COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF NET PHYTOPLANKTON DURING THE EASTERN SULU SEA COASTAL UPWELLING IN 2012 AND 2013

A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences College of Science and Mathematics MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology Iligan City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology (BOTANY)

Liberty Grace L. Calimbo

March 2014

ABSTRACT

CALIMBO, LIBERTY GRACE L. 2014. Composition and Abundance of Net

Phytoplankton During the Eastern Sulu Sea Coastal Upwelling in 2012 and 2013. Undergraduate Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of Technology.

Thesis Adviser: Ephrime B. Metillo, Ph.D

Phytoplankton species diversity, abundance and distribution were studied in the upwelling area in Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay during the year 2012 and 2013 off Zamboanga del Norte. Phytoplankton species were composed of diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria. A total of 48 phytoplankton species were identified representing 26 genera that belong to diatoms (29 species), dinoflagellates (13 species), and cyanobacteria (4 species). Diatoms were the most abundant in both years 2012 and 2013 which are considered as good water quality indicator and at same time absolutely free from oil pollution. Coscinodiscus wailesii became common throughout the entire bay and became abundant during the upwelling area in the year 2012 and 2013 off Zamboanga del Norte. However, Guinardia flaccida reached the maximum density in the year 2012 while Skeletonema costatum reached the maximum density in the year 2013. The different phytoplankton species identified were correlated to a certain environmental parameters such as temperature, depth, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll A using Pearson analysis. Dinophysis tripos was found correlated with temperature and conductivity and Detonula confervacea was found correlated with salinity. Skeletonema costatum, Rhizosolenia setigera, Trichodesmium erythraeum were found highly correlated with depth during the year 2012. Guinardia flaccida was found correlated with dissolved oxygen. Both Bellerochea malleus and Chaetoceros socialis were found significantly correlated with the dissolved oxygen. However, there were also some phytoplankton species that showed opposite response to environmental parameters such as the Rhizosolenia setigera that was inversely correlated with salinity.

Keywords: Abundance; DIPSIN; Pearson Correlation Analysis; Phytoplankton Diversity; Upwelling Area

INTRODUCTION

The plankton comprise organisms that live in the water column and are incapable of swimming or limited powers against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales. The term plankton was coined by Victor Hensen which means errant or by extension meaning wanderer or drifter (Lalli, et al., 1993). Plankton are primarily divided into four major functional groups: phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacterioplankton, and virioplankton. Phytoplankton are autotrophic, prokaryotic or eukaryotic algae that live near the water surface where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores (Canini et al. 2013). The name phytoplankton comes from the Greek words phyton which means plant and planktos meaning wanderer or drifter. This term refers to the group of organisms which float in the surface waters of the rivers, lakes and oceans. Phytoplankton are classified as microalgae and include species from the following divisions: Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria), Chlorophyta (green algae), Prochlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrhophyta

(dinoflagellates ), Cryptophyta (cryptomonads), Chrysophyta, and Bacillariophyta (includes diatoms). Most phytoplankton are motile, however, movement in the water column is mostly through transport by currents (Dawes 1998; Sandifer et al. 1980). Phytoplankton are usually grouped according to cell size. Picoplankton are the smallest and are identified as phytoplankton <2 micrometers (m) in diameter. Nanoplankton are intermediate sized microalgae and range in size from 2-20 m. Microplankton are the largest phytoplankton and include those algae >20 m in diameter.These species are very much abundant throughout the lighted regions of all seas and

oceans including the Polar Regions for its total biomass are considered as many times greater than that of the total plants on land and because of that they serve as the pasture grounds in the aquatic environment. Phytoplankton have a critical role in primary production, nutrient cycling, and food webs and make up a significant proportion of the primary production in aquatic systems (Dawes 1998). In many coastal systems, primary production is almost entirely a function of the phytoplankton. Even in salt marsh estuaries, where vascular plant biomass can greatly exceed that of algae, phytoplankton can contribute substantially to overall primary production (Sandifer et al. 1980; Lewitus et al. 1998). Phytoplankton serves as primary producers in the ocean that is why without them, there would be no life in the seas and oceans because these micro-algae serve as the basis of marine food web by way of fuelling energy to the higher trophic level organisms with the products of their photosynthesis (Reynolds, 2006). Marine ecosystems cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and contain approximately 97% of the planet's water. They generate 32% of the world's net primary production (David, 1999). As far as the marine food chain is concern, phytoplankton or the microscopic algae and bacteria which carry on photosynthesis are very much important indicators of change in the oceans. Phytoplankton extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and, as a result, they play an important role in the balance of greenhouse gases that control global climate (Croome, et al., 1999). Studies on marine phytoplankton are few in Philippine waters (Canini et al. 2013). Similarly, analysis on the composition and dynamics of phytoplankton in Philippine upwelling systems are rare (Villanoy et al. 2011)

Objectives of the Study The main purpose of this study is to analyze the composition and abundance of net phytoplankton and major factors that are correlated with their abundance and composition in an upwelling area off Zamboanga del Norte. The specific objectives are: 1. To determine the abundance and composition of phytoplankton in Eastern Sulu Sea during upwelling events in 2012 and 2013. 2. To determine the selected major physical -chemical conditions in Eastern Sulu Sea during upwelling events in 2012 and 2013. 3. To determine major physic-chemical conditions that is correlated with the abundance of phytoplankton species in Eastern Sulu Sea during upwelling events in 2012 and 2013. Significance of the Study In the marine environment diatoms are the important group of phytoplankton engaged in primary production. Distribution and abundance of diatoms indicate an ideal environment for active growth and survival of other forms of lives. In many cases population density of marine animals and their reproductive cycle are related to the abundance of phytoplankton. This is because these animals are directly and indirectly dependent on phytoplankton species such as diatoms, dinoflagellates etc. for nutrition. An example of these organisms is the sardines because they feed mainly on the plankton, specifically zooplankton which in turn feed on phytoplankton. Some sardine species show a large proportion of phytoplankton in their diet. Thus, this study is very significant since phytoplankton serves as both direct and indirect sources of food to sardines which form a large fishery in the upwelling area in Eastern Sulu Sea, particularly off Zamboanga del Norte.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted during the period February 2012 and February 2013. Villanoy et al. 2011 recently reported that February is the peak period of an upwelling event in the sampling site in Eastern Sulu Sea, off Zamboanga del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines. Description of the Sampling Area: Two known upwelling sites off Zamboanga del Norte were selected for phytoplankton collection and physic-chemical parameters determination (Figure 1). The first site is in Bay of Dipolog City and the second site was in the bay area of Sindangan Municipality (Figure 1). Dipolog City is a third class city and the capital of the province of Zamboanga del Norte on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao. Geographically, the city is surrounded by rolling hills to the southeast and the Sulu Sea to the north. Dipolog City is known to be as the 'Gateway to Western Mindanao' it is situated in the Northwestern part of the Province of Zamboanga del Norte. It is bounded on the north by Dapitan City, on the east by the municipality of Polanco, on the south by the municipality of Katipunan and on the west. Its land area in 1914 covered an approximate land area of 248,587 hectares under Act No. 302 of the Philippine Islands. It was substantially reduced in 1951 to the current 13,628 hectares, after two barrios of Dipolog were converted into Municipalities of Polanco, and Pian under Executive Order of the President No. 467, dated August 22, 1951. Dipolog is known for its sardine industry which stems from the rich fishing area off its shores. It is known as the "Gateway to Western Mindanao" through the Western Nautical Highway and has also been called the "Bottled Sardines Capital of the Philippines" (PNH, 2007). Sindangan, on the other hand, is a second class municipality with 52

barangays. It is roughly 86 kilometers from Dipolog City. It is situated between Ipil and Dipolog City in the Southern part of Zamboanga Del Norte. It is located 122.8-123.10 East and 8.00-8.25 North. It is bordered by the municipality of Jose Dalman to the North, Leon Postigo to the South, Siayan to the East and Sulu Sea to the West (NSCB, 2010).

