LhaL everyLhlng ls Lrlggered by dluslon of carrlers from one slde Lo
oLher. Applylng volLage regulaLes Lhe amounL of carrlers dluslng across Lhe
[uncuon by lowerlng or
lncreaslng Lhe poLenual barrler
seen by carrlers
13/11/13 2
15/11/13
2
!"##$%& ()*
As a resulL we creaLe a mlnorlLy carrler gradlenL aL quaslneuLral reglons

uluslon of Lhese carrler
wlll generaLe dluslon currenL
13/11/13 3
Under Forward Bias V
A
>0
V
A
<0
!"##$%& (+*
MaLhemaucally you can llnk Lhe LoLal currenL passlng Lhrough Lhe dlode by uslng
conunulLy equauons

13/11/13 4
!
"#$%&'()#*+$, .)/&01
23$4) 56$+/)
78)3,)*&019
.)/&01
(
"#$%& ()#*+$, .)/&01
V
A
X=-xp X=0 X=xn
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
If you are after calculating electron or hole current at any point you can us
1
1
( )
@
(
:
1
)
e
p n
p N
A
p N
A
x x L
qV kT i
x x L
q
N p P n N P
x x x
N N p
A
P
V kT i
N
A
x
N
d n d p
J J x J
n d
J
x qD qD
dx
n
qD e e qD e e x x
dx N N L
x
J
d
=! =
+ + "
# # " $
= ! + = + !
$
= ! < !
% &
% &
'
=
(
!
(
'
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
If you are after calculating the total current you can evaluate electron and hole currents at and :
( )
1
1
1
1 @
( )
n P A P
A
n A
x x L qV kT i
P n
x x L qV kT i
P
D P
qV k
p n
T
D
i
N p P n
n d
qD
n
J
n
qD e e
N L
e e
x
x x
dx N
J J
x
x x q e
! + ! +
" $
! ! >
% &
'
= ! + = !
!
(
= !
2
N i P
A N D P
D n D
N L N L
) *
+
+ ,
- .
J
0

15/11/13
3
!"##$%& (,*
1he same calculauon can be applled Lo any dlode buL we speclcally lnLroduced
narrow base dlode where n reglon ls narrow
Where Lhe maLh ls sllghLly dlerenL due Lo
dlerenL boundary condluons
We can apply Lhe same conunulLy equauon and we geL soluuon as:
lf Lhe dlode ls
+
-n dlode, l.e. n
A
>>n
u

13/11/13 3
!
-!
P
X=x
n
X=-x
p
X=x
c

Total current J = J
P
(x
n
) + J
N
(!x
p
)
J = q
D
N
L
N
n
i
2
N
A
+ q
D
P
L
P
n
i
2
N
D
cosh
x
c
! x
n
( )
L
P
"
#
$
%
&
'
sinh
x
c
! x
n
( )
L
P
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
#
$
$
$
$
$
%
&
'
'
'
'
'
J
o
'
! " ####### $ #######
e
qV
A
kT
!1
( )
AND I = A.J A= area

J ! q
D
P
L
P
n
i
2
N
D
cosh
x
c
! x
n
( )
L
P
"
#
$
%
&
'
sinh
x
c
! x
n
( )
L
P
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
#
$
$
$
$
$
%
&
'
'
'
'
'
J
o
'
" # $$$$$ % $$$$$
e
qV
A
kT
!1
( )
And I = qA
D
P
L
P
n
i
2
N
D
cosh
x
c
! x
n
( )
L
P
"
#
$
%
&
'
sinh
x
c
! x
n
( )
L
P
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
#
$
$
$
$
$
%
&
'
'
'
'
'
I
o
'
" # $$$$$ % $$$$$
e
qV
A
kT
!1
( )
-./ -0!12!
8lpolar [uncuon LranslsLors are 3 porL devlces wlLh 2 cascaded p-n [uncuons, and
Lhey are naLural exLenslon of p-n [uncuon dlodes
Slnce we have 3 reglons we can have n or nn congurauon.
We sull same assumpuons we had for dlodes. Powever, we need Lo malnLaln
klrcho currenL and volLage laws slnce Lhls ls a 3 porL devlce
13/11/13 6
1he rsL reglon ls called Lmluer (L)
and has hlgher doplng
concenLrauon Lhan oLher reglons.
1he narrow mlddle secuon ls called
8ase (8). 1he lasL reglon ls called Lhe
CollecLor (C) reglon wlLh lowesL
doplng concenLrauon
Total voltage in a close loop is
Net current flow to a node i ,
0 0,
s 0
E B C
EB xy BC CE yx
Here notation is V
I I I
V V V V
!
+ + = = "
= +
!
15/11/13
4
-./ -0!12! ()*
1o apply or measure a volLage you need 2 dlsuncL porLs (+&-, or +& Cnu)
Slnce Lhls ls a 3 porL devlce you have Lo selecL one porL as a common porL and hence you
have only 2 opuons Lo measure/apply volLages
Also, ln naLure a 8!1 ls made of 1WC pn-[uncuon dlodes and hence you can have
4 posslble blaslng (lorward or 8everse)
lorward acuve mode ls mosLly used as currenL ampllers
SaLurauon and cuL-o ls used for swlLchlng appllcauons
13/11/13 7
8|as|ng Mode Lm|uer-8ase 8ase-Co||ector N NN
SaLurauon lorward lorward v
8L
<0, v
8C
<0 v
8L
>0, v
8C
>0
Acuve lorward 8everse v
8L
<0, v
8C
>0 v
8L
>0, v
8C
<0
lnverLed 8everse lorward v
8L
>0, v
8C
<0 v
8L
<0, v
8C
>0
CuL-o 8everse 8everse v
8L
>0, v
8C
>0 v
8L
<0, v
8C
<0
Please pay
attention to polarity
-./ -0!12! (+*
1o undersLand Lhe Lhermal equlllbrlum behavlor of 8!1s we can spllL lL lnLo Lwo
n [uncuon dlodes and lndlvldually analyze each [uncuon: Lach has lLs own band
dlagram and space charge reglons. 1hen we can comblne boLh
lrom Lhese we can calculaLe Lhe non-depleLed wldLh of Lhe base reglon (W)
13/11/13 8
!
"
# !
!
"
# # !
-x
p
x
n
-x
n
x
p
$ " " $
W
WB
'
B n n B nEB nCB B
W W x x W x x where W isthe physical width of base = ! ! = ! !
15/11/13
5
-./3 -0!12! 45670/148
LeL's conslder a n LranslsLor aL forward acuve, or acuve, mode: (forward
blased L8, and reverse blased C8 [uncuons)

lorward blased L8 [uncuon wlll faclllLaLe large dluslon of holes from Lmluer Lo 8ase. AL Lhe same
ume elecLrons from base wlll dluse Lo emluer buL slnce lL ls
+
, n [uncuons hole dluslon ls much
more domlnanL ln LoLal currenL crosslng Lhe [uncuon
Pence we wlll have large ux of holes ln Lhe base reglon LhaL wlll dluse Loward Lhe CollecLor 8ase
!uncuon. Slnce Lhe wlLh lf Lhe base reglon ls narrow, almosL all wlll reach Lo Lhe oLher end of Lhe
base reglon before Lhe recomblne
Slnce holes are mlnorlLy carrlers ln base, Lhey wlll noL see Lhe poLenual barrler ralsed by Lhe reverse
blased C8 [uncuon and easlly cross Lhe C8 [uncuon
Slnce Lhe denslLy of holes enLerlng Lo Lhe base reglon ls deLermlned by Lhe L8 blas volLage we
lncrease Lhe forward blas volLage Lo ln[ecL more holes lnLo Lo base reglon
Also, slnce all of Lhese holes are endlng up ln Lhe collecLor reglon we are eecuvely conLrolllng Lhe
denslLy of holes crosslng Lhe base-collecLor [uncuon by conLrolllng Lhe emluer base volLage.
1hls ls called LranslsLor acuon.
13/11/13 9
P
+
, emitter
N, Base
P, Collector
-./3 -0!12! 45670/148
llgure below shows all of Lhe currenL componenLs
As usual we have Lwo currenL componenLs (elecLrons and holes)
under ldeal condluons l
L
~l
C

