Vector Group of Transformer Introduction: Three phase transformer consists of three sets of primary windings, one for each

phase, and three sets of secondary windings wound on the same iron core. Separate single-phase transformers can be used and externally interconnected to yield the same results as a 3-phase unit. The primary windings are connected in one of several ways. The two most common configurations are the delta, in which the polarity end of one winding is connected to the non-polarity end of the next, and the star, in which all three non-polarities or polarity! ends are connected together. The secondary windings are connected similarly. This means that a 3-phase transformer can have its primary and secondary windings connected the same delta-delta or star-star!, or differently delta-star or star-delta!. It"s important to remember that the secondary voltage waveforms are in phase with the primary waveforms when the primary and secondary windings are connected the same way. This condition is called #no phase shift.$ %ut when the primary and secondary windings are connected differently, the secondary voltage waveforms will differ from the corresponding primary voltage waveforms by 3& electrical degrees. This is called a 3& degree phase shift. 'hen two transformers are connected in parallel, their phase shifts must be identical( if not, a short circuit will occur when the transformers are energi)ed.$ Basic Idea of Winding: *n ac voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are lin+ed by a magnetic path. The phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon which ways round the coils are connected. The voltages will either be in-phase or displaced by ,-& deg 'hen 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transformer winding a number of options exist. The coil voltages can be in phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point neutral! brought out to an external terminal or not.

Six Ways to wire Star Winding:

Six Ways to wire Delta Winding:

.olarity: *n ac voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are lin+ed by a magnetic path. The phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon which way round the coils are connected. The voltages will either be in-phase or displaced by ,-& deg. 'hen 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transformer winding a number of options exist. The coil voltages can be in phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point neutral! brought out to an external terminal or not.

'hen .air of /oil of Transformer have same direction than voltage induced in both coil are in same direction from one end to other end. 'hen two coil have opposite winding direction than 0oltage induced in both coil are in opposite direction.

'inding connection designations: First Symbol: for ig! Voltage: *lways capital letters. 121elta, S2Star, 32Interconnected star, 424eutral Second Symbol: for "ow #oltage: *lways Small letters. d21elta, s2Star, )2Interconnected star, n24eutral. T!ird Symbol: .hase displacement expressed as the cloc+ hour number ,,5,,,! $xample % Dyn&& Transformer has a delta connected primary winding D! a star connected secondary y! with the star point brought out n! and a phase shift of 3& deg leading &&!. The point of confusion is occurring in notation in a step-up transformer. *s the I6/5&&75-, standard has stated, the notation is 80-90 in se:uence. ;or example, a step-up transformer with a delta-connected primary, and starconnected secondary, is not written as <d=,,>, but <=d,,>. The ,, indicates the 90 winding leads the 80 by 3& degrees. Transformers built to *4SI standards usually do not have the vector group shown on their nameplate and instead a vector diagram is given to show the relationship between the primary and other windings.

0ector ?roup of Transformer: The three phase transformer windings can be connected several ways. %ased on the windings" connection, the vector group of the transformer is determined. The transformer vector group is indicated on the 4ame .late of transformer by the manufacturer. The vector group indicates the phase difference between the primary and secondary sides, introduced due to that particular configuration of transformer windings connection. The 1etermination of vector group of transformers is very important before connecting two or more transformers in parallel. If two transformers of different vector groups are connected in parallel then phase difference exist between the secondary of the transformers and large circulating current flows between the two transformers which is very detrimental.