S12

S17 S18 S19

S10 S9 S20 S11 S13 S21 S14

East Sulu Sea

S30

S25

S23

S22

S29 S7 S1 S2 S31 S8

S28

Dipolog Bay
S5 S27 S26

Sindangan Bay
S6 S3 S4

Zamboanga del Norte

S34

Figure 1. Sampling sites in Eastern Sulu Sea, off Zamboanga del Norte showing specific locations in Dipolog Bay and Sindangan Bay

The dots in the map shows the different stations in the year 2012 and the squares shows the different stations in the year 2013.

Sampling methods Net phytoplankton collection and physic-chemical parameters determination was conducted while on-board the MV DA-BFAR. Phytoplankton collection was achieved by collecting sub-surface water using a 10-liter bucket, and pouring the contents of the bucket in a conical plankton net (length= 0.45m, mouth diameter= 0.21m) with- mesh size opening of 20 m. A total of 50 liters seawater were filtered into the net, and phytoplankton samples that concentrated at the cod-end of the net was transferred into a clean and dried polyethylene bottle and 5% Lugols solution was immediately added and the color of the sample turned into a weak brown. Each bottle was labeled according to the site and time of collection. All collected samples were stored in a cool and dark environment prior to laboratory analysis. Laboratory analysis The different phytoplankton species was identified using the help of standard identification manuals and references (Yamaji, I. 1982). As soon as the species was done identifying, it was counted. In preparation for counting, calibrated syringe (1ml) was used in taking 1- ml subsamples from a randomly mixed the concentrated sample. The 1-ml sub-sample was placed into a Sedgewick-rafter counting chamber cell (deep: 1mm, length; 50mm, width: 20mm, area: 100m2, volume: 1ml) and was covered with a cover slip in a manner that no bubbles would appear. The phytoplankton species that was encountered in the entire counting chamber cell was counted under the binocular compound microscope with a magnification of 400X. The counting stopped when the counted species reached the number of 500. The relative abundance of each phytoplankton species was then calculated.

Phytoplankton Abundance Measurement Densities in cells 1-1 of different phytoplankton species was determined by dividing the number of cells from the concentrated sample by the volume of water filtered by the net. Physico-Chemical parameter Temperature Half of the portion of a mercury thermometer was immerse into the water for 1 min in order to get the surface temperature for the subsurface temperature. The thermometer was dipped for 15 seconds into the water sample that was collected to a depth of 12 meters using modified water sampler. Turbidity Gravitational filtration method was used in order to measure the total suspended solids in the sample. Salinity The atago hand refratometer was used in obtaining the in situ salinity of water. Dissolved Oxygen In measuring the dissolved oxygen in the different samples, winkler titration method was used (Grasshoff et al, 1983). A sample bottle was filled with water so that no air was left that can skew the results. The dissolved oxygen in the sample was fixed by adding series of reagents (2ml Manganese sulfate, 2ml alkali-iodide-azide, 2ml concentrated sulfuric acid, 2ml starch solution, Sodium thiosulfate) that form an acid compound that was titrated with a neutralizing compound

that resulted to color change which coincides with the amount of dissolved oxygen concentration in the sample. Water pH The determination of the in situ hydrogen ion concentration of water was done through pH meter. Nutrients Water samples that were used for the analyses of nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates was collected from each sampling site. Water samples was stored in an ice bucket and brought to the laboratory for analysis using Merck spectroquant analysis system. Statistical Analysis Diversity indices were computed for the different sampling sites for the whole sampling periods using species richness, Shannon and Simpsons Diversity Index, Margalef Richness Index and Pielous Evenness Index available in the software PRIMER, 2006. Bray- Curtis cluster analysis method available in PRIMER software, 2006 was used in order to identify the major groupings of phytoplankton present in sampling stations at the different sampling sites. Pearson Correlation Analysis (SPSS, year) was used to determine the physic-chemical parameters that may influence the relative abundance and species diversity of phytoplankton. Spatial pattern of the abundance of different species and total abundance was discerned using the software Surfer version 11.

RESULTS
The different species of phytoplankton in Dipolog Bay and Sindangan Bay and their relative abundance on the upwelling area of Eastern Sulu Sea on the year 2012 and 2013 results are summarized in Table 1. A total of 48 phytoplankton species were identified representing 26 genera that belong to diatoms (29 species), dinoflagellates (13 species), and cyanobacteria (4 species) (Table 1). Most of the species identified in both years belong to Division Bacillariophyta with 14 families and 31 species. However, some species belong to Division Dinoflagellata, Division Cyanobacteria and Division Dinophyta. Division Bacillariophyta (diatoms) are composed of unicellular and coenobial yellow-brown, non-motile algae with numerous discoid plastids, containing chlorophyll a, c1 and c2, masked by accessory pigment, fucoxanthin. Cell walls pectinaceous, in two distinct and overlapping halves, and impregnated with cryptocrystalline silica. Two large orders, both conspicuously represented in the marine and freshwater phytoplankton. Division Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are unicellular and colonial bacteria, lacking membrane bound plastids. Primary photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll a, with accessory phycobilins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin). Assimilation products, glycogen, cyanophycin. Lastly, Division Dinophyta are mostly unicellular, sometimes colonial, algae with two flagella of unequal length and orientation. Complex plastids containing chlorophyll a, c1 and c2, generally masked by accessory pigments. Cell walls firm, or reinforced with polygonal plates. Assimilation products: starch, oil. Conspicuously represented in marine and freshwater plankton (Reynolds, 2006).

Table 1. Classification of Different Phytoplankton Species found in Upwelling Area of Eastern Sulu Sea According to their Divisions and Families Division
Bacillariophyta Chaetocerotaceae

Family

Species
Bacteriastrum delicatulum Bacteriastrum furcatum Chaetoceros decipiens Chaetoceros simplex Chaetoceros socialis Chaetoceros gracilis Chaetoceros muelleri Chaetoceros denticulatus Dactyliosolen phuketensis Rhizosolenia setigera Rhisozolenia crassispina Guinardia flaccida Thalassionema nitzschioides Thalassionema frauenfeldii Coscinodiscus wailesii Planktoniella sol Odontella mobiliensis Skeletonema costatum Detonula confervacea Detonula pumila Lauderia annulata Bacillaria paxillifera Hemiaulus hauckii Eucampia zodiacus Dictyocha fibula Bellerochea malleus Asterionellopsis glacialis Stephanopyxis palmeriana Thalassiosira rotula Thalassiosira subtilis Protoperidinium sp. Protoperidinium oceanicum Protoperidinium pellucidum Protoperidinium granii Ceratium fusus Ceratium bochmii Ceratium arcticum Ceratium lineatum Ceratium furca Ceratium kofoidii Trichodesmium erythraeum Trichodesmium nordenskioeldii Trichodesmium thiebautii blue-green cyanobacteria Dinophysis tripos Pyrocystis lunula

