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Item=787

QATAR
At A Glance Population: 0uly ;993 est. -1P Per "apita =PPP>: ;993 est. *uman 1eBelopment Index 'anC: #)1P: ;993 6reedom *ouse 'ating: ;993 Political 'igDts "iBil ,iberties 6reedom of tDe Press 'anC: 6reedom *ouse: ;993 "orruption Index 'anC: $ransparency International: ;997 88/:</7 =an estimated 33/:999> are non?citi@ens> A;7:+99 +3 =out of 877 countries> )ot 6ree 3 / 8;8 =out of 87+ countries> <; =out of 889 countries>

UPDATES AND FORTHCOMING EVENTS ......................................................................................3 UPDATES AND FORTHCOMING EVENTS ......................................................................................3 STATE INSTITUTIONS/ SEPARATION OF POWERS.....................................................................4 STATE INSTITUTIONS/ SEPARATION OF POWERS.....................................................................4
! "#$I% &'()"* ...............................................................................................................................+ , -I.,($I% &'()"*............................................................................................................................./ 0#1I"I('2...............................................................................................................................................3 ,4"(, -4% ')5 )$.............................................................................................................................7

RIGHTS .....................................................................................................................................................8 RIGHTS .....................................................................................................................................................8 P , '

'.4)(, ,I& '$I ................................................................................................................................8 -I.,($I4) ' -#,($I)- $* ! '"I. 46 'I-*$.............................................................................7 " )$ -4% ')5 )$ I)I$I($I% . (66 "$I)- 'I-*$......................................................................89

POLITICAL FORCES............................................................................................................................11 POLITICAL FORCES............................................................................................................................11 P4,I$I"(, P('$I . ...............................................................................................................................88 "I%I, .4"I $2.......................................................................................................................................88 ELECTION RESULTS...........................................................................................................................12 ELECTION RESULTS...........................................................................................................................12
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CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION..........................................................................................................13 CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION..........................................................................................................13 CORRUPTION........................................................................................................................................14 CORRUPTION........................................................................................................................................14 RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS.............................................................15 RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS.............................................................15

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Updates and Forthcoming Events

QatarEs first legislatiBe elections were postponed until ;998: $De constitution: approBed in an (pril ;99< popular referendum: creates a legislatiBe body witD tDirty members elected by uniBersal suffrage and fifteen appointed by tDe emir. "urrently Qatar only Das an appointed council witD a limited adBisory role. (ccording to tDe constitution: tDe legislature will DaBe tDree main powersF to approBe =but not prepare> tDe national budgetG to monitor tDe performance of ministers tDrougD interpellations and no?confidence BotesG and to draft: discuss: and Bote on proposed legislation: wDicD becomes law only witD tDe Bote of a two? tDirds maHority and tDe mirIs endorsement.

Upco !"# Po$!%!c&$ E'("%)

Parliamentary elections: 0une ;998 =tentatiBe>

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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Qatar

State Institutions/ Separation of Po ers

$De .tate of Qatar is a monarcDy. Qatar promulgated its first written constitution in 0une ;99+: after it Dad been approBed by 77J of Boters in an (pril 7: ;99< referendum. $De Permanent "onstitution of tDe .tate of Qatar entered into force in 0une ;99/ = nglisD $ext: (rabic $ext>. $De process of approBing legislation and introducing institutional cDanges to conform to tDe constitution is on?going.

