1. 2. 3. . ". #. %. (. ). 1-. 11. 12. 13. 1 . 1". 1#. 1%. 1(. 1). 2-. 21. 22. 23. 2 . 2".

2#. 2%. 2(. 2). 3-. 31. 32. 33. 3 . 3". 3#. 3%. 3(. 3). -. 1. 2. 3. . ". #. %. (. ). "-.

"1. "2. "3. " .

Total energy of revolving electrons can never be positive Major part of the current in an intrinsic semiconductor conduction band electrons voltage applied across PN junction bias intrinsic semicon doped !ith very small amount of boron number of electrons and holes !ill decrease and increase respectively hall effect causes the resultant electric field !hich is normal to both current and magnetic field reverse current in an intrinsic semiconductor doubles for every # $ increase in temp !&o dc source' clipper acts as rectifier clamper introduces dc to ac signal gallium compounds are used to fabricate *+, because it emits more light *+, normally for!ard biased PN junction *aser signal characteristics coherent' collimated' monochromatic ideal amp response only to the signals at the input terminal in a $+ amp' if voltage gain is increased' ac load resistance is also increased. if bypass capacitor in $+ amp is removed' voltage gain is reduced negative output s!ing of transistor clips !hen . is near saturation positive output s!ing of transistor clips !hen . is going to!ards cutoff improper biasing causes distortion to the output signal bias stability improved by /eeping the base current constant early effect base narro!ing0 effective variations in the base !idth by collector voltage0 also called base1 !idth modulation voltage divider bias independent of transistor beta capacity of lead acid is N2T dependent on rate of charge lead acid cell lead pero3ide' dilute sulfuric acid' sponge lead 4nderson bridge measuring inductance !ith /no!n capacitance and resistance ,e 5auty bridge comparing capacitances of t!o air capacitor Ma3!ell6s 7ien bridge measures inductance heaviside $ampbell e8ual ratio bridge measure self inductance !ith mutual inductance moving coil can measure both ac and dc current and voltage digital comp does not use floating point hard!are because its costly ho parameter smallest among the h1parameters h1parameters depend on operating point' configuration' temperature number of card read per minute of a card reader 1-'--access to magnetic drum memory partly random and part cyclic se8uential emmiter coupled monoshot perfect gate !ave generator miller circuit uses integrator to convert step !aveform to ramp !aveform phantastron uses pulses to convert step !aveform to ramp !aveform bootstrap circuit thermal runa!ay increase in temp' causes an increase in the collector current burning the transistor magnetic deflection system used by $9T to deflect electron beam cyclotron & magnetic resonator *a!rence and *ivingston unbiased PN junction -."um nonservo controlled robot high repeatability0 high operating speed0 lo! cost servo controlled repeatability 2mm microcomputer communicates !ith the system !ith 3 buses !al/ through programming a continuous path robot robot is mechanical engineering' electronics' computer science' control theories /arel cape/ robot ted hoff microprocessor' 1)#) volatile 92M semiconductor 92M semiconductor 92M combinational logic circuit : conductivity a. 4nnealed silver !ire 1-(.( b. )).): gold %2.# c. )).": aluminum #3 1--;< 1"-/;< converter transformer 2-/;< 2-M;< carrier fre8uency transformer po!er transformer not operated in 1--;< stray loss not a transformer loss

"". "#. "%. "(. "). #-. #1. #2. #3. # . #". ##. #%. #(. #). %-. %1. %2. %3. % . %". %#. %%. %(. %). (-. (1. (2. (3. ( . (".

copper loss most losses in transformer common drain buffer amplifier common gate high fre8uency amplifier common source voltage amplifier glass strongest dielectric ampacity of !ire ma3imum current the !ire can safely carry selsyn 1d= minimum audio po!er output that can be heard -d= noise figure of an ideal opamp emission coefficient & destability factor account to the effect of recombination in the depletion region ringing circuit 9*$ !ith undamped oscillations megger used to measure high resistance cut1in voltage & turn on voltage amount of voltage !here the current increases e3ponentially impedance relay used in medium transmission s/in effect occurs at high fre8uency surge absorber used in lo! voltage' high fre8uency >erranti effect !hen the load in the receiving end is removed' the sending end voltage is less than the receiving end voltage shunt capacitance & shunt admittance negligible in short transmission increase in transmission to!er height' causes a change in capacitance corona causes radio interference 1-" total number of elements including those in the laboratory 1.#? for!ard voltage of *+, transformer t!o coils of !ire !ound in an iron core saturation voltage of op amp is 2? smaller than po!er supply voltage ceramic capacitor used as a bypass capacitor in high fre8uency amplifier control grid single grid in vacuum triode triode most common type of tube used as an amplifier solenoid electromagnetic device used to convert electrical to mechanical energy film @$ consists of passive elements !heatstone bridge used to measure medium resistance 1ohm to fe! megaohm !ien bridge used to measure capacitance in great accuracy