.hase 1isplacement between 80 and 90 'indings: The vector for the high voltage winding is ta+en as the reference vector. 1isplacement of the vectors of other windings from the reference vector, with anticloc+wise rotation, is represented by the use of cloc+ hour figure. IS: @&@5 .art ,0!-,A77 gives @5 sets of connections star-star, star-delta, and star )ig)ag, delta-delta, delta star, delta-)ig)ag, )ig)ag star, )ig)ag-delta. 1isplacement of the low voltage winding vector varies from )ero to -33&B in steps of -3&B, depending on the method of connections. 8ardly any power system adopts such a large variety of connections. Some of the commonly used connections with phase displacement of &, -3&&, -,-&C and -33&B cloc+-hour setting &, ,, 5 and ,,!. Symbol for the high voltage winding comes first, followed by the symbols of windings in diminishing se:uence of voltage. ;or example a @@&D55D,, +0 Transformer connected star, star and delta and vectors of 55 and ,, +0 windings having phase displacement of &B and -33&B with the reference @@& +0! vector will be represented *s 'y( % 'd&&. The digits &, ,, ,, etc! relate to the phase displacement between the 80 and 90 windings using a cloc+ face notation. The phasor representing the 80 winding is ta+en as reference and set at ,@ o"cloc+. .hase rotation is always anti-cloc+wise. International adopted!. Ese the hour indicator as the indicating phase displacement angle. %ecause there are ,@ hours on a cloc+, and a circle consists out of 35&B, each hour represents 3&B.Thus , 2 3&B, @ 2 5&B, 3 2 A&B, 5 2 ,-&B and ,@ 2 &B or 35&B. The minute hand is set on ,@ o"cloc+ and replaces the line to neutral voltage sometimes imaginary! of the 80 winding. This position is always the reference point. 6xample: 1igit & 2&B that the 90 phasor is in phase with the 80 phasor 1igit , 23&B lagging 90 lags 80 with 3&B! because rotation is anti-cloc+wise. 1igit ,, 2 33&B lagging or 3&B leading 90 leads 80 with 3&B!

1igit F 2 ,F&B lagging 90 lags 80 with ,F&B! 1igit 5 2 ,-&B lagging 90 lags 80 with ,-&B! 'hen transformers are operated in parallel it is important that any phase shift is the same through each. .aralleling typically occurs when transformers are located at one site and connected to a common bus bar ban+ed! or located at different sites with the secondary terminals connected via distribution or transmission circuits consisting of cables and overhead lines.

)!ase S!ift *Deg+ & 3& lag 5& lag ,@& lag ,F& lag ,-& lag ,F& lead ,@& lead 5& lead 3& lead =d,, =dF =y5 =d7 =y& =d,

,onnection

1d& 1y, 1d@ 1dG 1yF 1d5 1y7 1d1d,& 1y,,

1)& =), 1)@ 1)G =)F 1)5 =)7 1)1),& =),,

The phase-bushings on a three phase transformer are mar+ed either *%/, E0' or ,@3 80-side capital, 90-side small letters!. Two winding, three phase transformers can be divided into four main categories -.cloc/ & o"cloc+, &B 5 o"cloc+, ,-&B , o"cloc+, -3&B T, deltaDdelta, starDstar deltaDdelta, starDstar starDdelta, deltaDstar

Group ?roup I ?roup II ?roup III ?roup I0

,, o"cloc+, H3&B starDdelta, deltaDstar

Iinus indicates 90 lagging 80, plus indicates 90 leading 80

/loc+ 4otation: &

/loc+ 4otation : ,

/loc+ 4otation: @

/loc+ 4otation: G

/loc+ 4otation: F

/loc+ 4otation: 5

/loc+ 4otation: 7 /loc+ 4otation: ,,

.oints to be consider while Selecting of 0ector ?roup: 0ector ?roups are the I6/ method of categori)ing the primary and secondary winding configurations of 3-phase transformers. 'indings can be connected as delta, star, or interconnected-star )ig)ag!. 'inding polarity is also important, since reversing the connections across a set of windings affects the phase-shift between primary and secondary. 0ector groups identify the winding connections and polarities of the primary and secondary. ;rom a vector group one can determine the phase-shift between primary and secondary. Transformer vector group depends upon 1. 0emo#ing !armonics: 1y connection J y winding nullifies 3rd harmonics, preventing it to be reflected on delta side. 2. )arallel operations: *ll the transformers should have same vector group K polarity of the winding. 3. $art! fault 0elay: * 1d transformer does not have neutral. to restrict the earth faults in such systems, we may use )ig )ag wound transformer to create a neutral along with the earth fault relay.. G. Type of 4on 9iner 9oad: systems having different types of harmonics K non linear Types of loads e.g. furnace heaters ,0;1S etc for that we may use 1yn,,, 1yn@,, 1yn3, configuration, wherein, 3& deg. shifts of voltages nullifies the 3rd harmonics to )ero in the supply system.