E!ecutive "ranch

$De ( !* is tDe Dead of state. *eF ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (ppoints tDe prime minister and ministers. (ppointed tDe current (dBisory "ouncil. In tDe future: under tDe new constitution: De may only appoint 8/ out of tDe +/ members of tDe "ouncil. .erBes as defense minister and commander?in?cDief of tDe armed forces. *e also exercises control oBer tDe police and internal security serBices. 1eBelops goBernment policy in consultation witD tDe "ouncil of 5inisters. "an establisD ministries and consultatiBe bodies. 'atifies and promulgates laws: but no longer Das direct legislatiBe power. $De new constitution places sucD power in tDe (dBisory "ouncil: wDicD will tDus become tDe legislature once elections are Deld. "an issue decrees witD tDe force of law wDen tDe (dBisory "ouncil is not in session. .ucD decrees must be ratified by tDe (dBisory "ouncil and can be oBerturned or returned for reBision by a two?tDirds maHority of tDe "ouncil. 5ay declare martial law by decree in exceptional cases to be defined by law. .ucD a decree must be presented to tDe (dBisory "ouncil witDin 8/ days or at its first meeting after tDe decree. $De duration of martial law must be limited and can only be extended witD tDe approBal of tDe (dBisory "ouncil. 5ay call for a referendum on important issues: tDe results of wDicD are binding. 5ay declare defensiBe but not offensiBe war. (ppoints an Deir after consulting witD tDe royal family.

? ? ?

S+(!,+ H& &- .!" /+&$!0& &$1T+&"! became emir on 0une ;7: 877/ after deposing Dis fatDer. $De p*! ( ? ? ? !"!)%(*F

Is appointed by tDe emir. Presides oBer tDe sessions of tDe "ouncil of 5inisters and superBises coordination of worC among tDe Barious ministries. Is responsible to tDe emir for tDe implementation of goBernment policy. .!" 2&.* &$1T+&"! became prime minister on (pril <:
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S+(!,+ H& &- .!" 2&))! ;997.

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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Qatar

$De Co3"c!$ o0 M!"!)%(*)4 ? ? ? ? ? Is formed by emiri decree based on a proposal by tDe prime minister. 1rafts laws and decrees wDicD are referred to tDe (dBisory "ouncil for discussion before being submitted to tDe emir for ratification. ndorses resolutions and regulations prepared by ministries witDin tDeir indiBidual areas of Hurisdiction. 5onitors tDe implementation of laws: decrees: resolutions: regulations and court Hudgments. 5onitors state finances and prepares tDe state draft budget.

.DeiCDa bint (Dmed al 5aDmud became tDe first woman appointed to tDe cabinet wDen sDe became 5inister of ducation in (pril ;99<. Key ministries are Deaded by members of tDe ruling family: altDougD tDis is not stipulated by tDe constitution.

#egislative "ranch

A-'!)o*5 Co3"c!$ =5aHlis al?.Dura> ? #nder tDe 8779 "onstitution: tDe council is made up of </ members appointed by tDe emir wDo serBe for four?year terms. It assists and adBises tDe goBernment but Das no legislatiBe powers. In accordance witD cDanges in tDe new constitutionF ?

$De council will be made up of +/ members: <9 elected and 8/ appointed by tDe emir. lections for tDe first partially elected council are expected in late ;99/ or early ;993. $Dey were initially expected in ;99+. ? $De new council will DaBe legislatiBe autDority. (ny member of tDe council will be able to propose legislation. 4nce a bill is passed by tDe council it will be sent to tDe emir for ratification. $De emir may return tDe bill for reconsideration: but tDe bill still passes if supported by a two?tDirds maHority. )eBertDeless: tDe emir may tDen suspend enforcement under Lcompelling circumstances.M ? 4ne tDird of tDe councilEs members may address an interpellation to a minister. ? $De council may giBe ministers a Bote of no confidence witDin ten days following an interpellation. If it passes by a two?tDirds maHority: tDe minister will be remoBed from Dis post. ? $De council must approBe tDe draft budget for it to come to force: and may amend it. ? $De emir will summon and adHourn all sessions of tDe council wDicD meets during eigDt montDs of tDe year starting in 4ctober. $De emir may postpone a session of tDe council: but only for one montD and only once during an annual term. xtraordinary sessions may be called by tDe emir or by a maHority of tDe members of tDe council. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace &undaci'n (ara las )elaciones Internacionales * el /
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? ?

