IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0.

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Introduction
IBM SPSS Statistics is an integrated family of products that addresses the entire analytical process, from planning to data collection to analysis, reporting and deployment. With more than a dozen fully integrated modules to choose from, you can find the specialized capabilities you need to increase revenue, outperform competitors, conduct research and make better decisions.

In todays data driven landscape, the ability to analyze information to drive decision making and solve problems is fundamental for Success. IBM SPSS Statistics has help organization of all types: Identify which customers are likely to respond to specific promotional offers. Boost profits and reduce costs by targeting only the most valuable customers. Forecast future trends to better plan organizational strategies, logistics, and manufacturing process. Detect fraud and minimize business risk. Analyze either / or outcomes, such as patient survival rates or good / bad credit risks. Report results clearly and efficiently. Understand which characteristics consumers relate most closely to your brand. Identify groups, discover relationships between groups and predict future events.

IBM SPSS Statistics offers the full scope of Statistical and Analytical capabilities that organizations require. Its an easy to use comprehensive software solution that: Addresses the entire analytical process from planning and data preparation to analysis, reporting and deployment. Provides tailored functionality and custom interfaces for different skill levels and functional responsibilities of business users, analyst and Statisticians. Includes flexible deployment options from stand-alone desktop to enterprise-strength server versions. Provides faster performance and more accurate results, compared to non-statistical, spreadsheet-type software. Works with all common data types, external programming languages, operating systems and file types. Offers a broad range of specialized techniques to spend productivity and increase effectiveness.

IBM SPSS Statistics Modules How are used?

IBM SPSS Statistics is an integrated family of products that offers a rich set of capabilities for every stage of the analytical process. Choose from a broad range of tools, tests and techniques so you can quickly and confidently perform any type of analysis. IBM SPSS Statistics Base forms the foundation for many types of statistical analyses, allowing a quick look at data and its easy preparation for analysis. Easily build charts with sophisticated reporting capabilities, formulate hypotheses for additional testing, clarify relationships between variables, create clusters, identify trends and make predictions.

IBM SPSS Advanced Statistics makes analysis and conclusions more accurate when working with complex relationships in data, it offers powerful and sophisticated univariate and multivariate analysis techniques.

IBM SPSS Bootstrapping makes testing the stability and reliability of your models easy.

IBM SPSS Categories provides tools to obtain clear insight into complex categorical, numerical and highdimensional data. Understand which characteristics consumers relate most closely to your brand, or determine customer perception of your products compared to others.

IBM SPSS Complex Samples incorporates complex sample designs into data analysis, with specialized planning tools and statistics, reducing the risk of reaching incorrect or misleading inferences for stratified, clustered or multistage sampling. This module is indispensable for survey and market researchers, public opinion researchers or social scientists seeking to reach more accurate conclusions when working with sample survey methodology.

IBM SPSS Conjoint helps market researchers develop successful products, giving a realistic way to measure how individual attributes affect peoples preferences. When used with competitive product market research for your new products, you are less likely to overlook product dimensions that are important to your customers or constituents, and more likely to successfully meet their needs.

IBM SPSS Custom Tables combines comprehensive analytical capabilities with interactive table-building features to help you easily understand your data and quickly summarize your results in appropriate styles for different audiences. Use IBM SPSS Custom Tables to present survey, customer satisfaction, polling and compliance reporting results.

IBM SPSS Data Preparation gives analysts advanced techniques to streamline the data preparation stage of the analytical process, prior to analysis. While basic data preparation tools are included in IBM SPSS Statistics Base, IBM SPSS Data Preparation provides specialized techniques to prepare your data for more accurate analyzes and results.

IBM SPSS Decision Trees helps you better identify groups, discover relationships between them and predict future events through the exploration of results and visual determination of how your model flows. Create visual classification and decision trees directly within the Statistics suite of products and present results in an intuitive manner.

IBM SPSS Direct Marketing helps marketers perform various kinds of analyses easily, without requiring a detailed understanding of statistics. Understand your customers in greater depth, improve your marketing campaigns and maximize the ROI of your marketing budget.

IBM SPSS Exact Tests enables you to use small samples and still feel confident about the results. With the money saved using smaller sample sizes, you can conduct surveys or test direct marketing programs more often. More than 30 exact tests, which cover the entire spectrum of nonparametric and categorical data problems for small or large datasets, are included.

IBM SPSS Forecasting enables analysts to predict trends and develop forecasts quickly and easily without being an expert statistician. IBM SPSS Forecasting has the advanced statistical techniques needed to work with time-series data regardless of your level of expertise.