13/11/13 10
P
+
, emitter
N, Base
P, Collector l
Lp
Pole currenL l
Cp

l
Ln

l
Cn

dominate
E Ep En Ep
C Cp Cn Cp Ep
C Ep Cn
I I I Since P N junction I will
I I I Since I I
I I I
+
= + !
= + "
" +
15/11/13
6
-./3 59%:;%#$<=9 >$%$#9?9%@
1he emclency of a 8!1 ls measured by four parameLers:
Lm|uer emc|ency: Measures how whaL fracuon of emluer currenL ls generaLed
by holes ln Lhe emluer reglon. ldeally you would llke Lo Lransfer all emluer
currenL Lo collecLor currenL and have a full conLrol on collecLor currenL.
Powever, elecLron currenL from base Lo emluer wlll fall ouLslde Lhls wlsh.
8ase transport factor: Measure how many percenL of carrlers ln[ecLed by
emluer ls Lransferred Lo CollecLor [uncuon. ldeally you wanL all Lo be
Lransferred. Powever, recomblnauon and oLher loss wlll prevenL achlevlng Lhls
goal
Common base D.C current ga|n: Measures how much of Lhe LoLal collecLor
currenL comes from Lhe LoLal emluer currenL under acnve mode, common base
b|as|ng,
13/11/13 11
1
Ep Ep
E Ep En
I I
Desired to have
I I I
! = = "
+
1,
Cp
T
E
Cp
p
T
E
From previous defini
I
Desired to have tion
I
I I
! "! = = #
0
0
is the collector current when I 0
,
C dc E CB CBO E
C Cn Cp dc T Cn CB
I I I where I
From I I I I I
!
! "!
= + =
= + # = =
-./3 59%:;%#$<=9 >$%$#9?9%@ ()*
Common base D.C current ga|n: Measures how much of Lhe LoLal base currenL
ls amplled and fed Lo Lhe collecLor under common em|uer acnve mode b|as|ng
13/11/13 12
0
0
is the collector current when I 0
( )
1
C dc B CE CBO B
E C B
C dc C B CB
C dc
dc
B dc
I I I where I
From I I I
And I I I I
will lead to
I
I
!
"
"
!
"
= + =
= +
= + +
= =
#
15/11/13
7
-./3 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<
As we sald before all assumpuons we made for dlodes are valld for 8!1s.
Also, remember LhaL 8!1 ls a Lwo cascaded dlodes. lf we wanL Lo calculaLe Lhe
LoLal currenL passlng Lhrough Lhe devlce we can use Lhe dlode assumpuons.
So, we [usL need Lo calculaLe Lhe mlnorlLy carrler dluslon currenL crosslng Lhe
space charge reglon aL each [uncuon Lo calculaLe Lhe LoLal currenL
ln 8!1's we have 3 reglons and hence 3 dlerenL mlnorlLy carrlers.
1o calculaLe Lhe LoLal currenL rsL we need Lo esLabllsh a noLauon based on
mlnorlLy carrlers

13/11/13 13
!
"#$%&'()#*+$, .)/&01
23$4) 56$+/)
78)3,)*&019
.)/&01
(
"#$%& ()#*+$, .)/&01
V
A
X=-x
p
X=0 X=x
n
( ) ( )
N p P n
J J x J x = ! +
-./3 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;< (8;?$B;< CD*
lollowlng are Lhe noLauons LhaL wlll be used for n 8!1s.
llrsL we have 3 coordlnaLe sysLems for each reglon. SLarung polnL of each axls ls
Lhe edge of Lhe space charge reglon
13/11/13 14
Lmluer

+

8ase
n
CollecLor

' x
x
" x
By using the definition of undepledted
base width, W, in a PNP BJT
'
"
nBC pBC
nEB pEB
x x W x x
x x x x
= + + +
= ! ! !

Majority carrier concentration
Definition of paramater
! " ##### $ #####
N
E
= N
AE
Emitter region
! " # $ #
N
B
= N
DB
Base region
! " # $ #
N
C
= N
AC
Collector region
! " # $ #
Minority Carrier Diff . Coeff . D
E
= D
N
D
B
= D
P
D
C
= D
N
Minority carrier lifetime !
E
= !
n
!
B
= !
p
!
C
= !
n
Minority carrier Diff length
Equilibriumminority carrier concentration
L
E
= L
N
n
E0
= n
p0
L
B
= L
P
p
B0
= p
n0
L
C
= L
N
n
C0
= n
p0
15/11/13
8
-./3 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;< (8;?$B;< C)*
Slmllarly followlng are Lhe noLauons LhaL wlll be used for nn 8!1s.
Agaln, 3 coordlnaLe sysLems for each reglon. SLarung polnL of each axls ls Lhe
edge of Lhe space charge reglon
13/11/13 13
Lmluer
n
+

8ase

CollecLor
n
' x
x
" x
By using the definition of undepledted
base width, W, in a NPN BJT
'
"
pBC nBC
pEB nEB
x x W x x
x x x x
= + + +
= ! ! !

Majority carrier concentration
Definition of paramater
! " ##### $ #####
N
E
= N
DE
Emitter region
! " # $ #
N
B
= N
AB
Base region
! " # $ #
N
C
= N
DC
Collector region
! " # $ #
Minority Carrier Diff . Coeff . D
E
= D
P
D
B
= D
N
D
C
= D
P
Minority carrier lifetime !
E
= !
p
!
B
= !
n
!
C
= !
p
Minority carrier Diff length
Equilibriumminority carrier concentration
L
E
= L
P
p
E0
= p
n0
L
B
= L
N
n
B0
= n
p0
L
C
= L
P
p
C0
= p
n0
-./3 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<C2;<=9>?"$A 2E$%F9 GH@?%HI"B;<
8efore we sLarL leL's vlsuallze Lhe carrler dlsLrlbuuon across Lhe devlce ln $=BJ9
#;K9 (lorward blased L8 [uncuon and reverse blased C8 [uncuon)
13/11/13 16
Lmluer

+

8ase
n
CollecLor

' x
x
" x
n
E0

n
C0

p
B0

n
E
(x)
n
C
(x)
p
B
(x)
Electron Diff
Electron Current
Electron Diff
Electron Current
Hole Diff
Hole Current
Minority Carriers
Hole Diff
Hole Current Hole Current
Elec. Diff
Elec. Current
Majority Carriers
Device performance is
dictated by the injection of
holes from P
+
Emitter region
to P-Collector region.
Since Emitter has the
highest doping concentration
it is the dominant current
injector
Hole Diff
( )
( ) ( )
0
0
(0) 1
1
CB
EB
qV kT
B B
qV kT
B B
p
p
p
W e
e
p !
! = "
= "
15/11/13
9
-./3 585 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<CD
We wlll develop a currenL relauon shlp for a n 8!1. 8uL Lhe same resulL can be
applled Lo nn by swlLchlng elecLrons wlLh holes, eLc.
I|rst: Lm|uer-8ase [uncnon. 1hls ls a -n [uncuon wlLh a narrow base
Cnly dlerence ls LhaL we don'L have a meLal conLacL aL Lhe end of Lhe base. Pence:
13/11/13 17
Lmluer

+

8ase
n
CollecLor

' x
x
" x

Minority carrier distribution in base: (steal derivation from narrow base diode)
!p(W) = p
B0
e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
# 0
!p
B
(x) = p
B0
e
qV
EB
kT
"1
( )
!p
B
0 ( )
! " ## $ ##
sinh
W " x
( )
L
B
$
%
&
'
(
)
sinh
W
L
B
$
%
&
'
(
)
+ p
B0
e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
!p
B
W ( )
! " ## $ ## sinh
x
L
B
$
%
&
'
(
)
sinh
W
L
B
$
%
&
'
(
)
-./3 585 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<C)
now we know Lhe mlnorlLy carrler dlsLrlbuuon for Lhe base reglon. Also for
emluer we can LreaL lL as lf lL ls a Lyplcal p-n [uncuon LhaL exLends lnnlLely
lrom base carrler dlsLrlbuuon we can obLaln Lhe hole currenL aL L-8 [uncuon

13/11/13 18
!"#$$%&
'
(
)*+%
,
-.//%0$.&
'
' x
x
" x
( )
0
( " 0) ( 0)
'
( " 0) 1
EB
E N P
qV kT
E
EN N E
E
J J x J x
Steal solution from p n junctiondiode
D
J J x q n e
L
= = + =
!
= = = !

