Core 3 Revision Sheet

Functions
The domain is the input of the function
The range is the output of the function
Modulus functions
x
means the magnitude of x and is always positive.
When sketching modulus functions, the graph will be reflected in the x axis.
When solving modulus equations, remember to find the solutions when it is positive and
negative.
Example
olve
3 x
! "
x # $ ! " %& x # $ ! '"
x ! () x ! '*
Composite Functions
When finding composite functions, apply the functions one at a time, starting with the
function closest to x.
Example
f+x, ! x- . $ g+x, ! x . /
0ind fg+x, fg+x, ! f+x . /,
! +x . /,- . $
! x- . ()x . 1/ . $
! x- . ()x . 12
To find the range of composite functions, find the range of the first function being applied
then use that as the domain of the next function being applied. This output will give the
range of the overall composite function.
Inverse Functions
Remember that an inverse function can only be found if the original function is one-to-one.
This can be achieved by restricting the domain.
Example
f+x, !
1
3 2

+
x
x
find f
1
+x,
let y !
1
3 2

+
x
x
y+x # (, ! 1x . $
yx # y ! 1x . $
yx # 1x ! $ . y
x+y # 1, ! $ . y
x !
2
3

+
y
y
Therefore f
1
+x, !
2
3

+
x
x
Drawing graphs of inverse functions
&eflect the original graph in the line y ! x
3ou may be asked to draw inverse graphs of exponential, natural logarithms and
trigonometric graphs. 4ake sure you are familiar with them.
Differentiation
5hain &ule
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy

6roduct &ule
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u
dx
uv d
+
) (

7uotient &ule
2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
d
v
u
dy
d

,
_

' this is in your formula book

x as a function of y
dx
dy
!
Integration
Integration b substitution
determine your value for u
0ind and rearrange it into the form dx ! du
ubstitute du in for dx and simplify where necessary
8f necessary, substitute any x values in terms of u
9ow integrate your new function and substitute x back in at the end if required
8f it is a definite integral, you must either rearrange the limits for u or put the answer
in terms of x before substituting in the limits of x.
Example
dx
x
x

+2 3
2
2
u ! $x- . 1
dx
du
!:x dx !
x 6
1
du substitute this into the integral
and cancel

u
x 2
x
x 6
1
du

u 3
1
du !
2
1
3
1

u du !
3
2
u
2
1
. c %& u
3
2
. c
in terms of x
3
2
2 3
2
+ x . c
Integration b parts
dx
dx
du
v uv dx
dx
dv
u

this is in your formula book
;etermine your value for u and your value for
dx
dv
HINT the value for u should get simpler when differentiated
0ind
dx
du
and v
ubstitute the values into the formula which should leave you with a simpler integral
at the end to work out. 8f not, integrate by parts again.
Example
<se integration by parts to find
dx xe
x

5
u ! x
dx
dv
! e
x 5
dx
du
! ( v !
x
e
5
5
1
ubstitute these values into the formula=
x
xe
5
5
1
'
x
e
5
5
1

dx !
x x
e xe
5 5
25
1
5
1
. c
Standard Integrals ! these are in our formula boo"
c
a
x
a x a
dx
+

,
_

1
2 2
tan
1
c
a
x
x a
dx
+
,
_

1
2 2
sin
Examples
dx
x

+
2
25 1
1
!
dx
x

+ )
25
1
( 25
1
2
dx
x

2
16
1
!
dx
x

2 2
4
1
!
dx
x

+
,
_

2
2
5
1
1
25
1
!
25
1
x
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

5
1
tan
5
1
1
1
x
. c ! sin
c
x
+
,
_

4
1
! c x +

5 tan
5
1
1
#olumes of Revolution
$bout the x axis

b
a
dx y
2

$bout the axis dx x

b
a

Exponentials and %ogarithms

4ake sure you recognise and could sketch the exponential and natural logarithm graphs,
including transformations of them.
;ifferentiating exponential functions= y ! e
kx
dx
dy
! ke
kx
8ntegrating exponential functions= ! . c
;ifferentiating natural logarithms= y ! ln x
dx
dy
!
x
1
8ntegrating natural logarithms= dx ! ln x . c
pecial 0unctions dx ! ln +f+x,, . c, if f+x, > )
&rigonometr
Reciprocal Functions
cosec

sin
1
sec

cos
1
cot

tan
1

3ou must be able to sketch the graphs of these functions

&rigonometric Identities
tan !

cos
sin
cot !

sin
cos
sin +
2
cos
2
! ( +? cos , sec
2
! ( . tan
2
sin +
2
cos
2
! ( +? sin , cosec
2
! ( . cot
2
3ou must learn all these identities.
Inverse &rigonometric Functions
3ou must be able to recognise and sketch the following inverse trigonometric graphs=
y ! sin
1
x for '(@ x @ ( y ! cos
1
x for '(@ x @ ( y ! tan
1
x for
'A @ x @ A
&emember, the domain and range are the opposite for the inverse functions.
The domain must be restricted in to make it a one'to'one function in order to be able to find
its inverse.
Differentiating &rigonometric Functions
x x
dx
d
cos ) (sin x x
dx
d
2
sec ) (tan
x x
dx
d
sin ) (cos
Integrating &rigonometric Functions
c kx
k
kxdx +

sin
1
cos c x
k
kx +

tan
1
sec
2
c kx
k
kxdx +

cos
1
sin
'ou must learn all of the differentiation and integration trigonometric functions
(umerical methods and solutions
Change of sign method
The equation must be e)ual to *ero before the change of sign method can be used.
Example
how that the equations y ! x- . ( and y !
x
1
have a solution in the interval ).:2 and ).:B.
0irst make the equations equal to each other.
x- . ( !
x
1
4ake it equal to Cero
x- . ( '
x
1
! )
&earrange if necessary multiply by x
xD . x # ( ! )
f+).:2, ! ).:2D . ).:2 # ( ! ').))//:2 f+).:B, ! ).:BD . ).:B # ( ! ).)(2/)B
change of sign, therefore root in interval ).:2 E x E ).:B
Iterative Methods
This involves programming your calculating so that the process is repeated to find a
sequence of approximations to the required solution +converges to the solution,.
3ou need to be able to decide if the convergence produces a cobweb or staircase diagram,
and be able to sketch it.
Mid!ordinate rule

1
]
1

+ + + +

b
a n n
y y y y h ydx
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
.....
where h !
n
a b
Simpson+s rule
odds evens
[ ] ) ... ( 2 ) ... ( 4
3
2 4 2 1 3 1 0
+ + + + + + + + +

n n n
b
a
y y y y y y y y
h
ydx
These formulae are both in your formula book.