$De emir may dissolBe tDe council: but is obliged to call new elections witDin six montDs. (ll sittings of tDe council will be public unless otDerwise reNuested by tDe goBernment or by one?tDird of tDe members of tDe council.

$De current (dBisory "ouncil is Deaded by tDe council speaCer and tDe councilEs office and is organi@ed into committees. #nder tDe new constitution: tDe council will elect a speaCer and deputy speaCer at tDe beginning of eacD of its four?year terms. $De speaCer will cDair council meetings and Dead tDe council bureau wDicD will be composed of tDe speaCer: Dis deputy: and tDe cDairs of committees. $De speaCer will be empowered to cast a tie?breaCing Bote.

$udiciar%

QatarEs legal system is based on .Daria legal principles and is influenced by gyptian law. $De constitution proBides for an independent Hudiciary wDose organi@ation and functioning are to be determined by law =articles 8<9 and 8<8>. *oweBer: members of tDe Hudiciary will continue to be appointed by tDe emir: based on recommendations of tDe .upreme 0udicial "ouncil. (round Dalf of tDe current Hudges are foreign nationals Dolding residence permits granted by tDe ciBil autDorities. (ll Hudges Dold tDeir positions at tDe discretion of tDe goBernment. Qatar does not yet DaBe an extended codified body of law. ,aw )o. 3 of 8777 supplanted ,aw )o. 8< of 8778 as tDe statute goBerning tDe organisation of tDe Hudiciary. It tooC effect in ;99<: unifying QatarEs preBiously dual Hudicial structure =.Daria and "iBil "ourts> under tDe umbrella of tDe .upreme 0udicial "ouncil. 23-!c!&*5 Co3"c!$)
?

$De S3p*( ( 23-!c!&$ Co3"c!$ was created in 8777 to ensure Hudicial independence. It proposes legislation concerning tDe Hudicial system and proBides adBice on tDe appointment and careers of Hudges. It is composed ofF tDe Dead of tDe "ourt of "assation: tDe Dead of tDe .Daria "ourt of (ppeal: tDe Dead of tDe "ourt of (ppeal: tDe Dead of tDe .Daria "ourt of 6irst Instance: and two senior Hurors from eacD of tDe "ourt of "assation and .Daria and ordinary "ourts of (ppeal.

Co3*%)F $De 8777 law proBides for a tDree?tiered court system. ? Co3*%) o0 F!*)% I")%&"c(F Include "ourts of 0ustice and .Daria "ourts. $De "ourts of 0ustice Dear ciBil: criminal and commercial matters wDile tDe .Daria "ourts Dear cases inBolBing personal status.

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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Qatar

? Co3*%) o0 App(&$F Include (ppeal "ourt of 0ustice and .Daria "ourt of (ppeal. $Dey Dear appeals of decisions from tDe courts of first instance. ? Co3*% o0 C&))&%!o"F $De court of final appeal. It Das once cDamber for .Daria cases and one to serBe as court of appeal for tDe "ourt of 0ustice. It is presided oBer by a president: one or two deputies: and additional Hurors to form two?Hudge cDambers. Sp(c!&$ Co3*%) ? $De law proBides for tDe establisDment of occasional state security courts. *oweBer: no cases DaBe appeared before tDese courts since tDe current emir assumed power.

#ocal Government

Qatar is diBided into 89 administratiBe districtsF al?1awDaD: al?-DuwayriyaD: al? 0umayliyaD: al?KDawr: al?OaCraD: al?'ayyan: al?.Damal: 0arayan al?&atnaD: #mm .aid: and #mm .alal $De C("%*&$ M3"!c!p&$ Co3"c!$ was created in 8777 to serBe as a single: nationwide municipal body. $De "entral 5unicipal "ouncil is composed of ;7 members elected from tDe ten districts. $De first municipal elections were Deld in 5arcD 8777. $De most recent elections tooC place on (pril 7: ;99<. $De 5unicipal "ouncil serBes in an adBisory capacity. It is responsible for superBising tDe implementation of laws and decisions of tDe 5inistry of 5unicipal (ffairs and (griculture. $De 5inister of 5unicipal (ffairs and (griculture oBersees planning: deBelopment: road maintenance: agriculture: food safety: public serBices and tDe enBironment. $De minister can dissolBe tDe 5unicipal "ouncil.