J
N
= q
D
N
L
N
n
i
2
N
A
n
p0
!
e
qV
A
kT
!1
( )
( ) ( )
0
0
( )
( 0) .
1
. 1 cosh 1
sinh
CB EB
B
EP P B
x
qV kT qV kT
B
B
B
B
B
d p x
J J x q D
dx
D
W
q p e e
L
L
W
L
=
!
= = =
" # " #
= $ $ $
% & % &
' ( " # ' (
% &
' (
15/11/13
10
-./3 585 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<C+
lrom Lhese calculauons we can wrlLe Lhe currenL denluon for Lhe emluer
currenL for Lhe emluer by muluplylng Lhe currenL denslLy by Lhe devlce cross
secuonal area of A
13/11/13 19
!"#$$%&
'
(
)*+%
,
-.//%0$.&
'
' x
x
" x
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
0 0
0
1
. 1 cosh 1
sinh
We can also rearrange it in terms of applied
1
voltages
.
n
1
s h
1
i
CB E
B
EB
E
B
qV kT
qV kT qV kT B
B
B
B
B
E B
E B
E B
B
qV
E
E
k
E
T
E
E
D D
A q n A q p
D
A q n e
D
W
L L
W
I
A q p e e
L
L
W
L
L
A
L
e I
! " ! "
# $ $ $
% & % &
! "
% &
# + #
%
' ( ! " ' (
%
=
+
&
! "
% &
% &
' ( '
$
&
'
$
=
(
(
$
#
#
( )
0
. 1
1
sinh
CB B
B
B
B
qV kT
e
D
q p
L
W
L
!
% &
' (
$
"
-./3 585 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<C,
Slmllarly we can calculaLe Lhe currenL passlng Lhe 8-C [uncuon. now you need Lo
conslder a narrow vase [uncuon where boundarles are sull Lhe same and we
have Lhe same carrler concenLrauon ln Lhe
base reglon.
negauve (-) slgn for opposlLe dlrecuon currenL ow
13/11/13 20
!"#$$%&
'
(
)*+%
,
-.//%0$.&
'
' x
x
" x
( )
( )
( )
0 0
sinh
sinh
( ) 1 1
sinh sinh
CB EB
B
qV kT qV kT B
B B B
B B
W x
x
L
L
p x p e p e
W W
L L
! " #
" #
$ %
$ %
& ' & '
( = ! + !
" # " #
$ % $ %
& ' & '
( )
0
( ' 0) ( )
,
( ' 0) 1
CB
C N P
qV kT
C
CN N C
C
J J x J x W
Again Steal solution from p n junctiondiode
D
J J x q n e
L
= = + =
!
= = = ! !
15/11/13
11
-./3 585 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<CL
And also Lhe currenL
negauve (-) slgn for opposlLe dlrecuon currenL ow
13/11/13 21
!"#$$%&
'
(
)*+%
,
-.//%0$.&
'
' x
x
" x
( ) ( )
0
( )
cosh
1
1 1
sinh sinh
( )
CB EB
CP B
x
B
qV kT qV kT
B
W
B
B
B
B
B
p x
W
L
e e
W
d
J x W qD
dx
D
q
L
L
W
L
p
=
!
" #
" #
$ %
$ %
& '
= ( ( (
$ %
" # " #
$ %
$ % $ %
& ' & ' & '
= =
( )
CP
J x W =
-./3 585 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<CL
Pence Lhe LoLal collecLor currenL aer we muluply Lhe
currenL denslLy wlLh area, A
13/11/13 22
!"#$$%&
'
(
)*+%
,
-.//%0$.&
'
' x
x
" x
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
0
0 0
( ) ( ' 0)
1
If we rearrange according to applied voltage
cosh
1
1 1
sinh sinh
cos
s
h
1
CB EB
CB
CB
P N
B
B
B
qV kT C
C
C
C B
C
qV kT qV kT B
B B
q
C
C B
C B
V kT B
W
L
e e
W
J x W J c
D
q p
L
D
q n e
L
D D
I qA n qA p
L L
W
L L
e
J
W
L
= + =
! !
=
" # " #
$ % $ %
& '
= ! ! !
$ %
" # " #
$ %
$ % $ %
& ' & ' & '
"
! ! +
=
( )
0
sinh
1
1
sinh
EB
B
qV kT B
B
B
B
D
qA
W
L
e
W
p
L
L
#
$ %
& '
" #
$ %
& '
!
" #
$ %
" #
$ %
$ %
$ %
&
&
+
'
'
15/11/13
12
-./3 858 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<CD
We can exLend Lhe same analysls for Lhe nn LranslsLor also
Aga|n we start w|th the same m|nor|ty carr|er d|str|bunons
13/11/13 23
Lmluer
n
+