IBM SPSS Missing Values finds relationships between any missing values in your data and other variables. Missing data can seriously affect your modelsand your results. Used by survey researchers, social scientists, data miners and market researchers to validate data.

IBM SPSS Neural Networks offers non-linear data modeling procedures that enable you to discover more complex relationships in your data. Choose from algorithms that can be used for classification (categorical outcomes) and prediction (numerical outcomes) to develop more accurate and effective predictive models that provide deeper insight and better decision-making.

IBM SPSS Regression enables you to predict categorical outcomes and apply a wide range of nonlinear regression procedures. Effective where ordinary regression techniques are limiting or inappropriate: For example, studying consumer buying habits or responses to treatments, measuring academic achievement, and analyzing credit risks.

IBM SPSS Statistics Modules Description

IBM SPSS Advanced Statistics:
More Accurately Analyze Complex Relationships Using Powerful Univariate and Multivariate Analysis Make your analysis more accurate and reach more dependable conclusions with procedures designed to fit the inherent characteristics of data describing complex relationships. SPSS Advanced Statistics (formerly called Advanced Models), provides a powerful set of sophisticated univariate and multivariate analysis techniques for real-world problems, such as:

Medical research: Analyze patient survival rates Manufacturing: Assess production processes Pharmaceutical: Report test results to the FDA Market research: Determine product interest levels

Access a Range of Powerful Models In addition to the general linear models (GLM) and mixed models procedures, SPSS Advanced Models now offers the generalized linear models (GENLIN) and generalized estimating equations (GEE) procedures.

GENLIN include widely used statistical models, such as linear regression for normally distributed responses, logistic models for binary data, and loglinear models for count data. This procedure also offers many useful statistical models through its very general model formulation. GEE extend generalized linear models to accommodate correlated longitudinal data and clustered data

SPSS Advanced Statistics continues to offer the following procedures:

General linear models (GLM) procedure: Provides you with more flexibility to describe the relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables Linear mixed models, also known as hierarchical linear models (HLM) procedure: Expands the general linear models used in the GLM procedure so that you can analyze data that exhibit correlation and nonconstant variability. Create more accurate models when working with nested-structure data, and model the mean, variance, and covariance in your data

SPSS Categories:
Predict outcomes and reveal relationships in categorical data Unleash the full potential of your data through predictive analysis, statistical learning, perceptual mapping, preference scaling, and dimension reduction techniquesincluding optimal scaling of your variables. SPSS Categories provides you with all the tools you need to obtain clear insight into complex categorical and numeric data, as well as high-dimensional data. For example, use SPSS Categories to understand which characteristics consumers relate most closely to your brand, or to determine customer perception of your products compared to other products you or your competitors offer. You can visually interpret datasets and see how rows and columns relate in large tables of scores, counts, ratings, rankings, or similarities. This gives you the ability to:

Work with and understand nominal and ordinal data with procedures similar to conventional regression, principal components, and canonical correlation Deal with non-normal residuals in numeric data or nonlinear relationships between predictor variables and the outcome variable. You can now use Ridge Regression, the Lasso, the Elastic Net, variable selection, and model selection for both numeric and categorical data.

Turn qualitative variables into quantitative ones The advanced procedures available in SPSS Categories enable you to perform additional statistical operations on categorical data.

Use SPSS Categories' optimal scaling procedures to assign units of measurement and zero-points to your categorical data Choose from state-of-the art procedures for model selection and regularization Perform correspondence and multiple correspondence analyses to numerically evaluate similarities between two or more nominal variables in your dataset Summarize your data according to important components by using principal components analysis Quantify your ordinal and nominal variables with an optimal scaling correlation matrix Use nonlinear canonical correlation analysis to incorporate and analyze variables of different measurement levels

Graphically display underlying relationships SPSS Categories' dimension reduction techniques enable you to clarify relationships in your data by using perceptual maps and biplots.

Perceptual maps are high-resolution summary charts that graphically display similar variables or categories close to each other. They provide you with unique insight into relationships between more than two categorical variables. Biplots and triplots enable you to look at the relationships among cases, variables, and categories. For example, you can define relationships between products, customers, and demographic characteristics.

By using the preference scaling feature, you can further visualize relationships among objects. The breakthrough algorithm on which this procedure is based enables you to perform non-metric analyses for ordinal data and obtain meaningful results. The proximities scaling procedure allows you to analyze similarities between objects, and incorporate characteristics for objects in the same analysis.

