Siemens employs the best and brightest people and empowers them to achieve the highest levels of performance.

We look for well-rounded individuals who think outside the square and look to the future. For many of our roles, having the right qualifications is important, but we're equally interested in your personal skills, your experiences, and your values. We are looking for: People who are ambitious, team orientated and innovative thought leaders People who take on responsibility, act with integrity and have a quality orientation People who are customer-focused, clear communicators and problem solvers People who are dedicated to development and keen to make a difference

The pie chart shows the distribution of New York market share by value of different computer companies in 2005.

The pie chart shows the distribution of New York market share by volume of different computer companies in 2005. Number of units sold in 2005 in New York = 1,500 Value of units sold in 2005 in New York = US $1,650,000.

1.

For the year 2005, which company has realised the lowest average unit sales price for a PC ? A. Commodore B. IBM Cannot be determined

C.

Tandy

D.

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D Explanation: Although it seems to be Commodore, the answer cannot be determined due to the fact that

we are unaware of the break-up of the sales value and volume of companies compromising the other categories. View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

2.

Over the period 2005-2006, if sales (value-wise) of IBM PC's increased by 50% and of Apple by 15% assuming that PC sales of all other computer companies remained the same, by what percentage (approximately) would the PC sales in New York (value-wise) increase over the same period ? A. 16.1 % B. 18 %

C.

14 %

D.

None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A Explanation: If we assume the total sales to be 100 in the first year, IBM's sales would go up by 50% (from 28 to 42) contributing an increase of 14 to the total sales value. Similarly, Apple's increase of 15% would contribute an increase of 2.1 to the total sales value. The net change would be 14 + 2.1 on 100. (i.e., 16.1%) View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

3.

In 2005, the average unit sale price of an IBM PC was approximately (in US$) A. 3180 B. 2800 3080

C.

393

D.

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D Explanation: IBM accounts for 28% of the share by value and 10% of the share by volume. 28% of 1650000 = 28 x 1650000/100 = 462000 10% of 1500 = 10 x 1500/100 = 150

Therefore, average unit sale price = 462000/150 = 3080. View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

Directions to Solve The following pie-chart shows the sources of funds to be collected by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) for its Phase II projects. Study the pie-chart and answers the question that follow.
Sources of funds to be arranged by NHAI for Phase II projects (in crores Rs.)

1.

Near about 20% of the funds are to be arranged through: A. SPVS Annuity B. External Assistance

C.

D.

Market Borrowing

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B Explanation: 20% of the total funds to be arranged = Rs. (20% of 57600) crores

= Rs. 11520 crores

Rs. 11486 crores.

Rs. 11486 crores is the amount of funds to be arranged through External Assistance.

View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

2.

If NHAI could receive a total of Rs. 9695 crores as External Assistance, by what percent (approximately) should it increase the Market Borrowing to arrange for the shortage of funds? A. 4.5% 6% B. 7.5%

C.

D.

8%

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C Explanation: Shortage of funds arranged through External Assistance

= Rs. (11486 - 9695) crores

= Rs. 1791 crores.

Increase required in Market Borrowing = Rs. 1791 crores. 1791 Percentage increase required = 29952 View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum x 100 % = 5.98% 6%.

3.

If the toll is to be collected through an outsourced agency by allowing a maximum 10% commission, how much amount should be permitted to be collected by the outsourced agency, so that the project is supported with Rs. 4910 crores? A. Rs. 6213 crores Rs. 5401 crores B. Rs. 5827 crores

C.

D.

Rs. 5316 crores

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C Explanation:

Amount permitted = (Funds required from Toll for projects of Phase II) + (10% of these funds)

= Rs. 4910 crores + Rs. (10% of 4910) crores

= Rs. (4910 + 491) crores

= Rs. 5401 crores.

View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

4.

The central angle corresponding to Market Borrowing is A. 52 187.2 B. 137.8

C.

D.

192.4

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C Explanation: 29952 Central angle corresponding to Market Borrowing = 57600 View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum x 360 = 187.2

5.