8ase

CollecLor
n
' x
x
" x

Minority carrier distribution in base:
!n(W) = n
B0
e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
# 0
!n
B
(x) = n
B0
e
qV
EB
kT
"1
( )
!n
B
0 ( )
! " ## $ ##
sinh
W " x
( )
L
B
$
%
&
'
(
)
sinh
W
L
B
$
%
&
'
(
)
+ n
B0
e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
!n
B
W ( )
! " ## $ ## sinh
x
L
B
$
%
&
'
(
)
sinh
W
L
B
$
%
&
'
(
)
P
E0
pC0
n
B0
p
E
(x)
p
C
(x)
n
B
(x)
-./3 858 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<C)
lrom carrler dlsLrlbuuon and copylng resulLs from p-n [uncuon dlodes.
Pere Lhe slgns lndlcaLe LhaL Lhe currenL ls owlng ln opposlLe dlrecuon of n
LranslsLor.
13/11/13 24
( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
( )
( 0) .
1
. 1 cosh 1
s
( " 0) ( 0)
'
( "
i
1
n
0
h
)
.
CB B
EB
E
B
EN N B
x
qV kT qV kT
E
E
E
E P N
qV kT E
EP P E
B
B
B
E
E
B
B
J J x J x
Steal s
d n x
J J x q D
dx
D
W
q n e e
L
L
W
olution from p n jun
D D
A q
ctiondiode
D
J
p A q
L
J x q p e
L
L
enc
I
H e
=
!
= = = "
# $ # $
= "
= = + =
"
= = =
" "
% & % &
' ( # $ ' (
% &
' (
"
) + )
"
= "
( ) ( )
0 0
1 1
.
sinh si
1
nh
1
CB EB
q B B
B B
B B
B
kT k
B
V qV T
D
n A q n
L L
W W
e
L
e
L
"
# $
% &
+ )
% &
# $ # $
% &
% & % &
' ( ' ( '
"
(
15/11/13
13
-./3 858 2"%%9<? 2$A="A$B;<C+
Pence Lhe LoLal collecLor currenL aer we muluply Lhe
currenL denslLy wlLh area, A
13/11/13 23
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
0
0 0
cosh
1
1 1
sinh sinh
cosh
1
( ) ( ' 0)
1
If we rearrange according to applied voltages
CB
CB EB
CB
qV kT qV kT B
N
B B
P
B
B
B
qV kT C
C
C
C B
C C B
qV kT B
C
C B
J x W J x
D
q n
L
D
W
L
e e
W W
L L
W
L
e
q n e
L
D D
I qA p qA n
L L
J
! " ! "
# $ # $
% &
= ' ' ' '
# $
! " ! "
# $
# $ # $
% & % &
= + =
% &
+ '
= + + '
=
( )
0
sinh
1
1
sinh
EB
B
qV kT B
B
B
B
D
qA
W
L
n
L
e
W
L
! "
# $
% &
! "
# $
% &
'
! "
# $
! "
# $
# $
#
%
$
&
+
&
%
-./3 585 G9JH=9 M9?%H=@ -$@9K 2"%%9<? 6N"$B;<@
now leL's reLurn back Lo performance meLrlcs of a 8!1 LranslsLor
Agaln we wlll assume lL ls a n devlce
We know Lhe currenL equauon for Lhe n devlce
13/11/13 26
!"#$$%&
'
(
)*+%
,
-.//%0$.&
'
' x
x
" x
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
1
. 1 cosh 1
sinh
cosh
1
1 1
sinh sinh
1
( ' 0) 1
CB EB
CB EB
EB
CB
qV kT E
qV kT qV kT B
EP B
B
B
B
qV kT q
EN E
E
qV kT C
CN N C
C
B
CP B
V
B
B
kT B
B
D
J q n e
L
D
J J x q n e
L
D
J q p
D
W
J q p e e
L
L
W
L
W
L
e e
W W
L
L
L
= !
= = = !
" # " #
= ! ! !
$ % $ %
& ' " # & '
$ %
& '
" # " #
$ % $ %
& '
! ! !
$ %
" # " #
$ %
$ % $ %
& ' & ' '
!
=
&
15/11/13
14
-./3 585 G9JH=9 M9?%H=@ -$@9K 2"%%9<? 6N"$B;<@ ()*
1he rsL meLrlc of Lhe 8!1 LhaL we dlscussed ls Lm|uer emc|ency, whlch
measures whaL fracuon of emluer currenL ls generaLed by holes ln Lhe emluer
reglon and lL ls dened as:
1hls ls (as lL ls) a scary equauon buL Lhe whole equauon can be slmplled Lo a
frlendller verslon by uslng a loglcal assumpuon.
AL acuve mode (or forward acuve mode) Lhe C8 ls reverse blased and L8 ls forward blased.
8everse blas exponenual componenL ls always much lower Lhan Lhe forward blas
13/11/13 27
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0 0
1
. 1 cosh 1
sinh
1
. 1 cosh 1
sinh
1
CB EB
CB EB EB
qV kT qV kT B
B
B
B
B
qV kT qV kT B
B
B
B
B
qV kT E
E
E
D
W
q p
D
q n
e e
L
L
W
L
D
W
q p e e
L
e
L
L
W
L
!
" # " #
$ $ $
% & % &
' ( " # ' (
% &
' (
" # " #
$ $ $ +
% & % &
' ( " # ' (
% &
' (
$
=
1
Ep Ep
E Ep En
I I
Desired to have
I I I
! = = "
+
( ) ( )
1 1
CB EB
qV kT qV kT
e e ! >> !
-./3 585 G9JH=9 M9?%H=@ -$@9K 2"%%9<? 6N"$B;<@ (+*
8ased on Lhls assumpuon we can geL rld of all exponenual Lerms LhaL has v
C8

13/11/13 28
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
1
. 1 cosh
sinh
1
. 1 cosh
sinh
1
cosh
sinh
cos
'
h
1
EB
EB
EB
EB
qV kT B
B
B
B
B
qV kT q B
B
V
B
B
B
qV kT
B B
B
B
B
kT E
B B
B
B
E
E
D
W
q p e
All q s a
L
L
W
L
D
W
q p e
L
L
W
L
e cancells
W
L D
p
L
W
L
W
nd
D
q n e
L D
p
L
L
!
!
" # " #
$
% & % &
' ( " # ' (
% &
' (
" # " #
$ +
% & % &
' ( " # ' (
% &
' (
$
" #
% &
' (
" #
% &
'
=
(
$
=
"
%
'
0
0
0 0
0
1
sinh
cosh
sin
1
1
h
sinh
1
cos
,
h
B
B B
B
B
B
B B
B
E
E
E
E
E
E
E B B E
B
E E
B
E
D
n
D
L
n
L
n N p
W
W
L
L D
p
L
W
L
W
L L
N
L
D N
N L D
W
!
#
&
(
+
+
" #
" #
% &
% & ' (
' (
" #
% &
' (
= =
=
=
" #
% &
' (
+
" #
% &
' (
15/11/13
15
-./3 585 G9JH=9 M9?%H=@ -$@9K 2"%%9<? 6N"$B;<@ (,*
1he second parameLer ls Lhe Lransfer facLor LhaL measures Lhe fracuon of
emluer currenL LhaL ls Lransferred Lo collecLor from base.
13/11/13 29

!
T
=
I
CP
I
EP
=
q
D
B
L
B
p
B0
e
qV
EB
kT
"1
( )
1
sinh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
" e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
cosh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
sinh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
#
$
%
%
%
%
&
'
(
(
(
(
q.
D
B
L
B
p
B0
1
sinh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
e
qV
EB
kT
"1
( )
cosh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
" e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
#
$
%
&
'
(
=
e
qV
EB
kT
"1
( )
" e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
cosh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
#
$
%
&
'
(
e
qV
EB
kT
"1
( )
cosh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
" e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
#
$
%
&
'
(
Again assume that BJT is in active mode: i.e e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
is negligible
)!
T
!
1
cosh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
-./3 585 G9JH=9 M9?%H=@ -$@9K 2"%%9<? 6N"$B;<@ (L*
lrom Lhese we can also calculaLe Lhe oLher performance parameLers
Common base D.C current ga|n : Measures how much
of Lhe LoLal collecLor currenL comes from Lhe LoLal emluer currenL under acuve
mode, common base blaslng,
Common base D.C current ga|n: Measures how much of Lhe LoLal base currenL
ls amplled and fed Lo Lhe collecLor under common emluer acuve mode blaslng
13/11/13 30
,
dc T
! "! =
1
cosh sinh
dc T
E B B
B B
B E E
D N L
W W
L L
D N L
! "! = =
# $ # $
+
% & % &
' ( ' (
1
1
cosh sinh 1
C dc
dc
E B B
B dc
B B
B E E
I
D N L
I
W W
L L
D N L
!
"
!
= = =
# $ % $ %
+ #
& ' & '
( ) ( )
15/11/13
16
-./3 585 8$%%;O -$@9 0>>%;PH#$B;<
Cen Lo lncrease Lhe base LransporL facLor and also provlde negllglble
recomblnauon process aL Lhe base reglon 8!1s are manufacLured wlLh very
narrow base lengLh LhaL ls negllglble compare Lo Lhe dluslon lengLh
ln Lhls case Lhe mlnorlLy carrler dlsLrlbuuon ln Lhe base reglon can be
approxlmaLed by a llnear funcuon
13/11/13 31
. .
, 1
i e
B
B
W
W L
L
!!" ! !