5. Type of Transformer 1pplication: ?enerally for .ower export

transformer i.e. generator side is connected in delta and load side is connected in star. ;or .ower export import transformers i.e. in Transmission .urpose Transformer star star connection may be preferred by some since this avoids a grounding transformer on generator side and perhaps save on neutral insulation. Iost of systems are running in this configuration. Iay be less harmful than operating delta system incorrectly. =d or 1y connection is standard for all unit connected generators. 5. There are a number of factors associated with transformer connections and may be useful in designing a system, and the application of the factors therefore determines the best selection of transformers. ;or example: For selecting Star ,onnection: * star connection presents a neutral. If the transformer also includes a delta winding, that neutral will be stable and can be grounded to become a reference for the system. * transformer with a star winding that does 4LT include a delta does not present a stable neutral. Star-star transformers are used if there is a re:uirement to avoid a 3&deg phase shift, if there is a desire to construct the three-phase transformer ban+ from single-phase transformers, or if the transformer is going to be switched on a single-pole basis ie, one phase at a time!, perhaps using manual switches. Star-star transformers are typically found in distribution applications, or in large si)es interconnecting high-voltage transmission systems. Some star-star transformers are e:uipped with a third winding connected in delta to stabili)e the neutral.

For selecting Delta ,onnection: * delta connection introduces a 3& electrical degree phase shift. * delta connection <traps" the flow of )ero se:uence currents.

For selecting Delta2Star ,onnection: 1elta-star transformers are the most common and most generally useful transformers. 1elta-delta transformers may be chosen if there is no need for a stable neutral, or if there is a re:uirement to avoid a 3& electrical degree phase shift. The most common application of a delta-delta transformer is as tan isolation transformer for a power converter.

For selecting 3ig 4ag ,onnection: The 3ig 3ag winding reduces voltage unbalance in systems where the load is not e:ually distributed between phases, and permits neutral current loading with inherently low )ero-se:uence impedance. It is therefore often used for earthing transformers.

.rovision of a neutral earth point or points, where the neutral is referred to earth either directly or through impedance. Transformers are used to give the neutral point in the maMority of systems. The star or interconnected star 3! winding configurations give a neutral location. If for various reasons, only delta windings are used at a particular voltage level on a particular system, a neutral point can still be provided by a purpose-made transformer called a <neutral earthing.

For selecting Distribution Transformer: The first criterion to consider in choosing a vector group for a distribution transformer for a facility is to +now whether we want a delta-star or star-star. Etilities often prefer star-star transformers, but these re:uire G-wire input feeders and G-wire output feeders i.e. incoming and outgoing neutral conductors!. ;or distribution transformers within a facility, often delta-star are chosen because these transformers do not re:uire G-wire input( a 3-wire primary feeder circuit suffices to supply a G-wire secondary circuit. That is because any )ero se:uence current re:uired by the secondary to supply earth faults or unbalanced loads is supplied by the delta primary winding, and is not re:uired from the upstream power source. The method of earthing on the secondary is independent of the primary for delta-star transformers. The second criterion to consider is what phase-shift you want between primary and secondary. ;or example, 1y,, and 1yF transformers are both delta-star. If we don"t care about the phase-shift, then either transformer will do the Mob. .hase-shift is important when we are paralleling sources. 'e want the phase-shifts of the sources to be identical. If we are paralleling transformers, then you want them to have the same the same vector group. If you are replacing a transformer, use the same vector group for the new transformer, otherwise the existing 0Ts and /Ts used for protection and metering will not wor+ properly. There is no technical difference between the one vector groups i.e. =d,! or another vector group i.e. =d,,! in terms of performance. The only factor affecting the choice between one or the other is system phasing, ie whether parts of the networ+ fed from the transformer need to operate in parallel with another source. It also matters if you have an auxiliary transformer connected to generator terminals. 0ector matching at the auxiliary bus bar