The approximate ratio of the funds to be arranged through Toll and that through Market Borrowing is A. 2:9 B. 1:6

C.

3 : 11

D.

2:5

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B Explanation: Required ratio = 4910 = 1 1.

29952

6.1

View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

Directions to Solve The following pie-charts show the distribution of students of graduate and post-graduate levels in seven different institutes in a town.
Distribution of students at graduate and post-graduate levels in seven institutes:

1.

What is the total number of graduate and post-graduate level students is institute R? A. 8320 B. 7916 8099

C.

9116

D.

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation: Required number = (17% of 27300) + (14% of 24700)

= 4641 + 3458

= 8099.

View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

2.

What is the ratio between the number of students studying at post-graduate and graduate levels respectively from institute S? A. 14 : 19 B. 19 : 21 19 : 14

C.

17 : 21

D.

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D Explanation: (21% of 24700) Required ratio = (14% of 27300) = 14 x 27300 (21 x 24700) = 19 . 14

View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

3.

How many students of institutes of M and S are studying at graduate level? A. 7516 B. 8463

C.

9127

D.

9404

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B Explanation: Students of institute M at graduate level= 17% of 27300 = 4641.

Students of institute S at graduate level = 14% of 27300 = 3822. Total number of students at graduate in institutes M and S = (4641 + 3822)

= 8463.

View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

4.

What is the ratio between the number of students studying at post-graduate level from institutes S and the number of students studying at graduate level from institute Q? A. 13 : 19 B. 21 : 13 19 : 13

C.

13 : 8

D.

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D Explanation: (21% of 24700) Required ratio = (13% of 27300) = 13 x 27300 (21 x 24700) = 19 . 13

View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

5.

Total number of students studying at post-graduate level from institutes N and P is A. 5601 6669 B. 5944

C.

D.

8372

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C Explanation: Required number = (15% of 24700) + (12% of 24700)

= 3705 + 2964

= 6669.

View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

Directions to Solve Study the following pie-chart and the table and answer the questions based on them.
Proportion of Population of Seven Villages in 1997

Village

% Population Below Poverty Line

X Y Z R S T V
1.

38 52 42 51 49 46 58

If the population of village R in 1997 is 32000, then what will be the population of village Y below poverty line in that year? A. 14100 B. 15600

C.

16500

D.

17000

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B Explanation: Population of village R = 32000 (given). Let the population of village Y be y. 15 x 32000 Then, 16 : 15 = 32000 : y y= 16 = 30000.

Population of village Y below poverty line = 52% of 3000 = 15600. View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

2.

The ratio of population of village T below poverty line to that of village Z below poverty line in 1997 is: A. 11 : 23 23 : 11 B. 13 : 11

C.

D.

11 : 13

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C Explanation: Let N be the total population of all the seven villages. Then, population of village T below poverty line = 46% of (21% of N) and Population of villages Z below the poverty line = 42% of (11% of N) 46% of (21% of N) Required ratio = 42% of (11 % of N) View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum = 42 x 11 46 x 21 = 22000.

3.

Find the population of village S if the population of village X below poverty line in 1997 is 12160. A. 18500 22000 B. 20500

C.

D.

26000

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C Explanation: Let the population of village X be x. 12160 x 100 Then, 38% of x = 12160 x= 38 = 32000.

Now, if s be the population of village S, then 11 x 3200 16 : 11 = 32000 : s s= 16 View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum = 22000.

4.

If in 1998, the population of villages Y and V increase by 10% each and the percentage of population below poverty line remains unchanged for all the villages, then find the population of village V below poverty line in 1998, given that the population of village in 1997 was 30000. A. 11250 B. 12760

C.

13140

D.

13780

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B Explanation: Population of village Y in 1997 = 30000 (given). Let the population of village V in 1997 be v. Then, 15 : 10 = 30000 : v v = 30000 x 10 = 20000.

15

Now, population of village V in 1998 = 20000 + (10% of 20000) = 22000. Population of village V below poverty line in 1998 = 58% of 22000 = 12760. View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

Directions to Solve The following pie chart shows the amount of subscriptions generated for India Bonds from different categories of investors.
Subscriptions Generated for India Bonds

1.