!p
B
(x) = p
B0
e
qV
EB
kT
"1
( )
!p
B
0 ( )
! " ## $ ##
sinh
W " x
( )
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
sinh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
+ p
B0
e
qV
CB
kT
"1
( )
!p
B
W ( )
! " ## $ ## sinh
x
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
sinh
W
L
B
#
$
%
&
'
(
Can be reduced to
!p
B
(x) = !p
B
0
( )
+ !p
B
W
( )
" !p
B
0
( )
#
$
&
'
x
W
-./3 585 8$%%;O -$@9 0>>%;PH#$B;< ()*
ln Lhe case of narrow base approxlmauon all derlved
equauons can be slmplled by uslng Lhe 1aylor serles approxlmauons
13/11/13 32
. .
, 1
i e
B
B
W
W L
L
!!" ! !
3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2
sin( ) ~ cos( ) ~1 1
3! 6 2! 2
sinh( ) ~ cosh( ) ~1 1
3! 6 2! 2
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
! = ! ! = !
+ = + + = +
1,
,
1
2
,
2
1
s
1
c
inh
1
cosh
1
1
1
os
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
cosh s nh
1
i
h
B
B
B
E B
B E E
dc T
E B B
B
B
W
E B B B
B
B
T
B
d
L
W
L
W
T
B
c
E
L
B
B E
E
B
E
E
W
L L
D
W
L
W
L
D
W
L
W
D N
N L
If W
D N W
D N L
D N L
W W
L L
D N
L
L
L
!
"
!
"
!
"! !
= ###$
## =
=
+
= =
% & % &
+
' (
% &
' (
) *
+
% &
' (
) *
=
+ ,
% &
+
- .
/ 0
=
+ ,
+ +
#$
###
' (
)
'
* )
- .
/
$
(
) *
0
*
!
!
!
!
1
2
,
1
1
cosh s
1
h 1
1
2
in
B
B
B
dc
E B
C dc
dc
E B B
B dc
B
B E E
B B
B E E
E E
W
L
I
D N L
I
W W
L L
D N
D N L
W
W
L
D N L
N W
D N L
!
1
!
1 =
+ ,
+
- .
/ 0
## = = =
2 % & % &
+ 2
' ( ' (
*
$
* )
#
)
!
15/11/13
17
-./3 585 6-67!CM4QQ M4G6Q (D*
up Lo now we spenL ume Lo derlve currenL equauons for a n and nn 8!1s. lf
we puL collecLor and emluer currenLs as a seL of equauons we wlll Lhe presence
of a coupllng beLween Lhese Lwo currenLs
1he coupllng beLween Lwo currenLs ls lnduced by Lhe Lwo [uncuon volLages.
13/11/13 33

J
E
= q.
D
B
L
B
p
B0
1
sinh
W
L
B
!
"
#
$
%
&
e
qV
EB
kT
'1
( )
cosh
W
L
B
!
"
#
$
%
&
' e
qV
CB
kT
'1
( )
!
"
#
$
%
&
Hole Current
! " ############ $ ############
+ q
D
E
L
E
n
E0
e
qV
EB
kT
'1
( )
Electron Current
! " ### $ ###
J
C
= q
D
B
L
B
p
B0
e
qV
EB
kT
'1
( )
1
sinh
W
L
B
!
"
#
$
%
&
' e
qV
CB
kT
'1
( )
cosh
W
L
B
!
"
#
$
%
&
sinh
W
L
B
!
"
#
$
%
&
!
"
#
#
#
#
$
%
&
&
&
&
Hole Current
! " ############ $ ############
' q
D
C
L
C
n
C0
e
qV
CB
kT
'1
( )
Electron Current
! " ### $ ###
-./3 585 6-67!CM4QQ M4G6Q (D*
So, we can say LhaL boLh currenLs are generaLed by Lwo separaLe dlodes wlLh
opposlLe polarlLy
Call Lhe dlode aL L8 [uncuon as lorward dlode and Lhe oLher as a 8everse dlode
LeL's rearrange Lhese equauons accordlng Lo Lhose Lwo dlodes and muluply by
area A Lo obLaln currenL

13/11/13 34
( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
cosh
sinh
1
sin
1 1
1
sinh
cosh
sin
1
h h
CB
EB
EB
q B
qV kT
B
B
B B
B
E
B E
B E
B
B
B
B
B
B C B
C C B
C B
B
V kT qV kT
E
D
qA p
L
W
L
W
L D D
I qA n p
L L
W
L D D
p n
L L
W
L
D
qA p
W
L
I qA
L
e e
W
e
L
! " ! " ! "
# $
# $
! "
# $
# $
% & % &
! ! "
# # $
% &
= +
# $ # $
% &
+
# $
! "
# $
# $
% & % &
! "
# $
# $
! "
# $
#
!
$
% &
"
#
'
'
$
% &
= ' '
% & %
'
( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
cosh
,
cosh
sin
'
n h si h
CB
B B B C B
R C
E
F B E
B
qV kT
B E
B
B
C
B
W
L D D
I qA p n and
L L
W
L
e
Let s c
W
L D D
I qA n p
a
W
l
L
l
L
L
! " ! "
# $ # $
% &
= +
# $
! "
# $
# $
% & %
"
$
! " ! "
# $ # $
% &
= +
# $
!
# $
# $
"
# $
#
&
'
$
% & &
&
%
15/11/13
18
-./3 585 6-67!CM4QQ M4G6Q ()*
Also LeL's dene Lhe cross coupllng Lerms such as
Pence we wlll slmpllfy currenL equauons Lo:
Pere lf assume Lhe coupllng Lerms as a
volLage conLrolled currenL sources we
can represenL Lhese currenLs by uslng
Lhe gure presenLed here.

13/11/13 33
0
0 0
0
1 1
sinh sinh
B B
B B
B B
B
R
B
F R
F
an
D D
qA p qA p
L L
W W
L L
d
I I
! !
" # " #
$ % $ %
$ % $ %
" # " #
$ % $ %
$ % $ %
& ' & ' & ' & '
= =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0 0
1 1
1 1
E CB
CB
B
EB
qV kT
F
qV
C
kT
E
qV k
R
T
R
q
F R F
V kT
I
I e
I e
I e
I e
I !
!
"
" =
"
"
"
"
=
-./3 585 6-67!CM4QQ M4G6Q (+*
lrom Lhls model we reallze LhaL we [usL need 4
parameLers Lo accuraLely characLerlze Lhe LranslsLor,
Pere lf you focus on Lhe cross coupllng Lerms. 1hese are Lhe currenLs orlglnaung
from one [uncuon and Lhen reach Lhe oLher [uncuon. 1hese are Lhe same
currenL and lL ls Lrue all ume lncludlng v
L8
=v
C8

1hls reclproclLy lndlcaLes LhaL:
Pence, we can model a LranslsLor
accuraLely by uslng 3 lndependenL
parameLers
NN 1rans|stor can be mode|ed by rep|ac|ng p's w|th n's q's w|th -q's and by
chang|ng the d|recnon of d|odes and the currents
13/11/13 36
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0 0
1 1
1 1
E CB
CB
B
EB
qV kT
F
qV
C
kT
E
qV k
R
T
R
q
F R F
V kT
I
I e
I e
I e
I e
I !
!
"
" =
"
"
"
"
=
0 0
, , , &
F R F R
I I ! !
0
0 0
0
0
1
sinh
B
B
F F R
B
B
R
F F R R
I I
From previous derivat
D
qA p
L
ions
W
L
I I
! !
! !
" #
$ %
&
=
=
'
=
15/11/13
19
-./3 !RMM07S
1he baslc operauonal prlnclple of a 8!1
LranslsLor ls dened by Lhe carrler
LransporL from emluer Lo collecLor
redomlnanL currenL ow ls deLermlned
by Lhe holes owlng from emluer Lo
collecLor (lL ls elecLrons lf lL ls nn LranslsLor).
lorward blased L8 [uncuon wlll faclllLaLe large dluslon of holes from Lmluer Lo
8ase. Slnce Lhe wlLh lf Lhe base reglon ls narrow, almosL all wlll reach Lo Lhe
oLher end of Lhe base reglon before Lhe recomblne. Also, slnce holes are
mlnorlLy carrlers ln base, Lhey wlll noL see Lhe poLenual barrler ralsed by Lhe
reverse blased C8 [uncuon and easlly cross Lhe C8 [uncuon
under any clrcumsLance lL a 8!1 ls made of Lwo p-n [uncuon dlodes and can be
modeled by p-n [uncuon dlodes.
lL has Lwo dlodes wlLh Lhelr lndlvldual space charge reglons
Lxcess mlnorlLy carrler concenLrauon aL Lhe edge of Lhe space charge reglons ls
deLermlned by Lhe applled volLage and lL lncreases or decreases exponenually.
13/11/13 37
P
+
, emitter
N, Base
P, Collector
-./3 !RMM07S ()*
13/11/13 38
Lmluer