,iode

Vd = I in =

V- sat AOL Vd Rd

=oost converter

=uc/ converter

=uc/1=oost converter

LC =

(1 D ) 2 R
2 fs

Dmin = 1
D= V2 V1

2 f s Lc R

Lc =

(1 D ) 2 DR
2 fs

D=

V2 V1 V2

(#. (%. ((. (). )-. )1.

5chering bridge used to measure capacitance 3 ( inches diameter of silicon before processing multivibrator not a common type of sine !ave oscillators $lass 4 lo! efficiency0 "-: ma3 efficiency0 !orst caseA no input $lass = push pull0 darlington pair 1'---'--- ideal gain of an op amp

)2. $M99 infinity for different inputs )3. >eedbac/ component a. resistor differentiation b. capacitor 1 integrator ) . oscillation bar/hausen principle0 po!er factor 10 phase shift -o )". monostable 1Bs to 1ms0 1ms to 1-ms )#. free running oscillator no e3ternal pulse )%. floating battery for telephone e3change0 emergency lightning purposes )(. antimony lead alloy sediment of lead acid )). thin film ceramic substrate 1--.monolithic @$ digital circuits 1-1.jhonson noise produce due to different energy produced 1-2.TT* least propagation delay 1-3.+$* least propagation time 1- .$M25 least dissipation po!er 1-".@c C @cbo D E@e 1-#.Fa4s *+, needs infrared 1-%.+P92M uses G? signal to remove memory 1-(.$omparator no feedbac/ 1-).>ermi gap forbidden gap 11-.crystal most stable 111.N4N, latch 51- $1112.N29 latch 511 $11 113.bolometer 11 .stroboscope 11".ondograph 11#.?>+T s8uare la! device0 parabolic transconductance0 depletion mode 11%.enhancement N M25>+T high D? 11(.gate current e3tremely small 11).monolithic high e3tensive components 12-.candela intensity of light 121.lu3 illuminance 122.stable sine !ave audio generator astable multivibrator 123.half adder adds 2 binary digits produced sum and carry 12 .full adder adds 2 binary digit and produces carry from the previous 12".binary system mostly used in computers 12#.temperature coefficient of semicon negative 12%.temperature coefficient of carbon negative 12(.he3adecimal uses numbers and letters 12).!ater is not created nor absorbed in Ni >e 13-.mean life time creation and disappearance of electrons 131.opamp same sign input - output0 infinite Hin' - current 132.universal motor for as and dc' dependent on supply fre8uency 133.tor8ue controlled by commutation 13 .series motor high tor8ue 13".inverting summer has parallel inputs 13#.bode plot amplitude variation vs logarithm of input signal fre8uency 13%.M25>+T high input impedance 13(.s!inburne6s test most economical test for motors 13).)": 1 current through the collector 1 -.grounding !ire belo! ##-? 1 1.resistance grounding 3.3 /? to 11? 1 2.earthing to prevent electric shoc/ 1 3.curie la! paramagnetic proportional to 1&T 1 .gross error & personal error made by human 1 ".random error un/no!n error 1 #.systematic error from e8uipments 1 %.>.T. bacon 1st fuel battery 1 (.common mode rejection of opamp 1-- to 1---- or od= to (-d=

1 ).ammeter1connected on series 1"-."-ohm ideal 9in of op amp 1"1.opamp high Hin' - current0 lo! Ho' has negative feedbac/ 1"2.microcontroller stand alone system of microprocessor 1"3.thermopile array & groups of thermocouple 1" .!et cell Hinc and $ooper 1"".emergency cell silver <inc 1"#.data in array 94M 1"%.combinational logic circuits $PG 1"(.Ni1$d cells can be replaced 1").lead acid 2.1 ? 1#-.NM25 #I slo!er than PM25