In the corporate sector, approximately how many degrees should be there in the central angle ? A. 120 122 B. 121

C.

D.

123

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C Explanation: 34 x 3.6 = 122.4 (since 1% = 3.6 degrees) View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

2.

If the investment by NRI's are Rs 4,000 crore, then the investments by corporate houses and FII's together is: A. 24,000 crore B. 24,363 crore

C.

25,423 crore

D.

25,643 crore

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B Explanation: (67/11) x 4000 = 24 363.6364 View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

3.

What percentage of the total investment is coming from either FII's or NRI's ? A. 33 % 44 % B. 11 %

C.

D.

22 %

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C Explanation: (33 + 11) = 44 View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

4.

If the total investment other than by FII and corporate houses is Rs 335,000 crore, then the investment by NRI's and Offshore funds will be (approximately) ? A. 274,100 B. 285,600

C.

293,000

D.

Cannot be determined

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A Explanation:

Investment other than NRI and corporate houses is 33% = 335000. Also, investment by offshore funds and NRI's is equal to 27%. Hence, 27 x 335,000/33 = 274 090.909 View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

5.

If the total investment flows from FII's were to be doubled in the next year and the investment flows from all other sources had remained constant at their existing levels for this year, then what would be the proportion of FII investment in the total investment into India Bonds next year (in US $ millions) ? A. 40 % B. 50 %

C.

60 %

D.

70 %

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B Explanation: FII's currently account for 33 out of 100. If their value is doubled and all other investments are kept constant then their new value would be 66 out of 133 = approximately equal to 50% View Answer Workspace Report Discuss in Forum

Directions to Solve The following pie chart shows the amount of subscriptions generated for India Bonds from different categories of investors.
Subscriptions Generated for India Bonds

6.

What is the approximate ratio of investment flows into India Bonds from NRI's to corporate houses ? A. 1:4 B. 1:3

C.

3:1

D.

Cannot be determined

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B Explanation: 11:34 is approximately equal to 1:3

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3i INFOTECH TECHNICAL QUESTIONS (INTERVIEW)

Q7. What happens when the impedance of an electrical load is equal to the internal impedance of the power source? A. The source delivers minimum power to the load B. The electrical load is shorted C. No current can flow through the circuit D. The source can deliver maximum power to the load

Q8. Why is impedance matching important? A. So the source can deliver maximum power to the load B. So the load will draw minimum power from the source C. To ensure that there is less resistance than reactance in the circuit D. To ensure that the resistance and reactance in the circuit are equal Q11. Why should core saturation of a conventional impedance matching transformer be avoided? A. Harmonics and distortion could result B. Magnetic flux would increase with frequency C. RF susceptance would increase D. Temporary changes of the core permeability could result Q12. What is one reason to use an impedance matching transformer? A. To reduce power dissipation in the transmitter B. To maximize the transfer of power C. To minimize SWR at the antenna D. To minimize SWR in the transmission line Q13. Which of the following devices can be used for impedance matching at radio frequencies? A. A transformer B. A Pi-network C. A length of transmission line D. All of these choices are correct Q14. Which of the following describes one method of impedance matching between two AC circuits? A. Insert an LC network between the two circuits B. Reduce the power output of the first circuit C. Increase the power output of the first circuit D. Insert a circulator between the two circuits Q15. A two-times increase or decrease in power results in a change of how many dB? A. 2 dB B. 3 dB C. 6 dB D. 12 dB Q16. How does the total current relate to the individual currents in each branch of a parallel circuit? A. It equals the average of each branch current B. It decreases as more parallel branches are added to the circuit C. It equals the sum of the currents through each branch (Kirchoff's Current Law) D. It is the sum of the reciprocal of each individual voltage drop How many did you get right out of 16? If you have a similar quiz and want users to test their knowledge or refresh old concepts, do share them with us! This quiz / questions have been compiled by VU3PLP - An Active HAM ( Amateur Radio Oper ator) from Bhuvaneshw ar Orissa. Rajesh also operates w ebsite for Orissa HAMS which provides details of amateur radio activity in Orissa.