+

8ase
n
CollecLor

' x
x
" x
n
E0

n
C0

p
B0

n
E
(x)
n
C
(x)
p
B
(x)
Electron Diff
Electron Current
Electron Diff
Electron Current
Hole Diff
Hole Current
Minority Carriers
Hole Diff
Hole Current Hole Current
Elec. Diff
Elec. Current
Majority Carriers
Hence, as it is in a p-n
junction diode, diffusion is the
main current generation
mechanism
Hole Diff
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
( 0) 1
( "
1
' 0
0
1
) 1
CB
CB
EB
EB
qV kT
B B
qV kT
C C
qV kT
B B
qV kT
E E
p x p e
n
p x W p e
n x n e
x n e
! = = "
! =
! = = "
! = =
"
"
=
W
15/11/13
20
-./3 !RMM07S (+*
Cnce you deLermlne Lhe excess carrler concenLrauons, you can use Lhe dlode
equauons Lo calculaLe Lhe LoLal currenL passlng Lhrough each porL of a 8!1
ln each [uncuon Lhe LoLal currenL ls deLermlned by Lhe sum of excess mlnorlLy
carrler dluslon currenLs.
lrom dlode denluons we can deLermlne excess carrler dlsLrlbuuons as:
13/11/13 39
!
"#$%&'()#*+$, .)/&01
23$4) 56$+/)
78)3,)*&019
.)/&01
(
"#$%& ()#*+$, .)/&01
V
A
X=-x
p
X=0 X=x
n
( ) ( )
p
n
N p P n N
x x
P
x x
d n
J J x J x qD
dx
d p
qD
dx
=!
=
"
= ! + =
" # $
+ !
% &
' (
( )
( )
( )
' "
1
( ) 0 sinh sinh
sinh
( ") (0) & ( ') (0)
C E
B B B
B B
B
x L x L
E E C C
W x
x
p x p p W
L L
W
L
n x n e n x n e
! !
" # ! " #
" #
$ = $ + $
% & % &
% &
' ( " #
' ( ' (
% &
' (
$ = $ $ = $
-./3 !RMM07S (,*
8y applylng we obLaln LoLal currenLs passlng
Lhrough each porL of Lhe 8!1 as

13/11/13 40
[ ]
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]
[ ]
( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
1
1
1
Further simplific
cosh 1
sinh sinh
co
ations are possible
sh 1
sinh sinh
EB
EB
CB
CB
qV k qV kT
qV k
B B E B
E B E B
B B E B B
B C B B
C B C B
B B C B B
T
qV T kT
W L D D D
I qA p n qA p
L W L L L W L
W L D D D
I qA p qA n p
L W L L L W L
e
e
e
e
! " ! "
= + #
$ % $ %
& ' & '
! " ! "
= # +
$ % $ %
& ' &
#
#
#
'
#
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
0 0 0 0 0 0
cos c h
,
sinh
by changing the variables
osh
sinh
B B B C B
R C B
C
E
F B E
B B B E B
W L D D
I qA p n and
L W L L
W L D D
I qA n p
L L W L
! "
=
! "
= +
$ %
&
$ %
& ' '
+
( ) ( )
N p P n
J J x J x = ! +
[ ] [ ]
0
0 0
0
1 1
sinh sinh
1 1
B B
B B
B B B
R
F B
F
R
an
D D
qA p p
L W
d
I W L
qA
I L L
! ! = " = "
# $ # $
% & % &
' ( ' (
15/11/13
21
-./3 !RMM07S (L*
Whlch resulLs ln a slmple coupled dlode equauons
1hese equauons can be modeled by Lwo dlodes (lorward and 8everse) and Lwo
currenL sources ln a slmple clrculL dlagram as shown below
13/11/13 41

I
E
= I
F0
e
qV
EB
kT
!1
( )
I
F
! " ## $ ##
!"
R
I
R0
e
qV
CB
kT
!1
( )
I
R
! " ## $ ##
I
C
= "
F
I
F0
e
qV
EB
kT
!1
( )
I
F
! " ## $ ##
! I
R0
e
qV
CB
kT
!1
( )
I
R
! " ## $ ##
I
B
= I
E
! I
C
[ ]
0 0 0
1
sinh
F F R
B B
R
B
B
D
I I qA p
L W L
! ! = =
!
( )
0
1 0
x x
V qV kT
where following can
be considered
e
<
! """#
-./3 !RMM07S (T*
1he rsL meLrlc ls Lm|uer emc|ency, whlch measures whaL fracuon of emluer
currenL ls generaLed by holes ln Lhe emluer reglon and lL ls dened as:

1he second parameLer ls Lhe base transfer factor LhaL
measures Lhe fracuon of emluer currenL LhaL ls
Lransferred Lo collecLor from base.
Common base D.C current ga|n :Measures how much of Lhe LoLal
collecLor currenL comes from Lhe LoLal emluer currenL under acuve mode,
common base blaslng,
Common base D.C current ga|n: Measures how much of Lhe LoLal base currenL
ls amplled and fed Lo Lhe collecLor under common emluer acuve mode blaslng
13/11/13 42
[ ]
[ ]
1
1
sinh
1
cosh
Ep Ep
E Ep E B E B B n
B E E B
I I
Desired to h
W L D N L
D N L
a
W
I
L
ve
I I
! ! =
+
= = "
+
1
cosh
T
B
W
L
!
" #
$ %
& '
!
[ ] [ ]
1
cosh sinh
E B B
dc T B B
B E E
D N L
W L W L
D N L
! "!
#
$ %
= = +
& '
( )
[ ] [ ]
1
cosh sinh 1
1
C dc E B B
dc B B
B dc B E E
I D N L
W L W L
I D N L
!
"
!
#
$ %
= = = + #
& '
#
( )
15/11/13
22
-./3 6P$#>A9 D3 uevlce MeLrlcs:
Assumlng Lhe followlng currenL dlagram ln each reglon of a 8!1 based on
normallzed currenL of l
1
, calculaLe Lhe devlce meLrlcs
13/11/13 43
Hole
Current
Electron
Currents
I
1

I
1

0.999I
1

0.001I
1

10
-6
I
1

E B C

It is a PNP transistor (?)
Emitter efficiency = ! =
I
EP
I
E
=
I
1
I
1
+ 0.001I
1
= 0.999
Transport factor = "
T
=
I
CP
I
EP
=
0.999I
1
I
1
= 0.999
Common base DC current gain = "
dc
= !"
T
= 0.998
Common emitter dc current gain = #
dc
=
"
dc
1$"
dc
=
I
C
I
B
=
I
C
I
B
=
0.999I
1
+10
$6
I
1
I
1
+ 0.001I
1
( )
I
E
! " ## $ ##
$ 0.999I
1
+10
$6
I
1
( )
I
C
! " ### $ ###
%
0.999
0.002
= 499.5
-./3 6P$#>A9 )3 uevlce MeLrlcs:
CalculaLe Lhe un-depleLed base wldLh (W) ln a n LranslsLor Lo achleve ase
LransporL facLor of 0.9967. Assume LhaL u
8
=10cm
2
/s and
8
=0.1s
13/11/13 44
( )
1
1
0.9967
cosh
cosh (0.9967) 0.0814
10
0.814 (pay attention to the order of magnitude ~1 m or so)
CP
T
EP B
B
B B B
I
Transport factor
I W L
W L
L D m
W m
!
"

#
= = = =
$ = =
= =
$ =
E B C
Space
charge
regions
W
15/11/13
23
-./3 6P$#>A9 +3 uevlce MeLrlcs:
CalculaLe Lhe common emluer dc currenL galn of an NN 8!1 aL 1=300k. 1he
LranslsLor has followlng parameLers.
13/11/13 43
2 2
18 3 16 3
10 / 25 /
0.1 0.5
10 10
0.65 0.7
E B
E B
E B
BE
D cm s D cm s
s s
N cm N cm
V V W m
! !