Rhizosoleniaceae

Thalassionemataceae Coscinodiscaceae Triceratiaceae Skeletonemaceae Lauderiaceae Bacillariaceae Hemiaulaceae Dictyochaceae Bellerocheaceae Fragilariaceae Stephanopyxidaceae Thalassiosiraceae

Dinophyta

Protoperidiniaceae

Ceritiaceae

Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria

Phormidiaceae Phormidiaceae Dinophysaceae

Dinophyta

Figure 1. Phytoplankton Species Identified in Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay during the year 2012 and 2013
Dinophysis tripos (A), Protoperidinium oceanicum (B), Coscinodiscus wailessii (C), Thalassiosira rotula (D), Dactyliosolen phuketensis (E), Odontella mobiliensis (F), Bacillaria paxillifera (G), Detonula pumila (H), Chaetoceros decipiens (I), Rhizosolenia setigera (J), Odontella mobiliensis (K), Rhisozolenia crassispina (L), Thalassionema nitzchioides (M), Lauderia annulata (N), Thalassionema frauenfeldii (O)

Phytoplankton species that are shown in the picture are the abundant species present during the years 2012 and 2013. The most common of these species is Coscinodiscus wailessii (C), however, in some sampling stations Bacillaria paxillifera, Thalassiosira rotula, Thalassionema nitzchioides, and Rhizosolenia setigera were the species dominating.

In the year 2012, the sample with the highest no. of individuals is in station 3 (S3) with the total number of 2,196,500 but has 13 no. of species identified which is lesser compared to station 4 (S4) and station 6 (S6) which has 21 species identified. However, both stations have lesser total no. of individuals; station 4 has only 991,760 total no. of individuals while station 6 has 600,000. But station 14 (S14) has the least total no. of individuals because it has only 214,125 and station 3 (S3) has the least no. of species identified because it has only 13 species. Guinardia flaccida is the most abundant phytoplankton species in the year 2012 and it is dominant in both station 3 (S3) with the total number of 1,874,500 and station 10 (S10) with the total no. of 759,000 which are higher compared to Coscinodiscus wailessii that is dominant in five stations which are station 4 (S4) with the total no. of 429,240, station 5 (S5) with the total no. of 326,800, station 6 (6) with total no. of 320, 400, station 9 (S9) with the total no. of 238,500 and least in station 14 (S14) with only 78,375. Chaetoceros socialis is dominant in station 13 (S13) with the total no. of 766,500, station 8 (S8) with the total no. of 377,600 and station 11 (S11) with the total no. of 513,560. However, the dominant species in station 7 (S7) is Bacillaria paxillifera with the total no. of 331, 500 which is higher compared to Thalassionema nitzchioides that is dominant in station 12 with only 260,100.

Table 2 and 3 summarizes the abundance of the different phytoplankton species in the different sampling stations in the year 2012 and 2013 in Dipolog Bay and Sindangan Bay.

Table 2. Abundance (m) of the top 10 phytoplankton species in different sampling stations in Dipolog Bay and Sindangan Bay in 2012. Tni
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S1 0 S1 1 S1 2 S1 3 S1 4 S1 5 0 31200 0 7840 0 7200 72000 48000 24000 1500 10508 0 26010 0 21450 0 1875 23000

Cwa
31878 0 25920 0 96600 42924 0 32680 0 32040 0 23100 0 16000 23850 0 16200 0 72520 22780 0 11100 0 78375 31510 0

Sco
3960 14400 0 0 0 0 18000 40000 54000 0 0 39100 72000 10500 10580 0

Lan
7920 56400 2300 13720 18240 28800 72000 13280 0 55500 10500 26640 52700 18000 20250 75900

Bpa
51480 67200 13800 16660 0 63840 39600 33150 0 6400 10500 27000 54760 15130 0 51000 14625 39100

Psp
2376 0 1800 0 4600 7840 1368 0 2160 0 1500 0 3000 0 3000 0 0 0 1725 0 2300 0

Rse
65340 78000 17710 0 29400 31920 21600 55500 51200 13050 0 79500 12284 0 62900 14550 0 31500 23690 0

Ter
9900 15600 4600 58800 83600 58800 19500 0 16200 0 12000 0 8500 1500 27375 31280 0

Cde
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18240 0 1500 0 0 22100 13500 750 0

Bma
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11520 0 12000 0 71040 0 24300 0 0 0

Cso
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37760 0 0 0 51356 0 0 76650 0 0 0

Dco
1782 0 0 9200 3920 0 1824 0 1560 0 1950 0 4800 4500 9000 0 1700 0 6000 0 0

Dtr
5346 0 7200 0 3724 0 0 1680 0 0 0 0 1200 0 0 1700 0 0 0

Gfl
455400 91200 187450 0 107800 94240 0 0 0 0 759000 0 0 0 0 0

Dpu
7920 3600 2300 1764 0 4104 0 6000 0 0 0 4500 0 0 0 0 0

Oth
83160 56400 11500 76440 77520 63600 25500 17920 0 27000 21000 10952 0 62900 52500 11625 39100

Thalassionema nitzchioides (Tni); Coscinodiscus wailessii (Cwa); Skeletonema costatum (Sco); Lauderia annulata (Lan); Bacillaria paxillifera (Bpa); Protoperidinium sp. (Psp); Rhizosolenia setigera (Rse); Trichodesmium erythraeum (Ter); Chaetoceros decipiens (Cde); Bellerochea malleus (Bma); Chaetoceros socialis (Cso); Detonula confervacea (Dco); Dinophysis tripos (Dtr); Guinardia flaccida (Gfl); Detonula pumila (Dpu); Other species (Oth) Other species are Bellerochea malleus, Odontella mobiliensis, Asterionellopsis glacialis, Detonula confervacea, Detonula pumila, Chaetoceros denticulatus, Planktoniella sol, Protoperidinium sp., Helminthis sp., Bacteriastrum delicatulum, Guinardia flaccida, Rhisozolenia crassispina, blue-green cyanobacteria, Bacteriastrum

furcatum, Trichodesmium nordenskioeldii, Dictyocha fibula, Protoperidinium oceanicum, Protoperidinium granii, Chaetoceros muelli, Thalassiosira subtilis, Ceratium furca, Hemiaulus hauckii, Ceratium fusus, Pyrocystis hamulus, Ceratium arcticum, Ceratium kofoidii, Pyrocystis lunula, Ceratium bochmii, Dinophysis tripos, Chaetoceros gracilis, Trichodesmium thiebautii, Protoperidinium pellucidum, Ceratium lineatum

Table 3. Abundance

(m) of the top 10 phytoplankton species in different sampling stations in Dipolog Bay and Sindangan Bay in Cwa
20320 0 26600 0 68800 21250 0 25800 0 18540 0 21560 0 15680 0 24000 0 11400 0 25000 0 34500 33000 0 21920 0 30240 0

2013. Dph
S1 9 S2 5 S2 3 S1 7 S3 0 S1 8 S2 7 S2 6 S2 8 S2 1 S3 4 S3 1 s2 9 s2 2 s2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10800

Tni
12560 0 27000 0 75200 46500 0 66000 0 32400 18480 58800 44000 0 17000 0 19200 0 34500 41700 0 27840 0 70200