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Rights
Personal li"erties

$De new constitution contains a number of Duman rigDts proBisions. $De implementation of most of tDese will depend on existing or future laws. $De process of law?maCing to conform to tDe new "onstitution is on?going. $De constitution proBides for eNual ciBil rigDts and responsibilities witDout discrimination on grounds of race: language: religion or gender. "urrent laws still proBide for some discrimination against womenF women must DaBe permission from tDeir male guardians to obtain driBersE licenses and men may preBent female relatiBes from leaBing tDe country. $De constitution states tDat Lall people are eNual before tDe law.M In practice members of tDe ruling family often go unsanctioned by tDe law. $De constitution guarantees freedom of assembly in accordance witD tDe proBisions of tDe law =articles ++ and +/> altDougD legislation imposes significant restrictions on tDis rigDt. ,aw )o.88: enacted in )oBember ;99+: allows indiBiduals to organi@e demonstrations and public assemblies: yet stipulates tDat organi@ers must acNuire a permit: for wDicD tDere are a number of restrictions and conditions. Political demonstrations are not allowed: altDougD peaceful demonstrations against IsraelEs actions in tDe Palestinian $erritories DaBe been permitted. $De constitution reNuires all tDose liBing in tDe country to obserBe public order and respect public customs and morals. 6reedom of worsDip is proBided for in tDe constitution. In practice religious freedom for non?5uslims Das not been extended beyond tDe "Dristian community. *indus and &uddDists are not allowed to practice openly. $De constitution protects indiBiduals from arbitrary arrest and detention and bans torture. 1efendants are entitled to legal representation. *oweBer: tDere are no proBisions for maCing legal counsel aBailable at state expense to people wDo are indigent. 6oreign worCers witD temporary residence status maCe up about four fiftDs of tDe population and 8/J of tDe worCforce. $Dey face seBere disadBantages in labor contract cases and generally enHoy few of tDe political and ciBil rigDts tDat pertain to Qataris. 6oreign worCers DaBe limited legal rigDts to appear before tDe same courts as Qatari citi@ens: but fear of Hob loss and deportation preBents many worCers from exercising eBen tDese limited rigDts.

$De )ew 2orC?based organi@ation *uman 'igDts OatcD proBides a compreDensiBe oBerBiew of Duman rigDts deBelopments in Qatar. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace &undaci'n (ara las )elaciones Internacionales * el 8

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R(0o* ) U"-(* D!)c3))!o" $De draft of a new naturali@ation law is under discussion. $De law is expected to clarify tDe issue of wDo Das tDe rigDt to apply for citi@ensDip and to outlaw differential treatment of Qatari nationals by birtD and naturali@ed citi@ens.

#egislation regulating the e!ercise of rights

Po$!%!c&$ P&*%5 L&6) ? Political parties are illegal.

E$(c%o*&$ L&6 ? ? #niBersal adult suffrage oBer tDe age of 88. 5embers of tDe armed forces and police cannot Bote or run for office.