" "
= =
= =
= =
= =
N
+

E
P
B
N
C
Space
charge
regions
W
[ ]
[ ]
1
sinh
1
cosh
: 35.36 , 10
0.9997
1
0.9998
co
0
sh
.9995
B
EN
E
CN
T
B E B B
B E E B
B B B E E E
d
E
c T
N
I
Emitter efficiency
I
I
T
W
L
W L D N L
D N L W L
From gi
ransport factor
I
Com
Common base DC current gain
ven parameters L D m L D m !
" #"
#

#
"
!
=
= = =
=
= = =
+
= = =
$ %
& '
(
=
)
= =
*
=
1999
1
dc
dc
dc
C
B
mon emitter dc current gain
I
I
"
+
"
= = = =
,
-./3 6P$#>A9 ,3 Lbers-Moll Model and saLurauon mode:
Conslder an nn LranslsLor operaung under a saturanon mode. We have
o
l
=0.99, o
8
=0.20, and collecLor currenL l
C
=1mA. ueLermlne Lhe base currenL, l
8
,
Lo achleve saLurauon volLage of v
CL
=0.3v.
llrsL remember saLurauon mode aL whlch both L8 and 8C are forward b|ased.
13/11/13 46
B
C
E
!FIF
!RIR
IE IC
IF IR
- VCB + + VEB -
0
exp( ) 1
EB
F F
qV
I I
kT
" #
= $
% &
' (
0
exp( ) 1
CB
R R
qV
I I
kT
" #
= $
% &
' (
( ) ( )
0 0
From this NPN model
exp / 1 exp / 1
C F F EB t R CB t
t
I I qV V I qV V
Where V kT
! = " " " # $ # $
% & % &
=
I
B

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
Also from this NPN model
( ) exp / 1 exp / 1 ( )
1
exp / 1 exp / 1
exp / 1 exp / 1
B C E F EB t R R CB t
B F EB t CB t
R R
R
C F F EB t B F EB t
R R
I I I I qV V I qV V A
From this equation we can get
I I qV V qV V
I
I
I I qV V I I qV V
I
!
!
!
!
= " + = " " + " # $ # $
% & % &
# $ + " = " # $
% & % &
# = " " + " # $
% &
0
0
(1 ) (1 )
ln
(1 )
R C F B F F R
EB EB t
F F R
I I I
Pull V V V
I
! ! ! !
! !
$
% &
# $ " + + "
=
' (
"
% &
Plug in here
15/11/13
24
-./3 6P$#>A9 ,3 Lbers-Moll Model (2):
Conslder an nn LranslsLor operaung under a saturanon mode. We have
o
l
=0.99, o
8
=0.20, and collecLor currenL l
C
=1mA. ueLermlne Lhe base currenL, l
8
,
Lo achleve saLurauon volLage of v
CL
=0.3v.
13/11/13 47
B
C
E
!FIF
!RIR
IE IC
IF IR
- VCB + + VEB -
0
exp( ) 1
EB
F F
qV
I I
kT
" #
= $
% &
' (
0
exp( ) 1
CB
R R
qV
I I
kT
" #
= $
% &
' (
( ) ( )
0 0
From this NPN model
exp / 1 exp / 1
C F F EB t R CB t
t
I I qV V I qV V
Where V kT
! = " " " # $ # $
% & % &
=
I
B

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
0 0
0
0
0
Also from this NPN model
( ) exp / 1 exp / 1 ( )
1
exp / 1 exp / 1
(1 ) (1 )
ln
B C E F EB t R R CB t
EB t R R CB t B
F
F B F C R F R
CB t
R
I I I I qV V I qV V A
Similarly from equation A
qV V I qV V I
I
I I I
Followthe same procedure V V
I
!
!
! ! ! !
= " + = " " + " # $ # $
% & % &
" = " " # $
% &
" " + "
' =
0
(1 )
F R
! !
# $
( )
"
% &
Plug in
here
-./3 6P$#>A9 ,3 Lbers-Moll Model (3):
Conslder an nn LranslsLor operaung under a saturanon mode. We have
o
l
=0.99, o
8
=0.20, and collecLor currenL l
C
=1mA. ueLermlne Lhe base currenL, l
8
,
Lo achleve saLurauon volLage of v
CL
=0.3v.
13/11/13 48
B
C
E
!FIF
!RIR
IE IC
IF IR
- VCB + + VEB -
0
exp( ) 1
EB
F F
qV
I I
kT
" #
= $
% &
' (
0
exp( ) 1
CB
R R
qV
I I
kT
" #
= $
% &
' (
I
B

From the circuit model
(1 )
ln
(1 )
CE CB EB
C R B F
CE t
B B F C R
V V V
I I
V V
I I
! !
! ! !
= "
# $ " +
= %
& '
" "
( )
Hence
0.3 0.0101 10.1
CE B
V V will require I mA A = = =
15/11/13
25
-./3 -./3 6P$#>A9 L !"#$ &
'
$ (
')
*+,-.,/
under consLanL v
L8
volLage quallLauvely ploL l
C
wlLh respecL Lo v
LC

13/11/13 49

I
E
= I
F0
e
qV
EB
kT
!1
( )
I
F
! " ## $ ##
!"
R
I
R0
e
qV
CB
kT
!1
( )
I
R
! " ## $ ##
I
C
= "
F
I
F0
e
qV
EB
kT
!1
( )
I
F
! " ## $ ##
! I
R0
e
qV
CB
kT
!1
( )
I
R
! " ## $ ##
I
B
= I
E
! I
C
From the figure above we have
0, ,
EC EB CB
CB EC EB C F F F
V V V
If V V V I I anideal diode with scaling of ! !
= "
= = =
+V
EB
- -V
CB
+
I
C

V
EC

-./3 -./3 6P$#>A9 L !"#$ &
'
$ (
')
*+,-.,/ 012
forward blased emluer base [uncuon, v
L8
>0
13/11/13 30
+V
EB
- -V
CB
+

I
E
= I
F0
e
qV
EB
kT
!1
( )
I
F
! " ## $ ##
!"
R
I
R0
e
qV
CB
kT
!1
( )
I
R
! " ## $ ##
I
C
= "
F
I
F0
e
qV
EB
kT
!1
( )
I
F
! " ## $ ##
! I
R0
e
qV
CB
kT
!1
( )
I
R
! " ## $ ##
I
B
= I
E
! I
C
From the figure below we have
~
~
EC EB CB
Forward active
EC EB C F F EB
CB EB EC
Saturation
EC EB C F F R
V V V
V V I I Fixed for a given V
V V V
V V I I I
!
!
= "
# > $$$$$%
= " =
&
< $$$$% "
'
I
C

V
EC

Forward active
Saturation
15/11/13
26
-./3 -./3 6P$#>A9 L !"#$ &
'
$ (
')
*+,-.,/ 032
lorward blased emluer base [uncuon, v
L8
>0
13/11/13 31
From the figure below we have
~
~
EC EB CB
reverse active
EC EB C R CB
CB EB EC
cut off
EC EB C F F R
V V V
V V I I Fixed for a given V
V V V
V V I I I !
= "
# < $$$$$%
= " =
&
> $$$% "
'
Active: I
C
is determined by V
EB

Reverse active: I
C
is determined by V
CB

-./3 6P$#>A9 T3 8!1 ClrculL (lorward acuve mode)
Conslder an nn LranslsLor clrculL shown ln Lhe gure. CalculaLe Lhe expresslon
for lnpuL volLages LhaL puL Lhe LranslsLor operaung under forward acuve mode.
Also we have o
l
=0.99, o
8
=0.20, l
l0
=10
-12
A, =100
llrsL leL's represenL Lhls clrculL by uslng Lbers-Moll
model
lrom Lhls clrculL dlagram we deduce followlng very easlly
13/11/13 32
V
CC
=5V
R
C
=1k!
V
in

0
0
exp( ) 1
exp( ) 1
BC
R R
BE
F F
qV
I I
kT
qV
I I
kT
! "
= #
$ %
& '
! "
= #
$ %
& '
B
C
E
!FIF
!RIR
IE IC
IF IR
+ VBC - - VBE +
V
CC
=5V
V
in

0 ( )
B in E BE in
CB C B
C CC C C
CB CC C C in
V V V ground V V
V V V
V V I R
V V I R V
= = ! =
= "
= "
= " "
V
B