Sco
76800 212000 694400 45000 148600 0 541800 194040 2800 96000 98000 64000 4500 3000 92800 16200

Lan
68000 90000 30400 0 4000 55800 56980 7000 18000 60000 66000 132900 0 0 24000 45000

Bpa
10400 8000 0 2500 42000 0 21560 32200 26000 28000 11000 0 0 3000 4800 27000

Rse
38400 66000 1600 40250 0 94000 55800 13552 0 67200 54000 10000 0 14200 0 0 69000 32000 32400

Ter
4800 50000 0 90000 0 0 12320 0 2800 18000 4000 14000 0 0 0 3600

Cde
0 4000 0 20750 0 24000 5400 0 74200 0 56000 0 80000 0 0 9600 41400

Csi
0 0 0 18000 0 0 0 0 1400 10000 20000 0 30000 0 3000 19200 19800

Ezo
0 0 0 5500 0 6000 0 0 8960 0 1800 0 4800 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cso
0 0 0 7500 52000 0 0 0 40600 6000 22000 8000 0 0 1600 1800

Spa
0 0 0 20500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4500 0 9000

Tfr
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16500 0 19520 0 52200

Tro
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39300 0 83200 11700 0

Oth
18400 34000 3200 37750 0 10000 0 70200 16940 10920 0 82000 14000 0 66000 4500 76500 21440 0 25380 0

Thalassionema nitzchioides (Tni); Coscinodiscus wailessii (Cwa); Skeletonema costatum (Sco); Lauderia annulata (Lan); Bacillaria paxillifera (Bpa); Protoperidinium sp. (Psp); Rhizosolenia setigera (Rse); Trichodesmium erythraeum (Ter); Chaetoceros decipiens (Cde); Bellerochea malleus (Bma); Chaetoceros socialis (Cso); Detonula confervacea (Dco); Dinophysis tripos (Dtr); Guinardia flaccida (Gfl); Detonula pumila (Dpu); Other species (Oth) Other species are Bellerochea malleus, Odontella mobiliensis, Asterionellopsis glacialis, Detonula confervacea, Detonula pumila, Chaetoceros denticulatus, Planktoniella sol, Protoperidinium sp., Helminthis sp., Bacteriastrum delicatulum, Guinardia flaccida, Rhisozolenia crassispina, blue-green cyanobacteria, Bacteriastrum

furcatum, Trichodesmium nordenskioeldii, Dictyocha fibula, Protoperidinium oceanicum, Protoperidinium granii, Chaetoceros muelli, Thalassiosira subtilis, Ceratium furca, Hemiaulus hauckii, Ceratium fusus, Pyrocystis hamulus, Ceratium arcticum, Ceratium kofoidii, Pyrocystis lunula, Ceratium bochmii, Dinophysis tripos, Chaetoceros gracilis, Trichodesmium thiebautii, Protoperidinium pellucidum, Ceratium lineatum

Table 4. Univariate Diversity Indices of Different Species of Phytoplankton found in the

Upwelling area of Eastern Sulu Sea in year 2012

No. of species (S) Total No. of Individuals in the Station (N) 1098900 698400 2196500 991760 769120 600000 846000 1153600 751500 1101000 1075960 906100 1695000 214125 Margalef Richness Index (d) 1.366 1.115 0.8218 1.449 1.402 1.503 0.8792 1.075 1.33 1.15 0.936 1.166 1.255 1.466 Pielou Evenness Index (J) 0.6066 0.7408 0.2359 0.655 0.6862 0.6153 0.6723 0.775 0.6725 0.4074 0.6739 0.7048 0.611 0.6801 Shannon Diversity Index (H) 1.817 2.054 0.6052 1.994 2.056 1.873 1.724 2.149 1.98 1.154 1.778 1.997 1.799 2.003 Simpsons Diversity Index (1Lambda) 0.7343 0.8095 0.2632 0.7638 0.7784 0.6923 0.7512 0.8327 0.8086 0.4968 0.7326 0.8139 0.7441 0.805

Sample (Station)

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14

20 16 13 21 20 21 13 16 19 17 14 17 19 19

Based on table 4, the top three sites with highest no. of individual species in year 2012 are station 3 (S3) with total no of 2,196,500 individuals; next is station 13 (S13) with total no. of 1,695,000 individuals and station 8 (S8) with the total no. of 1,153,600 individuals. However, the top three stations with the lowest no. of individual species are station 2 (S2) with total no. of 698,400 individuals, then station 6 (S6) with 600,000 no. of individuals and lastly station 14 (S14) with only 214,125 individuals. Station 3 (S3) and station 8 (S8) are located near the shore of Sindangan Bay while station 13 (S13) is away from the shore. The same with station 2 (S2) and station (S6) that are located near the shore of Sindangan Bay while station 14 (S14) is located away from the shore.

Table 5. Univariate Diversity Indices of Different Species of Phytoplankton found in the Upwelling Area of East Sulu Sea in the year 2013
Sample No. of species (S) Total No. of Individuals in the Station (N) 2,250,000 946,800 545,600 1,002,600 1,544,000 1,174,400 873,600 1,000,000 914,200 782,320 1,008,000 1,464,000 3,194,000 1,407,000 1,022,000 Margalef Richness Index (d) 1.367 0.654 1.06 2.026 1.333 1.646 0.4386 0.7238 1.53 0.6632 1.302 1.268 1.002 0.4238 1.012 Pielou Evenness Index (J) 0.7869 0.6028 0.6346 0.7803 0.7267 0.737 0.383 0.7455 0.7329 0.7712 0.6217 0.593 0.5567 0.1418 0.7988 Shannon Diversity Index (H) 2.396 1.388 1.719 2.627 2.177 2.342 0.7452 1.788 2.265 1.776 1.83 1.746 1.543 0.276 2.163 Simpsons Diversity Index (1-Lambda) 0.883 0.6238 0.7673 0.874 0.8211 0.8631 0.3533 0.7958 0.8502 0.8009 0.738 0.7805 0.7063 0.1066 0.8565

S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S34

21 10 15 29 20 24 7 11 22 10 19 19 16 7 15

In the year 2013, the sample with the highest no. of individuals is station 30 which has 3,194,000 individuals. In addition, the sample with the highest identified species is station 20 which has 29 species identified. However, the sample with least no. of individuals is station 19 which has only 545,600 and in terms of species identified, both station 23 and station 31 have the least no. since both have only 7 species identified. Compared to the previous year, 2013 has the most number of species identified and it has the most total no. of individual species. In addition, this year has 15 samples compared to 14 samples of the year 2012.

