By: Ahmed Mohamed Emad El-Ghetany

Outline
Introduction
Ficks law Diffusivity

Convective mass transfer

Applications

Introduction
Definition

Movement of a scent from one end of a room to the other

Mass transfer:

Within a medium Across an interface

Diffusion

Ficks law
Considering diffusion of A in B

JA : Flux of A into B (kg-moles/m2.s)

DAB: diffusivity of A in B (m2/s) cA: concentration of A (kg-moles/m3) x: length along direction of diffusion (m)

Diffusivity

Diffusion coefficient of some gases in air at 1 atm pressure an 25C

Gas
Naphthalene Carbon dioxide Nitrogen oxide Oxygen

DAB x 105 (m2/s)

0.62 1.64 1.8 2.06

Ammonia
Hydrogen

2.8
4.1

Diffusivity

Diffusion coefficient of water vapor in air at 1 atm pressure

Temperature (K)
200 300 325 350

DAB x 105 (m2/s)

2.12 2.54 3 3.49

375
400

4.03
4.61

Estimation of diffusivity
correlations link diffusivity to solute and liquid properties such as molar volume, molecular weight and liquid viscosity Three most used correlations: Stokes-Einstein correlation Wilke-Chang Correlation Polson Correlation

Stokes-Einstein correlation

T: temperature (K)
: liquid medium viscosity (kg/m.s) VA: solute specific molar volume (m3/kg-mol)

Wilke-Chang Correlation

: association parameter of liquid medium(2.6 for water) MB: molecular weight of liquid medium (kg-mol)

Polson Correlation

MA: molecular weight of solute (kg-mol)

Convective mass transfer

cf

JA cw

Boundary layer
Governing differential equation Boundary conditions y=0 ca=cw
y ca=cf

Solving will result in dimensionless numbers

Dimensionless numbers
Sherwood number === Nusselt number

Schmidt number === Prandtl number

===

Using dimensionless numbers

air W = 0.25 m

P = 1 atm T= 20 C V= 2.5 m/s a= 0 kg/m3 (Dry)

L=1m At 1 atm, 20 C air: = 15.06x10-6 m2/s vapor: Dab=2.4224x10-5 m2/s a: water vapor b: air

Using dimensionless numbers

air W = 0.25 m L=1m a: water vapor b: air

Applications
Drying

Extraction
Absorption

Drying
Water transfer from solid to air

Heating increases the diffusivity of water in air decreases the conc. of water vapor in air (relative humidity)

Extraction
Feed contains a component, i, which is to be removed

Addition of a second solvent which is immiscible with feed but component i is soluble in both liquids
Some of component i (solute) is transferred from the feed to the solvent After extraction the feed and solvent are called the raffinate and extract

Absorption
Solutes are removed from a gas by contact with a liquid in which they dissolve