SPSS Complex Samples:

Correctly and Easily Compute Statistics for Complex Sampling Do you analyze data from survey or market research, public health datasets, or government agencies? Do you use sample survey methodology in your research, or are your data likely to come from a public-use dataset that includes complex sample designs? Are you confident that the statistical methods you use to analyze sample survey data provide you with the most accurate results? If you're working with complex sample designs, such as stratified, clustered or multistage sampling, you need specialized statistical techniques to account for the sample design and its associated standard errors. SPSS Complex Samples, an add-on module for IBM SPSS Statistics, provides the specialized planning tools and statistics you need when working with sample survey data. It enables you to make more statistically valid inferences for a population by incorporating the sample design into survey analysis. You can more accurately work with numerical and categorical outcomes in complex sample designs using two algorithms for analysis and prediction. In addition, a new algorithm enables you to predict time to an event. This add-on module is an indispensable statistical tool for survey and market researchers, public opinion researchers, or social scientists, and enables you to reach more accurate conclusions when working with sample survey methodology. Work efficiently and easily Only SPSS Complex Samples makes understanding and working with your complex sample survey results easy. Through the intuitive interface, you can analyze data and interpret results. When you're finished, you can publish public-use datasets and include your sampling and analysis plans. These plans act as a template and allow you to save all the decisions made when creating the plan define it once and you're done. This saves time and improves accuracy for yourself and others who may want to plug your plans into the data to replicate results or pick up where you left off. To begin your work in SPSS Complex Samples, use the wizards, which prompt you for the many factors you must consider before you start planning. If you are creating your own samples, use the Sampling Wizard to define the scheme and draw the sample. If you're using public-use datasets that already have samples, such as those provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), use the Analysis Plan Wizard to specify how the samples were defined and how standard errors should be estimated. Once you create a sample or specify standard errors, you can create plans, analyze your data, and produce results (see diagram below for workflow).

Accurate analysis of survey data is easy in SPSS Complex Samples. Start with one of the wizards (which one depends on your data source) and then use the interactive interface to create plans, analyze data and interpret results. You can use the following types of sample design information with SPSS Complex Samples: Stratified sampling Increase the precision of your sample or ensure a representative sample from key groups by choosing to sample within subgroups of the survey population. For example, subgroups might be a specific number of males or females or contain people in certain job categories, people of a certain age group and so on. Clustered sampling select clusters, which are groups of sampling units, for your survey. Clusters can include schools, hospitals or geographic areas with sampling units that might be students, patients or citizens. Clustering often helps makes surveys more cost-effective. Multistage sampling Select an initial or first-stage sample based on groups of elements in your population; then create a second-stage sample by drawing a sub-sample from each selected unit in the first-stage sample. By repeating this option, you can select a higher-stage sample. For example, in a face-to-face survey, you might sample individuals within households and city blocks.

SPSS Conjoint:
Easily Discover What People Value SPSS Conjoint gives you a realistic way to measure how individual product attributes affect consumer and citizen preferences. With SPSS Conjoint, you can easily measure the tradeoff effect of each product attribute in the context of a set of product attributesas consumers do when making purchasing decisions. When you use both conjoint analysis and competitive product market research for your new products, you'll be less likely to overlook product dimensions that are important to your customers and more likely to develop products and services that sell. Answer your critical product market research questions:

What product attributes do my customers care about? What are the most preferred attribute levels? How can I most effectively perform pricing and brand equity studies?

You can answer all of your questions by analyzing your new products before you spend valuable resources trying to bring successful products or services to market. Use SPSS Conjoint to focus your efforts on the service or product development that has the best chance of succeeding. SPSS Conjoint has the procedures you need to conduct service and product development planning:

Orthoplan Plancards Conjoint

SPSS Custom Tables:

Easily Analyze and Communicate Your Results SPSS Custom Tables (formerly called SPSS Tables), enables you to better understand your data, and easily report your results to those who need them. More than a simple reporting program, SPSS Custom Tables provides comprehensive analysis capabilities that help you learn from your data. For example, you can:

Compare means or proportions for demographic groups, customer segments, time periods, or other categorical variables, when you include inferential statistics Select summary statistics from simple counts for categorical variables to measures of dispersionand sort categories by any summary statistic used Choose from three significance tests: Chi-square test of independence, comparison of column means ( t test), or comparison of column proportions ( z test)

When it's time to create your tables, use the interactive table preview builder to see how they look as you build them. When you're finished, produce all results as SPSS pivot tables. SPSS Tables provides many timesaving capabilities for building custom tables quickly. For example, you can:

Create a table by simply dragging your variables onto the table preview builder Preview tables as you build them, so you can make any necessary changes along the way Use category management features to exclude specific categories, display missing value cells, add subtotals to your table, and more Automate reports that you need more often Export tables to Microsoft Word or Excel for use in reports