68. There was a circuit given using three nand gates with two inputs and one output. Find the output. a) OR b) AND c) XOR d) NOT Ans: (a) 69. Iintegrated check value(ICV) are used as: Ans: The client computes the ICV and then compares it with the senders value. 70. When applets are downloaded from web sites , a byte verifier performs _________? Ans: Status check 71. An IP/IPX packet received by a computer using... having IP/IPX both how the packet Is handled. Ans: Read the, field in the packet header with to send IP or IPX protocol. 72. The UNIX shell .... a) does not come with the rest of the system b) forms the interface between the user and the kernal c) does not give any scope for programming d) deos not allow calling one program from with in another e) all of the above Ans: (b) 73. In UNIX a files i-node ......? Ans: Is a data structure that defines all specifications of a file like the file size, number of lines to a file, permissions etc. 74. The very first process created by the kernal that runs till the kernal process is halts is a) init b) getty c) both (a) and (b) d) none of these Ans: (a) 75. In the process table entry for the kernel process, the process id value is (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 255 (e) it does not have a process table entry Ans: (a) 76. Which of the following API is used to hide a window a) ShowWindow b) EnableWindow c) MoveWindowd) SetWindowPlacement e) None of the above Ans: (a) 77. Which function is the entry point for a DLL in MS Windows 3.1 a) Main b) Winmain c) Dllmain d) Libmain e) None Ans: (b) 78. The standard source for standard input, standard output and standard error is a) the terminal b) /dev/null c) /usr/you/input, /usr/you/output/, /usr/you/error respectively d) None Ans: (a) 79. The redirection operators > and >> a) do the same function b) differ : > overwrites, while >> appends c) differ : > is used for input while >> is used for output d) differ : > write to any file while >> write only to standard output e) None of these Ans: (b)

80. The command grep first second third /usr/you/myfile a) prints lines containing the words first, second or third from the file /usr/you/myfile b) searches for lines containing the pattern first in the files second, third, and /usr/you/myfile and prints them c) searches the files /usr/you/myfiel and third for lines containing the words first or second and prints them d) replaces the word first with the word second in the files third and /usr/you/myfile e) None of the above Ans: (b) Verbal :1. Depreciation: deflation, depression, devaluation, fall, slump 2. Deprecate : feel and express disapproval, 3. Incentive : thing one encourages one to do (stimulus) 4. Echelon : level of authority or responsibility 5. Innovation : make changes or introduce new things 6. Intermittent : externally stopping and then starting 7. Detrimental: harmful 8. Conciliation : make less angry or more friendly 9. Orthodox: conventional or traditional, superstitious 10. Fallible : liable to error 11. Volatile : ever changing 12. Manifest: clear and obvious 13. Connotation : suggest or implied meaning of expression 14. Reciprocal: reverse or opposite 15. Agrarian : related to agriculture 16. Vacillate : undecided or dilemma 17. Expedient : fitting proper, desirable 18. Simulate : produce artificially resembling an existing one. 19. Access : to approach 20. Compensation: salary 21. Truncate : shorten by cutting 22. Adherence : stick 23. Heterogeneous: non similar things 24. Surplus : excessive 25. Assess : determine the amount or value 26. Cognizance : knowledge 27. Retrospective : review 28. Naive : innocent, rustic 29. Equivocate : tallying on both sides, lie, mislead 30. Postulate : frame a theory 31. Latent : dormant, secret 32. Fluctuation : wavering, 33. Eliminate : to reduce 34. Affinity : strong liking 35. Expedite : hasten 36. Console : to show sympathy 37. Adversary : opposition 38. Affable : lovable or approachable