Table 6 shows the top 15 species of phytoplankton among the 48 species identified. The Others in the table were the species not included in the top 15. Those species are Asterionellopsis glacialis with 0.543% and has a total of 81200; blue-green cyanobacteria with 0.516% and has a total of 77080; Stephanopyxis palmeriana with 0.485% and has a total of 72520; Dactyliosolen phuketensis with 0.419% and has a total of 62680; Odontella mobiliensis with 0.419% and has a total of 62600; Thalassiosira rotula with 0.4% and has a total of 59760; Chaetoceros simplex with 0.372% and has a total of 55555; Planktoniella sol with 0.338% and total of 50460; Rhisozolenia crassispina with 0.277% and has total of 41420; Thalassionema frauenfeldii with 0.257% and total of 38440; Ceratium kofoidii with 0.242% and total of 36240; Protoperidinium oceanicum with 0.221% and total of 32990; Ceratium fusus with 0.213% and total of 31910; Bacteriastrum furcatum with 0.211% and total of 31540; Helminthis sp. with 0.183 and total of 27300; Ceratium bochmii with 0.142% and total of 21155; Ceratium furca with 0.132% and total of 19760; Eucampia zodiacus with 0.125% and total of 18740; Thalassiosira subtilis with 0.124% and total of 18520; Ceratium arcticum with 0.089% and total of 13245; Chaetoceros denticulatus with 0.087% and total of 13040; Dictyocha fibula with 0.061% and total of 9120; Pyrocystis lunula with 0.04% and total of 6000; Pyrocystis hamulus with 0.036% and total of 5340; Trichodesmium thiebautii with 0.033% and total of 4900; Chaetoceros muelli with 0.011% and total of 1700; Hemiaulus hauckii with 0.01% and total of 1500; Ceratium lineatum with 0.01% and total of 1500; Protoperidinium granii with 0.01% and total of 1500; both Bacteriastrum delicatulum and Protoperidinium pellucidum got 0.003% and have the total of 375, however, there were no Trichodesmium nordenskioeldii and Chaetoceros gracilis found during the year.

Table 6. Top 15 species among 48 species of phytoplankton identified in Dipolog Bay in year 2012 Percentage (%) 22.62 21.43 11.09 8.83 7.28 5.33 5.18 3.96 2.95 2.39 1.47 1.099 1.076 0.859 0.556 Total No. of Cells 3382140 3203315 1657660 1319700 1088705 796295 774975 591670 441240 357760 220250 164230 160860 128400 83000 898465 Species Guinardia flaccida Coscinodiscus wailessii Chaetoceros socialis Rhizosolenia setigera Bacillaria paxillifera Thalassionema nitzchioides Trichodesmium erythraeum Lauderia annulata Bellerochea malleus Skeletonema costatum Chaetoceros decipiens Protoperidinium sp. Detonula confervacea Dinophysis tripos Detonula pumila Others Classification diatom diatom diatom diatom diatom diatom cyanobacteria diatom diatom diatom diatom dinoflagellate diatom dinoflagellate diatom Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Total abundance in the year 2012 was 14948965. Others referred to Asterionellopsis glacialis, blue-green cyanobacteria, Stephanopyxis palmeriana, Dactyliosolen phuketensis, Odontella mobiliensis, Thalassiosira rotula, Chaetoceros simplex, Planktoniella sol, Rhisozolenia crassispina, Thalassionema frauenfeldii, Ceratium kofoidii, Protoperidinium oceanicum, Ceratium fusus, Bacteriastrum furcatum, Helminthis sp., Ceratium bochmii, Ceratium furca, Eucampia zodiacus, Thalassiosira subtilis, Ceratium arcticum, Chaetoceros denticulatus, Dictyocha fibula, Pyrocystis lunula, Pyrocystis hamulus, Trichodesmium thiebautii, Chaetoceros muelli, Hemiaulus hauckii, Ceratium lineatum, Protoperidinium granii, Bacteriastrum delicatulum, Protoperidinium pellucidum, Trichodesmium nordenskioeldii, Chaetoceros gracilis

Figure 2 and 3 shows the relationship of the different sampling stations with the abundance of the different phytoplankton species present.

Figure 2. Similarities on the Abundance of phytoplankton species among the 14 sampling stations in Dipolog Bay in the year 2012

Figure 3. Relationship among the Different Sampling Stations on the abundance of phytoplankton species in Dipolog Bay in the year 2012

Figure 4 shows the spatial distribution pattern of different species of phytoplankton on fourteen different stations in Dipolog Bay-Sindangan Bay in the year 2012. Guinardia flaccida were the most abundant species from station 1 to station 14 with 3,382,140 individuals. Second was Coscinodiscus wailessii with 3,518,415 individuals; third was Chaetoceros socialis with 1,657,660 individuals; fourth was Rhizosolenia setigera with 1,556,600 individuals; fifth was Bacillaria paxillifera with 1,127,805 individuals; sixth was Trichodesmium erythraeum with 1,087,775 individuals; seventh was Thalassionema nitzschioides with 819,295 individuals; eighth was Lauderia annulata with 667,570 individuals; ninth was Bellerochea malleus with

441, 240 individuals; tenth was Skeletonema costatum with 357,760 individuals; eleventh was Chaetoceros decipiens with 220,250 individuals; twelfth was Protoperidinium sp. with 187,230 individuals; thirteenth was Detonula confervacea with 160,860 individuals; fourteenth was Dinophysis tripos with 128,400 individuals; and fifteenth was Detonula pumila with 83,000 individuals. The other remaining species found in 14 stations have 830,565 individuals. The total abundance of all the species found in all stations was 13,778,265 individuals.

Figure 4. Spatial abundance of different species of phytoplankton per station of Dipolog BaySindangan Bay in the year 2012.
Guinardia flaccida (A); Coscinodiscus wailessii (B); Chaetoceros socialis (C); Rhizosolenia setigera (D); Bacillaria paxillifera (E); Trichodesmium erythraeum (F); Thalassionema nitzschioides (G); Lauderia annulata (H); Bellerochea malleus (I); Skeletonema costatum (J); Chaetoceros decipiens (K); Protoperidinium sp. (L); Detonula confervacea (M); Dinophysis tripos (N); Detonula pumila (O); total number of other species remain (P); total abundance (Q).

Table 7 showed the top 15 species of phytoplankton found in the year 2013. The others specified in the table refers to the remaining species that are not included among the top 15. Those species were Bellerochea malleus with only 1.09% and total of 209600; Odontella mobiliensis with only 1.03% and total of 196600; Asterionellopsis glacialis (1.02%) which has the total of 196280; Detonula confervacea (0.76%) has total of 145700; Detonula pumila (0.5%) has total of 96400; Chaetoceros denticulatus (0.42%) has total of 79900; Planktoniella sol (0.39%) total of 74940; Protoperidinium sp. (0.37%) has total of 71020; Helminthis sp. (0.29%) has total of 55000; Bacteriastrum delicatulum (0.25%) has total of 48000; Guinardia flaccida (0.24%) has total of 45200; Rhisozolenia crassispina (0.22%) has total of 42600; blue-green cyanobacteria (0.21%) has total of 40000; Bacteriastrum furcatum (0.16%) has total of 31400; Trichodesmium nordenskioeldii (0.16%) has total of 30000; Dictyocha fibula (0.15%) has total of 29000; Protoperidinium oceanicum (0.14%) has total of 26300; Protoperidinium granii (0.12%) has total of 23400; Chaetoceros muelli (0.11%) has total of 21400; Thalassiosira subtilis (0.1%) has total of 19600; Ceratium furca (0.1%) has total of 19000; Hemiaulus hauckii (0.06%) has total of 11800; Ceratium fusus (0.06%) has total of 11300; Pyrocystis hamulus (0.05%) has total of 8800; Ceratium arcticum (0.04%) has total of 8500; Ceratium kofoidii (0.04%) has total of 7800; Pyrocystis lunula (0.04%) has total of 7000; Ceratium bochmii (0.02%) and has total of 4000; Dinophysis tripos (0.02%) and has total of 3600; Chaetoceros gracilis (0.01%) and has total of 2500, however, there were no Trichodesmium thiebautii, Protoperidinium pellucidum, and Ceratium lineatum found in all sampling sites in the year 2013