L&6 o" A))oc!&%!o") ? ? $De constitution proBides for tDe rigDt to form organi@ations: but tDis rigDt is limited in practice. ,aw 8;: issued in 5ay ;99+ to replace ,aw 8 of 8778: grants citi@ens tDe rigDt to establisD priBate societies and professional associations. $De goBernment seBerely limits tDis rigDt in practice. It imposes strict conditions on tDe establisDment: management and functioning of tDese associations: proDibiting tDem from engaging in political matters and reNuiring approBal from tDe 5inistry of "iBil .erBice (ffairs and *ousing. In 5ay ;99/ tDe 5inistry of "iBil .erBice (ffairs and *ousing promulgated new regulations tDat streamline tDe operating reNuirements for associations but forbid affiliation witD groups outside Qatar and restrict membersDip of associations to Qatari nationals oBer 88 years of age.

M(-!& L&6) ? ? ? $De 8777 press and publications law is being amended. 6reedom of tDe press and publication is guaranteed by tDe constitution altDougD tDere are criminal penalties for libel. (fter ascending to power in 877/: tDe new emir introduced reforms to expand press freedoms. *e dissolBed tDe 5inistry of Information and lifted tDe official censorsDip of tDe domestic press.
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? ?

(ltDougD tDere is no formal censorsDip of tDe media: self censorsDip is generally practiced $De fiBe daily newspapers are independently owned but owners or board members are eitDer DigD?leBel goBernment officials or DaBe ties to goBernment officials. 5ost broadcast media are owned by tDe goBernment and present tDe goBernmentEs position. $De satellite $% cDannel al-Jazeera: wDicD Das become one of tDe most popular (rabic language satellite teleBision cDannels since its launcD in 8777: is priBately owned but DeaBily reliant on goBernment subsidies. (ltDougD outspoCen about sensitiBe regional issues: tDe station does not generally coBer Qatari politics. (ccording to tDe annual Oorldwide Press 6reedom Index by 'eporters witDout &orders: Qatar ranCs 77 of 837 countries. $De index runs from 8 =most press freedom> to 837 =least press freedom>.

P(*)o"&$ S%&%3) L&6 ? ? ? ? ? $De personal status of women is determined by Islamic ,aw. Oomen receiBe less inDeritance tDan tDeir male relatiBes. Oomen must DaBe permission from tDeir male guardian to receiBe a driBerEs license. In cases of diBorce: tDe motDer is giBen custody of younger cDildren wDile older cDildren are tDe legal responsibility of tDe fatDer. ducation and most worCplaces remain segregated by sex.

R(0o* ) U"-(* D!)c3))!o" ? $De draft of a personal status law wDicD would regulate marital issues: diBorce and cDild custody is being debated. ( committee at tDe .upreme "ouncil for 6amily affairs: a goBernment department concerned witD women: cDildren and family issues: Das been worCing on tDe draft legislation for seBen years. 6ollowing tDe publication of tDe draft: a public debate on tDe legislation Das been launcDed: inBolBing Hudges: legal experts and society.

Recent Government Initiatives Affecting Rights ? In 0anuary ;99/ a new labor law came into force: expanding and protecting worCersE rigDts in some areas. 6or tDe first time Qatari worCers are granted tDe rigDt to striCe and establisD unions: altDougD tDe new law also imposes seBeral restrictions wDicD maCe it difficult to conduct a striCe and form a union. 6urtDermore: tDese rigDts are not extended to non?citi@en worCers. Qatar Das taCen steps in recent years to demonstrate outward signs of openness to reform by Dosting seBeral regional conferences. $De conferences include training for women interested in politics: educational reform: and Duman rigDts.
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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Qatar

Political Forces
Political parties

Political parties are illegal.