V
E
V
C

15/11/13
27
-./3 6P$#>A9 T3 8!1 ClrculL (lorward acuve mode) (2)
Conslder an nn LranslsLor clrculL shown ln Lhe gure. CalculaLe Lhe expresslon
for lnpuL volLages LhaL puL Lhe LranslsLor operaung under forward acuve mode.
Also we have o
l
=0.99, o
8
=0.20, l
l0
=10
-12
A, =100
1o have forward acuve mode we know LhaL we need Lo
have forward blased L8 [uncuon (l.e. v
ln
>0 ) and
reverse blased C8 [uncuon.
13/11/13 33
V
CC
=5V
R
C
=1k!
V
in

0
0
0
0
0
0,
Under active mode
exp( ) 1 ~ 0
exp( ) 1 ~ exp( )
exp( )
exp( ) & 0
i
CC in
CC C C in CC C C in C
C
BC
R R
in in
F F F
in CC in
C F F F F
C
n CC in
in
F F C
Hence
V V
V I R V V I R V I
R
qV
I I
kT
qV qV
I I I
kT kT
qV V V
I I I
kT
qV V V
R
V
kT I R
! !
!
"
" " < # " < # <
$ %
= "
& '
( )
$ %
= "
& '
(
"
)
"
>
>
=
>
=
V
in

V
CC

Common Lmluer 1ranslsLor ClrculLs
13/11/13 34
15/11/13
28
Common Lmluer 1ranslsLor ClrculLs: Slmpllcauons
aer L-M Model
13/11/13 33
Common Lmluer 1ranslsLor ClrculLs: Slmpllcauons
aer L-M Model
13/11/13 36
15/11/13
29
Common Lmluer 1ranslsLor ClrculLs: Slmpllcauons
aer L-M Model
13/11/13 37
Common Lmluer 1ranslsLor ClrculLs: Slmpllcauons
aer L-M Model
13/11/13 38
15/11/13
30
Common Lmluer 1ranslsLor ClrculLs: Lxample
13/11/13 39
Common Lmluer 1ranslsLor ClrculLs: Lxample
13/11/13 60
15/11/13
31
Common Lmluer 1ranslsLor ClrculLs: Lxample
13/11/13 61
Appllcauons: SwlLch
13/11/13 62
Design such that: Saturation !output=0, cut off!Output~Vcc
15/11/13
32
Ampller
13/11/13 63
-./3 6P$#>A9 T3 8!1 ClrculL (lorward acuve mode) (3)
Conslder an nn LranslsLor clrculL shown ln Lhe gure. CalculaLe Lhe expresslon
for lnpuL volLages LhaL puL Lhe LranslsLor operaung under forward acuve mode.
Also we have o
l
=0.99, o
8
=0.20, l
l0
=10
-12
A, =100
Also reallze LhaL Lhls has Lhe common emluer

13/11/13 64
V
CC
=5V
R
C
=1k!
V
in

( )
0
Hence, under activemode
1 exp( )
C B
E B C
in
E B F
I I
I I I
qV
I I I
kT
!
!
=
= +
" #
$ = +
% &
' (
!
15/11/13
33
-./3 6P$#>A9 U3 8!1 ClrculL (lorward acuve mode)
Assume Lhe followlng clrculL ls operaung aL forward acuve mode. 1he LranslsLor
has a xed V
8L
under Lhls mode and xed . llnd Lhe base currenL value, v
L
and
v
C
Agaln Lhe LranslsLor ls ln acuve mode and has
common emluer congurauon
lf we follow Lhe llne and wrlLe volLage equauons for
Lhe loop.
13/11/13 63
V
CC

R
C

V
CC

R
B

R
E

V
C

V
E

I
B

I
C

I
E

( )
( ) ( )
,
( 1)
( 1)
:
( 1)
: 1 1
(
1
)
(
1
)
CC B B BE E E
C B E C B E
CC B B BE B E
CC BE
B
B E
C
C CC C C CC C CC
CC BE
B E
CC BE
B
CC BE
B E
E E E CC
E
E
V
V I R V I R
We Know that
I I I I I I
V I R V I R
V
V
R R
V
I
R R
R
Hence V V R I V R V V V
R R
Also V R I R V V
V V
R R
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
"
+ +
= + +
= = + # =
= + + +
"
$ =
+ +
= " = " = " "
+ +
= = = +
"
+
+
"
+
( )
( 1)
E
BE
B E
R
R R ! + +
V
CC
V
BE

R
B
(1+")R
E

I
B

-./3 6P$#>A9 V3 8!1 ClrculL (lorward acuve mode)
Slmllar Lo prevlous one, assume Lhe followlng clrculL ls operaung aL forward acuve mode.
1he LranslsLor has a xed V
8L
under Lhls mode and xed . llnd Lhe base currenL value, v
L

and v
C
llrsL slmpllfy Lhe lnpuL slde aL Lhe base

Here from circuit analysis
V
BB
=
R
B2
R
B2
+ R
B1
V
CC
R
B
=
R
B2
i R
B1
R
B2
+ R
B1
Again loop
!V
BB
= I
B
R
B
+V
BE
+ I
E
R
E
We Know that
I
C
= "I
B
, I
E
= I
C
+ I
B
# I
E
= (" +1)I
B
V
BB
= I
B
R
B
+V
BE
+ (" +1)I
B
R
E
! I
B
=
V
BB
$V
BE
R
B
+ (" +1)R
E
Hence : V
C
=V
CC
$ R
C
I
C
=V
CC
$ R
C
"
V
BB
$V
BE
R
B
+ (" +1)R
E
=V
CC
$ " V
BB
$V
BE
( )
R
C
R
B
+ (" +1)R
E
Also: V
E
= R
E
I
E
= R
E
" +1
( )
V
BB
$V
BE
R
B
+ (" +1)R
E
= " +1
( )
V
BB
$V
BE
( )
R
E
R
B
+ (" +1)R
E
13/11/13 66
V
CC

R
C

V
CC

R
B1

R
E

V
C

V
E

I
B

I
C

I
E

R
B2

V
CC
R
C
V
BB
R
B
R
E
V
C
V
E
I
B
I
C
I
E
15/11/13
34
( )
( )( )
( )
( 1)
:
( 1)
: 1
( 1)
( ( 1) 1)
BB B B BE E E
BB BE
B
B E
C
C CC C C CC BB BE
B E
E
E E E BB BE
B E
BB BB
C
C CC BB
C
B E
BE
B E
From previous example
V I R V I R
V V
I
R R
R
Hence V V R I V V V
R R
R
A
R
V
lso V R I V V
R R
If V V V
R
V V V V
R R
Any inc e
R
r as
R
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
" = + +
#
" =
+ +
= # = # #
+ +
= = + #
+ +
$ + %
= # % # #
+ + + +
( )
( 1)
C
B E
R
notice polarity change
R
e in voltage will get amplifie b
R
d y
!
!
#
+ +
-./3 6P$#>A9 W3 8!1 ClrculL (lorward acuve mode)
Agaln slmllar Lo prevlous one, assume Lhe followlng clrculL ls operaung aL forward acuve
mode. 1he LranslsLor has a xed V
8L
under Lhls mode and xed . llnd Lhe base currenL
value, v
L
and v
C
. Also nd ouL whaL wlll happen lf v
88
lncreases by Av

llrsL slmpllfy Lhe lnpuL slde aL Lhe base
13/11/13 67
V
CC
R
C
V
BB
R
B
R
E
V
C
V
E
I
B
I
C
I
E
-./3 6P$#>A9 DX3 8!1 ClrculL (CuL-C Mode)
Conslder an nn LranslsLor clrculL shown ln Lhe gure. CalculaLe Lhe expresslon
for lnpuL and ouLpuL volLages LhaL puL Lhe LranslsLor operaung under cuL-o
mode.
1o have cuL-o mode we know LhaL we need Lo have
reverse blased L8 [uncuon (l.e. v
ln
<0 ) and
reverse blased C8 [uncuon (any v
CC
>0 wlll work).
13/11/13 68
V
CC

R
C

V
in

0 0
~ 0
0,
C R F F
C C CC C C CC out
in
Hence
I I I
If I V V I R V V
independent of V as long as it is incut off
! " + #
= = " = =
"
V
out