Table 7. Top 15 species among 48 species of phytoplankton identified in Sindangan Bay in the year 2013

Percentage (%) 18.94 17.3 16 9.68 6.74 5.25 3.17 3.1 2.42 2.15 1.65 1.62 1.47 1.14 1.13

Total No. of Cells 3627340 3307580 3056400 1854180 1290420 1006100 607500 593200 463400 412400 315460 310400 282400 218500 216600 1566640

Species Skeletonema costatum Thalassionema nitzchioides Coscinodiscus wailessii Lauderia annulata Rhizosolenia setigera Chaetoceros decipiens Chaetoceros socialis Thalassiosira rotula Chaetoceros simplex Thalassionema frauenfeldii Bacillaria paxillifera Trichodesmium erythraeum Dactyliosolen phuketensis Stephanopyxis palmeriana Eucampia zodiacus Others

Classification diatom diatom diatom diatom diatom diatom diatom diatom diatom diatom diatom cyanobacteria diatom diatom diatom

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Total abundance in the year 2013 was 19154840. Other species are Bellerochea malleus, Odontella mobiliensis, Asterionellopsis glacialis, Detonula confervacea, Detonula pumila, Chaetoceros denticulatus, Planktoniella sol, Protoperidinium sp., Helminthis sp., Bacteriastrum delicatulum, Guinardia flaccida, Rhisozolenia crassispina, bluegreen cyanobacteria, Bacteriastrum furcatum, Trichodesmium nordenskioeldii, Dictyocha fibula, Protoperidinium oceanicum, Protoperidinium granii, Chaetoceros muelli, Thalassiosira subtilis, Ceratium furca, Hemiaulus hauckii, Ceratium fusus, Pyrocystis hamulus, Ceratium arcticum, Ceratium kofoidii, Pyrocystis lunula, Ceratium bochmii, Dinophysis tripos, Chaetoceros gracilis, Trichodesmium thiebautii, Protoperidinium pellucidum, Ceratium lineatum

Figure 5 and 6 shows the similarities and relationship among the different sampling stations on the abundance and distribution of phytoplankton species in Sindangan Bay in the year 201

DIPSIN 2013
Similarities
S27 S23

S18

S34

Figure 5. Similarities of the 16 sampling stations on the most abundant phytoplankton species in Sindangan Bay in the year 2013

S31

S17

S30

S26

S28

S21

S19

S25

s20

s29

s2

Figure 6. Relationship of the 16 sampling stations on the most abundant phytoplankton species in Sindangan Bay in the year 2013.

Figure 7 showed the spatial distribution pattern of different species of phytoplankton on fourteen different stations in Sindangan Bay in the year 2013. Skeletonema costatum were the most abundant species from station 1 to station 14 with 3,627,340 individuals. Second was Thalassionema nitzschioides with 3,307,940 individuals; third was Coscinodiscus wailessii with 3,056,400 individuals; fourth was Lauderia annulata with 1,854,180 individuals; fifth was Rhizosolenia setigera with 1,290,420 individuals; sixth was Chaetoceros decipiens with 1,006,100 individuals; seventh was Bacillaria paxillifera with 693,460 individuals; eighth was Chaetoceros socialis with 607,500 individuals; ninth was Thalassiosira rotula with 593,200 individuals; tenth was Chaetoceros simplex with 463,400 individuals; eleventh was was Thalassionema frauenfeldii with 412,400 individuals; twelfth was Trichodesmium erythraeum

with 310,400 individuals; thirteenth was Dactyliosolen phuketensis with 282,400 individuals; fourteenth was Stephanopysis palmeriana with 218,500 individuals; and fifteenth was Eucampia zodiacus with 216,600 individuals. The other remaining species found in 15 stations have 1,724,840 individuals. The total abundance of all the species found in all stations was 19,154,840 individuals.

Q Figure 7. Spatial abundance of different species of phytoplankton per station of Dipolog BaySindangan Bay in the year 2013. Skeletonema costatum (A); Thalassionema nitzschioides (B); Coscinodiscus wailessii (C); Lauderia annulata (D); Rhizosolenia setigera (E); Chaetoceros decipiens (F); Chaetoceros socialis (G); Thalassiosira rotula (H); Chaetoceros simplex (I); Thalassionema frauenfeldii (J); Bacillaria paxillifera (K); Trichodesmium erythraeum (L); Dactyliosolen phuketensis (M); Stephanopysis palmeriana (N); Eucampia zodiacus (O); total number of other species remain (P); total abundance (Q).

Table 8 and 9 showed the correlation between environmental variables and different species of phytoplankton in the upwelling sampling area of Sindangan Bay during the years 2012 and 2013.

Table 8. Correlation between physic-chemical parameters and different species of phytoplankton using Pearson analysis in Dipolog Bay in the year 2012 Parameter Tni
Temp. Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Cond. Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) DO Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) CDOM Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Chl. A Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Turb Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p)
2 2 2 2 2 2

Cwa Sco
0.220 -0.280

Lan Bpa Psp

0.092 0.113 0.277

Rse
-0.268

Ter
-0.256

Cde Bma Cso

0.111 -0.127 -0.145

Dco
0.117

Dtr
0.609*

Gfl
0.029

Dpu Oth
0.009 0.280

0.337 0.219

0.430

0.312

0.744

0.688

0.318

0.335

0.357

0.694

0.652

0.606

0.678

0.016 0.606*

0.919

0.976

0.311

0.280 0.312

0.264

-0.378

0.027

0.211

0.133

-0.405

-0.368

0.130

-0.131

-0.179

0.296

0.086

0.152

0.282

0.342

0.165

0.923

0.450

0.637

0.134

0.177

0.643

0.641 0.577*

0.524 0.602*

0.285

0.017

0.761

0.588

0.309

0.449

.0.313

0.364

0.056

0.210

0.042

0.057

-0.086

0.096

-0.419

-0.001

0.547
*

0.292 0.290

0.223

0.093

0.257

0.182

0.843

0.452

0.881

0.840

0.762

0.734

0.024

0.018

0.120

0.997

0.35

0.425

0.408 0.131

-0.311

-0.308

0.037

0.220 0.432

0.072

0.214

-0.135

0.053

-0.183

-0.065

-0.319

-0.007

0.423

0.372

0.119 0.673

0.259

0.263

0.896

0.799

0.444

0.630

0.852

0.513

0.819

0.247

0.979

0.116

0.173

0.370

-0.303

0.372

0.411

0.195

0.186

-0.033

0.059

0.256

0.484

0.487

-0.219

-0.382

0.597
*

0.254 0.361

0.173

0.175

0.273

0.172

0.128

0.486

0.506

0.906

0.834

0.357

0.068

0.065

0.432

0.160

0.019

0.538

0.186 0.507

0.097

0.241

0.068

0.265

0.219

0.291

0.384

0.080

-0.036

0.027

-0.332

-0.060

-0.155

0.231

0.124 0.659

0.730

0.386

0.810

0.339

0.433

0.293

0.158

0.776

0.899

0.923

0.227

0.832

0.581

0.406

Salinity

Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Depth Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Time Pearson Cor.(r2) Sig. (p)
2 2