SPSS Data Preparation:

Improve Data Preparation for More Accurate Results All researchers have to prepare their data prior to analysis. While data preparation tools are included in the SPSS Base product, sometimes you need more specialized techniques to get your data ready. With the SPSS Data Preparation add-on module, you gain new techniques to help you streamline the data preparation stage of the analytical process . This module helps you to:

Identify suspicious or invalid cases, variables, and data values View patterns of missing data Summarize variable distributions More accurately get your data ready for analysis

SPSS Decision Trees:

Easily Identify Groups and Predict Outcomes The SPSS Decision Trees add-on module (formerly called SPSS Classification Trees) creates classification and decision trees directly within IBM SPSS Statistics Base to help you better identify groups, discover relationships between groups, and predict future events. This add-on module features highly visual classification and decision trees. These trees enable you to present categorical results in an intuitive manner, so you can more clearly explain categorical results to non-technical audiences. SPSS Decision Trees enables you to explore results and visually determine how your model flows. This helps you find specific subgroups and relationships that you might not uncover using more traditional statistics. SPSS Decision Trees includes four established tree-growing algorithms . Use SPSS Decision Trees in a variety of applications in which you need to identify groups. These applications include:

Database marketing Market research Credit risk scoring Program targeting Marketing in the public sector

SPSS Exact Tests:

More Accurately Analyze Small Datasets or Those with Rare Occurrences

Analyze your data more completely using SPSS Exact Tests. This add-on module for SPSS gives you what's needed to more accurately work with small samples and analyze rare occurrences in large databases. Use small samples credibly When a large sample size is impossible or costly, SPSS Exact Tests enables you to use small samples and still feel confident about the results. With the money saved using smaller sample sizes, you can conduct surveys or test direct marketing programs more often. Stay ahead of the competition by using these resources to find new opportunities. Easily interpret and apply exact tests SPSS Exact Tests are easy to run. You can calculate them anytime with just a click of a buttonduring your original analysis or when you rerun it. With SPSS Exact Tests, there is no steep learning curve, because you don't need to learn any new statistical theories or procedures. You simply interpret the exact tests results the same way you already interpret the results in SPSS Base . You'll always have the right statistical test for your data situation. SPSS Exact Tests provides you with more than 30 exact tests, which cover the entire spectrum of nonparametric and categorical data problems for small or large datasets. These tests include one-sample, two-sample and K-sample tests on independent or related samples, goodness-of-fit tests, tests of independence in RxC contingency tables and on measures of association.

SPSS Forecasting:
Build Expert Time-Series Forecastsin a Flash

Reliable forecasts can have a major impact on your organization's ability to develop and implement successful strategies. With SPSS Forecasting (formerly called SPSS Trends), you have what you need to predict trends and develop forecasts quickly and easily. Unlike spreadsheet programs, SPSS Forecasting has the advanced statistical techniques you need in order to work with time-series data. But you don't need to be an expert statistician to use it. Regardless of your level of experience, you can analyze historical data and predict trends faster, and deliver information in ways that your organization's decision makers can understand and use. Thanks to its Expert Modeler feature, SPSS Forecasting:

Automatically determines the best-fitting ARIMA or exponential smoothing model to analyze your historic data Enables you to model hundreds of different time series at once, rather than having to run the procedure for one variable at a time

If you're new to building models from time-series data, SPSS Forcasting helps you by:

Generating reliable models, even if you're not sure how to choose exponential smoothing parameters or ARIMA orders, or how to achieve stationarity Automatically testing your data for seasonality, intermittency, and missing values, and selecting appropriate models Detecting outliers and preventing them from influencing parameter estimates Generating graphs showing confidence intervals and the model's goodness of fit

If you're an experienced SPSS user Forecasting allows you to:

Control every parameter when building your data model Or use SPSS Trends' Expert Modeler recommendations as a starting point or to check your work Key features available in SPSS Forecasting enable you to: Save models to a central file so that forecasts can be updated when data changes, without having to reset parameters or re-estimate the model Write scripts so that models can be updated with new data automatically

This data chart illustrates men's clothing sales, raw and seasonally differenced over a 10-year period. Using seasonal difference helps to clarify the relationships within your data.