&ivil societ%

$De goBernment does not allow independent Duman rigDts organi@ations. OomenEs groups and Duman rigDts groups DaBe been refused licenses. In ;99; tDe emir announced tDe establisDment of a )ational *uman 'igDts "ommission composed of 8< representatiBes from Barious ministries and fiBe ciBil society representatiBes. $De commissionEs tasC is to act as an adBisory body to tDe goBernment on tDe promotion of Duman rigDts and to respond to indiBidual complaints concerning Duman rigDts. Its first actiBity was to organi@e a conference on Duman rigDts in 0anuary ;99+. It Das also publisDed its first compreDensiBe report on tDe status of Duman rigDts in tDe country. ,abor unions are banned. $Dere are Hoint consultatiBe committees of employers and worCers to deal witD disputes. In 0une ;99+: Qatar Dosted a gatDering of more tDan 899 ciBil society actiBists: professors: Hournalists: and political party members from across tDe region tDat produced L$De 1oDa 1eclaration for 1emocracy and 'eform.M $De declaration demands tDat all (rab countries adopt modern: democratic constitutions: Dold free: fair and regular elections: place limits on executiBe power: guarantee freedom of association and freedom of expression: permit tDe full participation of women in political life: and end extra?Hudicial procedures: emergency laws: and torture.

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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Qatar

Election Results

lections for tDe 5unicipal "ouncil on (pril 8: ;997F ? ? ? ? 8;/ candidates: including < women: contested ;7 seats ; candidates ran unopposed < female candidates ran for positions. .DeiCDa 2ousef *assan al? 0ufairi was tDe only female winner: re?elected by 78J of tDe Botes. %oter $urnoutF /8J of eligible Boters and +7J of tDose registered.

lections for tDe 5unicipal "ouncil on (pril 7: ;99<F 78 candidates contested ;7 seats. + candidates ran unopposed. < female candidates ran for positions. $De first female elected in Qatar .DeiCDa 2ousef *assan al?0ufairi won a seat after Der two competitors dropped out of tDe race. %oter $urnoutF <;J of eligible Boters =compared to //J in preBious elections> and /9J of tDose registered.

$De first legislatiBe elections are expected to be Deld in ;998.

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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Qatar

&onstitutional Revision

$Dere is no constitutional court or mecDanism for constitutional reBiew eBen tDougD tDe constitution calls for sucD a Hudicial agency to be establisDed. $De emir or one?tDird of tDe members of tDe (dBisory "ouncil can call for an amendment to tDe constitution. (mendments are passed by a two?tDirds maHority of tDe council and must be approBed by tDe emir. (n amendment tDat is reHected cannot be proposed again until one year Das passed. $De constitution cannot be amended until ten years DaBe passed from tDe time of its entry into force. $De constitution cannot be amended regarding tDe rule of tDe state and its inDeritance: tDe functions of tDe emir during Dis deputation: and tDe rigDts and liberties granted by tDe constitution.

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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Qatar

&orruption

Petty corruption in Qatar is uncommon but senior?leBel corruption appears to be more widespread. Qatar Das no special commissions or institutions cDarged witD eliminating corruption. It also lacCs an independent auditing body outside tDe executiBe. )o regional or local watcDdog organi@ation operates in tDe country. In ;99< tDe goBernment launcDed a maHor initiatiBe to combat corruption in goBernment procurement. .eBeral cases of alleged corruption in a Bariety of goBernment entities are currently under inBestigation or adHudication. .tate?owned entities are increasingly sensitiBe to appearances of corruption and are worCing to establisD more open and transparent processes. $ransparency InternationalEs "orruption Perception Index ;997 ranCs Qatar first among (rab countries and <;nd out of 889 countries worldwide.

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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Qatar

Ratification of International &onventions

International "oBenant on "iBil and Political 'igDts =""P'>F not ratified.

International "oBenant on 'igDts =" ."'>F not ratified.

conomic: .ocial and "ultural

$De "onBention on tDe limination of (ll 6orms of $orture and 4tDer "ruel: InDuman or 1egrading $reatment or PunisDment ="($> on 0anuary 88: ;999. $De International "onBention on tDe limination of (ll 6orms of 'acial 1iscrimination =" '1> on 0uly ;;: 8773. $De "onBention on tDe limination of (ll 6orms of 1iscrimination against Oomen =" 1(O>F not ratified. $De "onBention on tDe 'igDts of tDe "Dild ="'"> on (pril <: 877/.

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