39. Decomposition : rotten 40. Agregious : apart from the crowd, especially bad 41. Conglomeration: group, collection 42. Aberration: deviation 43. Augury : prediction 44. Creditability : ability to common belief, quality of being credible 45. Coincident: incidentally 46. Constituent : accompanying 47. Differential : having or showing or making use of 48. Litigation : engaging in a law suit 49. Moratorium: legally or officially determined period of delay before fulfillment of the agreement of paying of debts. 50. Negotiate : discuss or bargain 51. Preparation : act of preparing 52. Preponderant : superiority of power or quality 53. Relevance : quality of being relevant 54. Apparatus : appliances 55. Ignorance : blindness, in experience 56. Obsession: complex enthusiasm 57. precipitate : speed, active 58. corroborative: refutable 59. obnoxious : harmless 60. sanction: hinder 61. empirical: experimental 62. aborigine: emigrant 63. corpulent : emaciated 64. officious: pragmate 65. Agitator : Firebrand :: Renegade : Turncoat 66. Burst : Sound :: Tinder : Fire 67. Star : cluster :: Tree : clump 68. Piston : Cylinder :: elevator : shaft 69. Mitigate : punishment :: commute : sentence 70. Erudite : scholar :: illiterate : ignorant 71. Fire : Ashes :: explosion : debris 72. mason : wall :: Author : Book 73. Fire : Ashes :: Event : memories

Q. Next they asked what preparations I have done for the interview. I told I have checked the BHEL's site and collected some information about it. Next I have prepared my area of interest i.e. Digital electronics. My 2nd area of interest was Microprocessors 8085 and they started with that. Q. What do mean by 8085. I told it's the serial no. of the device given by the company Intel. But they were not satisfied and told it must have some meaning. I told may its 8 because it's a 8-bit processor and about other digits no idea. Q. What is RISC/CISC? I answered RISC is reduced instruction set computing and CISC is complex instruction set computing.

Q. What's the difference between them? I told RISC is generally used for high speed switching operations and CISC is for general purpose like 8085. Q. Do we use microprocessors nowadays? I told we generally go for microcontrollers these days. Q. What are microcontrollers? I said it has memory inbuilt in it apart from microprocessor architecture. Q. What do you think the CPU we use has microprocessor in it. I told it has but not only microprocessor. It has other components also. Q. What do you think the other components are? The answer of this question doesn't click me there so I told no idea. Q. What do think Pentium uses RISC or CISC? I was not sure with this so answered we can use RISC 4.What is the advantage of Win NT over Win 95 Ans. Robust and secure

17. B-tree (failure nodes at same level) 18. Dense index (index record appers for every search -key in file)

20.A program on swaping ( 10,5 )was given (candidate cannot recollect)

22.In which layer are packets formed ( in network layer ) 23.heap ( priority queue ) 24.copy constructor ( constant reference )

28. Irrevalent to unix command ( getty) 29.What is fork command in unix Ans. System call used to create process

12. What method is used in Win95 in multitasking Ans. Non preemptive check 18. Dense index (index record appers for every search -key in file) 24. copy constructor ( constant reference ) 28. Irrevalent to unix command ( getty) 29. What is fork command in unix Ans. System call used to create process

https://careers.cognizant.com/OffCampus/OffCampus.aspx

Electrical Interview Question and Answers

A moving coil meter is not used on an ac circuit because y y y y

a) It cannot read very small variations b) The direction of the deflection depends upon the direction of the current c) It is non linear d) It does not use the damping effect

Answer b

The purpose of a switch is to open or close a circuit y y y y

a) In the event of a fault current b) Under load conditions c) Under overload conditions d) Automatically after a fault has been repaired

Answer b

With a star-delta starter, the windings are brought out to a terminal box. The voltage applied to the windings at starting is y y y y
a) VL v3 b) VL x v3 c) VPhase v3 d) VPhase x v3

Answer a

When the field windings of an electrical machine are not connected to its own armature, it is known as y y y y
a) Self- excited b) Polyphase c) Separately-excited d) Synchr onous

Answer c

If a motor is required to start against a large starting current, it is usual to use y y y y

a) Direct on line starter b) Face plate starter c) Step dow n centre tapped starter d) Rotor resistance starter