1pplication of Transformer according to Vector Group: ,! 1yn,,, 1yn,, =4d,, =4d,,! /ommon for distribution transformers. 4ormally 1yn,, vector group using at distribution system. %ecause ?enerating Transformer are =4d, for neutrali)ing the load angle between ,, and ,. 'e can use 1yn, at distribution system, when we are using ?enerator Transformer are =4d,,. In some industries 5 pulse electric drives are using due to this Fthharmonics will generate if we use 1yn, it will be suppress the Fth harmonics.

Star point facilitates mixed loading of three phase and single phase consumer connections. The delta winding carry third harmonics and stabili)es star point potential. * delta-Star connection is used for step-up generating stations. If 80 winding is star connected there will be saving in cost of insulation. %ut delta connected 80 winding is common in distribution networ+, for feeding motors and lighting loads from 90 side.

@! Star-Star =y& or =y5! Iainly used for large system tie-up Transformer. Iost economical connection in 80 power system to interconnect between two delta systems and to provide neutral for grounding both of them. Tertiary winding stabili)es the neutral conditions. In star connected transformers, load can be connected between line and neutral, only if a! the source side transformers is delta connected or b! the source side is star connected with neutral connected bac+ to the source neutral. In This Transformers. Insulation cost is highly reduced. 4eutral wire can permit mixed loading. Triple harmonics are absent in the lines. These triple harmonic currents cannot flow, unless there is a neutral wire. This connection produces oscillating neutral. Three phase shell type units have large triple harmonic phase voltage. 8owever three phase core type transformers wor+ satisfactorily. * tertiary mesh connected winding may be re:uired to stabili)e the oscillating neutral due to third harmonics in three phase ban+s.

3! 1elta J 1elta 1d & or 1d 5! This is an economical connection for large low voltage transformers. 9arge unbalance of load can be met without difficulty. 1elta permits a circulating path for triple harmonics thus attenuates the same. It is possible to operate with one transformer removed in open delta or$ 0$ connection meeting F- percent of the balanced load. Three phase units cannot have this facility. Iixed single phase loading is not possible due to the absence of neutral.

G! Star-3ig-)ag or 1elta-3ig-)ag =) or 1)! These connections are employed where delta connections are wea+. Interconnection of phases in )ig)ag winding effects a reduction of third harmonic voltages and at the same time permits unbalanced loading. This connection may be used with either delta connected or star connected winding either for step-up or step-down transformers. In either case, the )ig)ag winding produces the same angular displacement as a delta winding, and at the same time provides a neutral for earthing purposes. The amount of copper re:uired from a )ig)ag winding in ,FN more than a corresponding star or delta winding. This is extensively used for earthing transformer.

1ue to 4ig4ag connection interconnection between phases!, third harmonic voltages are reduced. It also allows unbalanced loading. The )ig)ag connection is employed for 90 winding. ;or a given total voltage per phase, the )ig)ag side re:uires ,FN more turns as compared to normal phase connection. In cases where delta connections are wea+ due to large number of turns and small cross sections, then )ig)ag star connection is preferred. It is also used in rectifiers.