SPSS Missing Values:

Build Better Models When You Estimate Missing Data Missing data can seriously affect your results. If you ignore missing data or assume that excluding missing data is sufficient, you risk reaching invalid and insignificant results. To ensure that you enter the data analysis stage using data that takes missing values into account, make SPSS Missing Values (formerly called SPSS Missing Value Analysis) part of your data management and preparation step. SPSS Missing Values, is a critical tool for anyone concerned about data validty, including survey researchers, social scientists, data miners, and market researchers. Uncover missing data patterns With SPSS Missing Value Analysis, you can easily examine data from several different angles using one of six diagnostic reports to uncover missing data patterns. You can then estimate summary statistics and impute missing values through regression or expectation maximization algorithms (EM algorithms). SPSS Missing Value Analysis helps you to:

Diagnose if you have a serious missing data imputation problem Replace missing values with estimatesfor example, impute your missing data with the regression or EM algorithms

Quickly and easily diagnose your missing data Quickly diagnose a serious missing data problem using the data patterns report, which provides a case-by-case overview of your data. This report helps you determine the extent of missing data; it displays a snapshot of each type of missing value and any extreme values for each case. Use multiple imputation to replace missing data values In SPSS Missing Values 17.0, a new multiple imputation procedure will help you understand patterns of missingness in your dataset and enable you to replace missing values with plausible estimates. It offers a fully automatic imputation mode that chooses the most suitable imputation method based on characteristics of your data, while also allowing you to customize your imputation model. Several complete datasets are generated (typically, three to five), each with a different set of replacement values. Next, you can model the individual datasets using the usual techniques, such as linear regression, to produce parameter estimates for each dataset. Then obtain final parameter estimates. This involves pooling the individual sets of parameter estimates obtained in step two and computing inferential statistics that take into account variation within and between imputations. Analysis of the individual datasets and pooling of the results are supported via select existing IBM SPSS Statistics procedures such as REGRESSION. When operating on datasets with imputed values, existing procedures will automatically produce pooled parameter estimates.

SPSS Neural Networks:

Find More Complex Relationships in your Data SPSS Neural Networks offers non-linear data modeling procedures that enable you to discover more complex relationships in your data. Using these procedures, you can develop more accurate and effective predictive models. The result? Deeper insight and better decision-making. The procedures in SPSS Neural Networks complement the more traditional statistics in IBM SPSS Statistics Base and its modules. Find new associations in your data with SPSS Neural Networks and then confirm their significance with traditional statistical techniques. What is a neural network? A computational neural network is a set of non-linear data modeling tools consisting of input and output layers plus one or two hidden layers. The connections between neurons in each layer have associated weights, which are iteratively adjusted by the training algorithm to minimize error and provide accurate predictions.

In an MLP procedure like the one shown here, nodes in the input and output layers are connected to nodes in one or more hidden layers.

How can you use SPSS Neural Networks? You can combine SPSS Neural Networks with other statistical procedures to gain clearer insight in a number of areas:

Market research Create customer profiles Discover customer preferences Database marketing Segment your customer base Optimize campaigns Financial analysis Analyze applicants' creditworthiness Detect possible fraud Operational analysis Manage cash flow Improve logistics planning Healthcare Forecast treatment costs Perform medical outcomes analysis

SPSS Programmability Extension:

Dramatically Increase the Power and Capabilities of SPSS Discover unlimited programming capabilities with the SPSS Programmability Extension. This powerful feature enables your organization to extend the SPSS command syntax language with external programming languages, such as Python, R, and the .NET version of Microsoft Visual Basic. The SPSS Programmability Extension is included with SPSS Base. With the SPSS Programmability Extension, you can:

Extend SPSS functionality. The SPSS Programmability Extension enables you to add computations not included in SPSS. Write generalized and more flexible jobs. Create generalized jobs by controlling logic based on the Variable Dictionary, procedure output (XML or datasets), case data, and environment. Reusable code means data is not tied to a single program. Handle errors with generated exceptions. The SPSS Programmability Extension makes it easy to check whether a long syntax job worked. Hundreds of standard modules for Python are available. React to results and metadata Build SPSS functionality into other applications

SPSS Regression:
Improve Predictions with Powerful Nonlinear Regression Software SPSS Regression (formerly called SPSS Regression Models) enables you to apply more sophisticated models to your data using its wide range of nonlinear regression models. You can apply SPSS Regression, to many disciplines, including:

Market research: Study consumer buying habits Medical research: Study response to dosages through probit analysis Institutional research: Measure academic achievement tests Loan assessment: Analyze good and bad credit risks

SPSS Regression includes these procedures:

Multinomial logistic regression (MLR): Predict categorical outcomes with more than two categories Binary logistic regression: Easily classify your data into two groups Nonlinear regression (NLR) and constrained nonlinear regression (CNLR): Estimate parameters of nonlinear models Probit analysis: Evaluate the value of stimuli using a logit or probit transformation of the proportion responding