0.121

0.142

-0.462

0.222

0.340

0.430

-0.575*

-0.526*

0.096

-0.022

-0.114

0.611*

0.139

0.199

0.461

0.080

0.667

0.614

0.083 0.703**

0.427

0.216

0.109

0.025 0.661**

0.044 0.856**

0.735

0.938

0.687

0.015

0.622

0.477

0.083

0.776

0.103 0.716

0.235

0.287

0.108

0.315

0.087

-0.120

-0.127

-0.276

-0.147

-0.124

0.140

0.131 0.642

0.398

0.003

0.299

0.701

0.252

0.007

0.000

0.759

0.670

0.652

0.320

0.601

0.661

0.619

0.227

-0.043

-0.280

0.343

0.276

0.323

-0.386

-0.250

0.297

-0.203

-0.086

0.178

-0.101

-0.208

0.002

0.399

0.417

0.878

0.312

0.210

0.319

0.240

0.156

0.370

0.282

0.468

0.761

0.527

0.719

0.458

0.994

0.140

*.Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Thalassionema nitzchioides (Tni); Coscinodiscus wailessii (Cwa); Skeletonema costatum (Sco); Lauderia annulata (Lan); Bacillaria paxillifera (Bpa); Protoperidinium sp. (Psp); Rhizosolenia setigera (Rse); Trichodesmium erythraeum (Ter); Chaetoceros decipiens (Cde); Bellerochea malleus (Bma); Chaetoceros socialis (Cso); Detonula confervacea (Dco); Dinophysis tripos (Dtr); Guinardia flaccida (Gfl); Detonula pumila (Dpu); Other species (Oth

Table 9. Correlation between physic-chemical parameters and different species of phytoplankton using Pearson analysis in Sindangan Bay in the year 2013 Parameter Tni
Temp. Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Cond. Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) DO Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) CDOM Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Chl. A Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Turb Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p)
2 2 2 2 2 2

Cwa Sco
0.266 0.249 0.358 0.391

Lan Bpa Psp

0.143 0.099 0.345

Rse
0.227

Ter
0.250 0.389

Cde Bma Cso

0.100 -0.148 -0.167

Dco
0.080

Dtr
0.600*

Gfl
0.010

Dpu Oth
0.013 0.266

0.359 0.208

0.627

0.737

0.227

0.434

0.735

0.615

0.567

0.787

0.023

0.972

0.966

0.358

0.315 0.273

0.338

0.306

0.102

0.192

0.225

0.341

0.330 0.250

0.114

-0.166

-0.217

0.246

0.594*

0.059

0.124

0.260

0.273

0.288

0.727

0.511

0.439

0.233

0.699

0.572 0.581*

0.457 0.606*

0.396

0.025

0.842

0.674

0.369

0.451

-0.321

0.516

0.060

0.212

0.046

0.080

0.159

0.096

-0.437

-0.002

0.551
*

0.296 0.304

0.224

0.106

0.264

0.059

0.840

0.467

0.877

0.787

0.588

0.745

0.029

0.022

0.118

0.995

0.041

0.442

0.442 0.114

-0.275

0.232

0.025

0.249

0.149

0.481

0.087

0.073

-0.215

-0.094

-0.401

-0.040

0.409

0.414

0.151 0.606

0.341

0.425

0.933

0.390

0.611

0.082

0.767

0.805

0.461

0.749

0.156

0,893

0.146

0.141

0.371

-0.310

0.530

0.432

0.195

0.194

0.038 0.897

0.126

0.256

0.487

0.490

-0.230

-0.387

0.602
*

0.257 0.374

0.173

0.191

0.281

0.051

0.123

0.503

0.506

0.667

0.376

0.078

0.075

0.429

0.171

0.023

0.553

0.167 0.569

-0.164

0.103

0.002

0.248 0.393

0.155

0.180

0.353

0.062

-0.007

0.060

-0.284

-0.025

-0.130

0.206

0.096 0.743

0.576

0.725

0.996

0.597

0.538

0.215

0.834

0.981

0.838

0.325

0.931

0.657

0.480

Salinity

Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Depth Pearson Cor.(r ) Sig. (p) Time Pearson Cor.(r2) Sig. (p)
2 2

0.085

0.285

0.231

0.108 0.712

0.328

0.341

0.414 0.141

0.307 0.286

0.064

-0.085

-0.193

0.568*

0.082

0.162

0.450

0.025

0.774

0.323

0.427

0.253

0.233

0.829

0.772

0.510

0.034

0.780

0.580

0.106

0.934

0.319

0.206

0.201

0.397 0.160

0.066 0.824

0.040 0.892

0.042 0.886

0.364 0.200

0.376 0.186

-0.164

-0.125

-0.019

0.136

0.078

0.078

0.144

0.266

0.480

0.491

0.576

0.670

0.948

0.642

0.792

0.791

0.623

0.205

0.041

0.058

0.491

0.256

0.242

0.226 0.438

0.090

0.286

-0.262

-0.139

0.092

-0.163

-0.268

0.049

0.381

0.482

0.890

0.843

0.075

0.377

0.405

0.759

0.322

0.366

0.636

0.755

0.577

0.354

0.867

0.179

*.Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Thalassionema nitzchioides (Tni); Coscinodiscus wailessii (Cwa); Skeletonema costatum (Sco); Lauderia annulata (Lan); Bacillaria paxillifera (Bpa); Protoperidinium sp. (Psp); Rhizosolenia setigera (Rse); Trichodesmium erythraeum (Ter); Chaetoceros decipiens (Cde); Bellerochea malleus (Bma); Chaetoceros socialis (Cso); Detonula confervacea (Dco); Dinophysis tripos (Dtr); Guinardia flaccida (Gfl); Detonula pumila (Dpu); Other species (O

DISCUSSION

The abundance of phytoplankton in the reservoir was used as indicator of water quality. The phytoplankton community in Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay was composed mainly of diatoms, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria (Canini, et al 2013). In the case of Dipolog BaySindangan Bay (Dipsin), nutrient levels in the reservoir were low to medium (oligo-mesotrophic status) and the species diversity was high. A total of 48 species were found belonging to 4 divisions is however less closer to the 61 phytoplankton species found in Panguil Bay which is near Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay (Canini et al, 2013). The total of 26 genera is lesser compared to 37 reported by Canini et al (2013). And also 105 species were found in Ratchaprapa reservoir in southern Thailand, where Peridinium, Chroococcus and Trachelomonas were the dominant species (Suravit, 1996). However, nearly a third (18 species) of the 48 total number of phytoplankton species identified was present in all sampling stations but only few species dominate every sampling station. The existence of these species could be probably due to their wide tolerance to some environmental conditions as well as their cosmopolitan distribution (Canini et al, 2013; Fernandez et al 1991; Rick & Durselen 1995; Sidik et al 2008). There is also a probability that the conditions of entrainment and embedding of phytoplankton in the constant movement of natural water masses, is now extended to the conditions where water movements are either insufficiently strong or insufficiently extensive to randomize the spatial distribution of phytoplankton (Reynolds, 2006). Dinoflagellates were most abundant in the warmest month of May based on the study of Canini, et al 2013 in Panguil Bay, but this was not observed in Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay since diatoms were the most abundant in both years 2012 and 2013. This maybe because sampling was done in February which is considered as one of the