F! 3ig- )agD star 3=, or 3y,,! 3ig)ag connection is obtained by inter connection of phases.G-wire system is possible on both sides. Enbalanced loading is also possible. Lscillating neutral problem is absent in this connection. This connection re:uires ,FN more turns for the same voltage on the )ig)ag side and hence costs more. 8ence a ban+ of three single phase transformers cost about ,FN more than their 3-phase counterpart. *lso, they occupy more space. %ut the spare capacity cost will be less and single phase units are easier to transport. Enbalanced operation of the transformer with large )ero se:uence fundamental mmf content also does not affect its performance. 6ven with =y type of poly phase connection without neutral connection the oscillating neutral does not occur with these cores. ;inally, three phase cores themselves cost less than three single phase units due to compactness.

5! =dF: Iainly used for machine and main Transformer in large .ower Station and Transmission Substation. The 4eutral point can be loaded with rated /urrent.

7! =)-F ;or 1istribution Transformer up to @F&I0* for local distribution system. The 4eutral point can be loaded with rated /urrent.

*pplication of Transformer according according to Eses: Step up Transformer: It should be =d, or =d,,. Step down Transformer: It should be 1y, or 1y,,. Grounding purpose Transformer: It should be =), or 1),,. Distribution Transformer: 'e can consider vector group of 1)n& which reduce the 7FN of harmonics in secondary side. )ower Transformer: 0ector group is deepen on application for 6xample : ?enerating Transformer : 1yn, , ;urnace Transformer: =nyn&.

/onvert Lne ?roup of Transformer to Lther ?roup by /hanning 6xternal /onnection: *&+ Group I: 6xample: 1d& no phase displacement between 80 and 90!.

The conventional method is to connect the red phase on *Da, =ellow phase on %Db, and the %lue phase on /Dc. Lther phase displacements are possible with unconventional connections for instance red on b, yellow on c and blue on a! %y doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected 1d& transformer can be changed either to a 1dG -,@&B! or 1d- H,@&B! connection. The same is true for internal connected 1dG or 1d- transformers.

*5+ Group II: 6xample: 1d5 ,-&B displacement between 80 and 90!. %y doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected 1d5 transformer can be changed either to a 1d@ -5&B! or 1d,& H5&B! connection.

*6+ Group III: 6xample: 1yn, -3&B displacement between 80 and 90!. %y doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected 1yn, transformer can be changed either to a 1ynF -,F&B! or 1ynA HA&B! connection.

*7+ Group IV: 6xample: 1yn,, H3&B displacement between 80 and 90!. %y doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected 1yn,, transformer can be changed either to a 1yn7 H,F&B! or 1yn3 -A&B! connection.

)oint to be remembered: For Group2III 8 Group2IV: %y doing some unconventional connections externally on both sides of the Transformer, an internal connected ?roup-III or ?roup-I0 transformer can be changed to any of these two groups. Thus by doing external changes on both sides of the Transformer an internal connected 1yn, transformer can be changed to either a: 1yn3, 1ynF, 1yn7, 1ynA or 1yn,, transformer, This is Must true for starDdelta or deltaDstar connections. For Group2I 8 Group2II: /hanges for deltaDdelta or starDstar transformers between ?roup-I and ?roup-III can Must be done internally.

'hy 3&Bphase shift occur in star-delta transformer between primary and secondaryO The phase shift is a natural conse:uence of the delta connection. The currents entering or leaving the star winding of the transformer are in phase with the currents in the star windings. Therefore, the currents in the delta windings are also in phase with the currents in the star windings and obviously, the three currents are ,@& electrical degrees apart. %ut the currents entering or leaving the transformer on the delta side are formed at the point where two of the windings comprising the delta come together J each of those currents is the phasor sum of the currents in the adMacent windings.

'hen you add together two currents that are ,@& electrical degrees apart, the sum is inevitably shifted by 3& degrees.

The Iain reason for this phenomenon is that the phase voltage lags line current by 3&degrees.consider a deltaDstar transformer. The phase voltages in three phases of both primary and secondary. you will find that in primary the phase voltage and line voltages are same, let it be 0P= ta+e one phase!.but, the corresponding secondary will have the phase voltage only in its phase winding as it is star connected. the line voltage of star connected secondary and delta connected primary won"t have any phase differences between them. so this can be summari)ed that #the phase shift is associated with the wave forms of the three phase windings.