coldest month. This group of plants was represented by larger number of individuals and species than dinoflagellates. Diatoms (especially Rhizosolenia delicatula, Thalassiosira subtilis, Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros debilis) dominated the flora, species of other groups of organisms (dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids) making up only a small percentage of the biomass. Similar conditions obtain in the upwelling area off Zamboanga del Norte Dipolog BaySindangan Bay where Skeletonema and Chaetoceros species are similarly dominant. Off California, the most common phytoplankton during intense upwelling included Rhizosolenia stolterforthii, Skeletonema costatum and Leptocylindricus danicus (Eppley, 1970). The recent time series of Romero et al. (2002) on the upwelling fluxes in the region of Cap Blanc, northwest Africa, distinguished periods when characteristically oceanic diatoms (Nitzschia bicapitata, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Fragilariopsis doliolus) were dominant from those when nearshore species were ascendant (including Cyclotella litoralis, Coscinodiscus and Actinocyclus spp.) (Stephenson G.L., et al 1984). Predominance of diatoms in the water suggests that this area is comparatively free from oil pollution, since dinoflagellates are reported to be more tolerant to petroleum contaminants and to outnumber diatoms in contaminated waters (Chandy et al, 1991). Moreover, it is noted that diatoms are good indicators of water quality (Odum, 1971). Coscinodiscus wailesii became common throughout the entire bay and became abundant during the upwelling area in the year 2012 and 2013 off Zamboanga del Norte similar to the study of Canini et al, 2013 that occurred during the early northeast monsoon in November. Despite of the dominance of Coscinodiscus wailesii in different sampling stations, there are also other species found in this study that dominates other sampling stations like Guinardia flaccida, Chaetoceros socialis, Rhizosolenia setigera, Thalassionema nitzchioides, and Skeletonema costatum. All of these species are diatoms (Dickman et al, 2002). In this study, Guinardia flaccida reached the

maximum density in the year 2012 while Skeletonema costatum reached the maximum density in the year 2013 similar to what was observed in Malaysian Langat mangrove estuary (Larsen et al, 2004). However, though species composition may appeared similar, their species ranked abundance and community structure clearly shows some differences as time pass by like what was observed in the year 2012 and 2013 (Canini et al, 2013) because there are some species that belong in the top 15 rank in the year 2012 but no longer belong in the year 2013. Guinardia flaccida is the most abundant phytoplankton species in the year 2012 but in 2013, it is Skeletonema costatum. In addition, most of the phytoplankton species are abundant in the stations near the shore of Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay during the year 2012 but opposite occurs during the year 2013 because most of the phytoplankton species are abundant in the stations away from the shore of Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay. The abundance of phytoplankton species at the Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay may be due to the difference in sampling method and also to the ecosystem because Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay is an upwelling area (Bakun, 1990 Several methods were used to investigate the relationship of phytoplankton species among environmental parameters ( Ter Braak 2002). The aim of the present investigation was to investigate species diversity and abundance of phytoplankton and its relationships to physicchemical factors that affect the phytoplankton succession. Physic- chemical parameters were observed in this study such as temperature, conductivity, depth, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, turbidity, salinity, and time. In the year 2012, Dinophysis tripos ((r2= 0.606*) was significantly correlated with conductivity and temperature (r2 = 0.609*). Both Bellerochea malleus (r2= 0.577*) Chaetoceros socialis (r2 = 0.602*) were found significantly correlated with the dissolved oxygen. Detonula confervacea was found significantly correlated in salinity (r2= 0.611*). However, Guinardia flaccida was found inversely significant to the dissolved oxygen (r2= -0.

547*) and chlorophyll a (r2= 0.597*) and also Rhizosolenia setigera which is inversely significant to salinity (r2= -0.575*). Skeletonema costatum, Rhizosolenia setigera, and Trichodesmium erythraeum were found highly significant correlated to depth (r2= 0.703**), (r2= 0.661**) and (r2= 0.856**). In the year 2013, only few species were found significantly correlated. Detonula confervacea (r2= 0.568*) was found significantly correlated with salinity. Dinophysis tripos (r2= 0.600*) was found significantly correlated with temperature and conductivity (r2= 594*). Guinardia flaccida was found significantly correlated with the dissolved oxygen (r2= 551*) In a multi-species algal community, the growth among different species is likely to be limited by the resources, including different nutrients (Wetzel, 2001). Generally, different planktonic species can tolerate different ranges of temperature as well as having light and nutrient limitations. These tolerance levels determine the dominance of species at different times and seasons (Fogg, 1975). According to the study in Banglang Reservoir, Yala Province, the factors affecting the phytoplankton species were alkalinity, water temperature, water transparency, nutrients and conductivity. The effect of alkalinity on phytoplankton species succession was obvious clearly in 2012 and 2013. In both years, Dinophysis tripos was found significantly correlated with temperature and conductivity. Abundance of this species increases in response to increase in temperature. This is because temperature acts along with other factors in influencing the variation of photosynthetic production. Generally, the rate of photosynthesis increases with an increase in temperature, but diminishes sharply after a point is reached. Each species of phytoplankton is adapted to particular temperature. Temperature, together with illumination, influences the seasonal variation of phytoplankton production in the temperate latitudes (Eppley, R. W., 1972; Parsons T. R.,

1973). In terms of salinity which Detonula confervacea was found significantly correlated in both years, their abundance was greatly influenced by dissolved salt. In addition, salinity also is known to influence primary production (Parsons, T. R., et al 1970). Skeletonema costatum, Rhizosolenia setigera, Trichodesmium erythraeum were found highly significant correlated to depth. This means that these species can be considered with higher species diversity and richness at outer deeper stations than in inner shallower stations (Odum, 1971). This is what happened during the year 2013 where these species became dominant in the stations away from the shore of Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay. However, those species that were found inversely significant may have opposite response to the different environmental parameters.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The aim of this study was to investigate species diversity and abundance of phytoplankton and its relationships to physic-chemical factors that affect the phytoplankton succession in the upwelling area in Dipolog- Sindangan Bay off Zamboanga del Norte during the year 2012 and 2013. This study indicates that upwelling ecosystem has great influence in the abundance and development of phytoplankton species. This study revealed that the abundance of the different phytoplankton species in Dipolog Bay and Sindangan Bay were correlated to certain environmental parameters during the years 2012 and 2012 such as Dinophysis tripos was found correlated with temperature and conductivity and Detonula confervacea was found correlated with salinity. Skeletonema costatum, Rhizosolenia setigera, Trichodesmium erythraeum were found highly correlated with depth during the year 2012. Guinardia flaccida was found correlated with dissolved oxygen. Both Bellerochea malleus and Chaetoceros socialis were found significantly correlated with the dissolved oxygen. However, there were also some phytoplankton species that showed opposite response to environmental parameters such as the Rhizosolenia setigera that was inversely correlated with salinity. The study of phytoplankton species abundance, composition and distribution are very significant especially in large fisheries not just in Zamboanga del Norte but in other upwelling areas. This study can served as a reference to further studies of phytoplankton since it provides background information which can be helpful to some researchers who would love to take a deeper study on the phytoplankton species and also it help promotes preservation to the said areas which really gives higher influence to fishery economy. This study would also help

understand the importance of phytoplankton species which is the most important producer of organic substances and the rate at which energy is stored up by these tiny organisms that determine the basic primary productivity of the ecosystem (Chandy et al, 1991). This study recommends further research and exploration in understanding the pattern of distribution and species diversity of phytoplankton in Dipolog Bay- Sindangan Bay off Zamboanga del Norte.

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