'hy when ?enerating Transformer is =d, than 1istribution Transformer is 1y,,: This is the 80 Side or the Switchyard side of the ?enerator Transformer is connected in 1elta and the 90 Side or the generator side of the ?T is connected in Star, with the Star side neutral brought out. The 90 side voltage will #lag$ the 80 side voltage by 3& degrees. Thus, in a generating station we create a 3& degrees lagging voltage for transmission, with respect to the generator voltage. *s we have created a 3& degrees lagging connection in the generating station, it is advisable to create a 3& degrees leading connection in distribution so that the user voltage is #in phase$ with the generated voltage. *nd, as the transmission side is 1elta and the user might need three phase, four-wire in the 90 side for his single phase loads, the distribution transformer is chosen as 1yn,,. There is magnetic coupling between 8T and 9T. 'hen the load side 9T! suffers some dip the 9T current try to go out of phase with 8T current, so 3& degree phase shift in 1yn-,, +eeps the two currents in phase when there is dip.

So the vector group at the generating station is important while selecting distribution Transformer.

0ector ?roup in ?enerating-Transmission-1istribution System: ?enerating T/ is =d, transmitted power at G&&Q0, for G&&Q0 to @@&Q0 =y is used and by using 'd between e.g. @@& and 55 +0, then Dy from 55 to ,, +0 so that their phase shifts can be cancelled out. *nd for 90 G&&D@3&0! supplies at F& 8) are usually 3 phase, earthed neutral, so a #1yn$ 90 winding is needed. 8ere ?T side -3&lag =d,! can be nullify H3& by using distribution Transformer of 1y,,. * reason for using 'd between e.g. @@& and 55 +0, then Dy from 55 to ,, +0 is that their phase shifts can cancel out and It is then also possible to parallel a @@&D,, +0 == transformer, at ,, +0, with the 55D,, +0 a == transformer often has a third, delta, winding to reduce harmonics!. If one went 1y,, J 1y,, from @@& to ,, +0, there would be a 5& degree shift, which is not possible in one transformer. The #standard$ transformer groups in distribution avoid that +ind of limitation, as a result of thought and experience leading to lowest cost over many years.

?enerator T/ is =d,, /an we use 1istribution T/ 1yF instead of 1y,,. 'ith regards to theory, there are no special advantages of 1yn,, over 1ynF. In Isolation 1pplication: In isolated applications there is no advantage or disadvantage by using 1yF or 1y,,. If however we wish to interconnect the secondary sides of different 1ny transformers, we must have compatible transformers, and that can be achieved if you have a 1yn,, among a group of 1ynF>s and vice versa. In )arallel ,onnection: .ractically, the relative places of the phases remain same in 1yn,, compared to 1ynF. If we use =d, Transformer on ?enerating Side and 1istribution side 1y,, transformer than -3& lag of generating side =d,! is nullify by H3& 9ead at Peceiving side 1y,,! so no phase difference respect to generating Side and if we are on the 80 side of the Transformer, and if we denote the phases as P=-% from left to right, the same phases on the 90 side will be P- = -%, but from left to Pight. This will ma+e the Transmission lines have same color for identification! whether it is input to or output from the Transformer. If we use =d, Transformer on ?enerating Side and 1istribution side 1yF transformer than -3& lag of generating side =d,! is more lag by -,F& 9ag at Peceiving side 1yF! so Total phase difference respect to generating Side is ,-& deg -3&H-,F&2-,-&! and if we are on the 80 side of the Transformer, and if we denote the phases as P- =-% from left to right, the same phases on the 90 side will be P- = -%, but from Pight to 9eft. This will ma+e the Transmission lines have 4o same color for identification! whether it is input to or output from the Transformer. The difference in output between the 1yn,, and 1nyF and is therefore ,-& degrees.