Answer d

The usual method of insulating core laminations is y y

a) Low reluctance silicon steel b) Surface oxidizat ion

y y

c) High frequency air cor es d) Cellulose paper

Answer b

One method of insulating windings is to use y y y y

a) Shelac b) High reluctance silicon steel c) Low frequency dust cores d) PVC

Answer a

Page 1 of 2

Page 2 of 2

TCP/IP
TCP/IP is actually a suite, or stack, of protocols that interconnect and work together to provide for reliable and efficient data communications across an internetwork. The major protocols of the TCP/IP suite are:
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Domain Name System (DNS) Internet Protocol (IP) Address Resolutions Protocol (ARP) File Transport Protocol (FTP) Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) Post Office Protocol (POP3) Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) TCP/IP Utilities (PING, Telnet, IPCONFIG, ARP, and more)

How the TCP/IP Protocol Stack Maps to the OSI Model

OSI Layers Transport Network Data Link, Physical TCP/IP Protocols TCP, UDP IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI*

Application, Presentation, Session Telnet, FTP, SMTP, SNMP, DNS, HTTP

* These are networking technologies that function at the Data Link and Physical layers. They aren't TCP/IP protocols or a part of the TCP/IP protocol stack. Application Layer Protocols FTP FTP is a reliable, connection-oriented tool used to copy files from one computer to another over a TCP/IP network, such as the Internet of an intranet. Another flavor of FTP is Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), which is an unreliable (maining delivery is not guaranteed) file trasfer protocol. Cisco reouters use TFTP to store and retrieve configuration files from a TFTP server. Telnet Telnet is a terminal emulation protocol used on TCP/IP-based networks to remotely log into a remote device to run a program or manipulate data. Telnet was originally developed for ARPAnet and is an inherent part of the TCP/IP communications protocol. In the Cisco world, Telnet is used to access and configure routers from remote locations. Transport Layer Protocols Network protocols are either connection-oriented or connectionless.
y Connection-oriented protocols - require that a direct connection be established between two devices before data can begin to transfer between the devices. Packets are transferred using a prescribed sequence of actions that include an acknowledgment to signal when a packet arrives, and possibly resending the packet if there are errors. This method is reliable and, as a result of its reliability and the overhead involved, much slower than connectionless protocols. y Connectionless protocols - are largely based on your faith in the technology. Packets are sent over the network without regard to whether they actually arrive at their destinations. There are no acknowledgments or guarantees, but you can send a datagram to many different destinations at the same time. Connectionless protocols are fast because no time is used in establishing and tearing down connections. Connectionless protocols are also referred to as best-effort protocols.

Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols

Protocol Type FTP IP IPX TCP UDP SPX Connection-oriented Connectionless Connectionless Connection-oriented Connectionless Connection-oriented

Establishing a connection-oriented connection involves the process of setting up sequence and acknowledgment fields and agreeing upon the port numbers to be used. This is accomplished by a three-step handshake process that works like this:
y Handshake one: Host 1 sends a synchronization message to Host 2 y Handshake two: Host 2 acknowledges Host 1's synchronization message and sends back its own synchronization message. y Handshake three: Host 1 acknowledges Host 2's synchronizattion message.

At this point, the connection is successfully established and the applications can begin transferring data. Both TCP and UDP use port number to move information along to the application layer. The registering body, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), divides port numbers into three groups:
y Well-known ports - are the most commonly used TCP/IP ports. These ports are in the range of 0 through 1023. These ports can be used only by system processes or privileged programs. Well-known ports are TCP ports but are usually registered to UDP services as well. y Registered ports - are in the range of 1024 through 49151. Registered ports are used on most systems by user programs to create and control logical connections between proprietary programs. y Dynamic (private) ports - are in the range of 49152 through 65525. These ports are unregistered and can be used dynamically for private connections.

Additional informaiton to know about port numbers:

y y y y

Port numbers below 256 are assigned to public applications. Port numbers 256 - 1023 are assigned to companies for saleable applications Port numbers above 1023 are dynamically assigned in the host application Source and destination port numbers don't have to be the same

Well-Known Ports
Port Number Application 21 FTP 23 25 69 80 Telnet SMTP TFTP HTTP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP is a connection-oriented reliable, delivery protocol that ensures that packets arrive at their destination error-free. Using TCP is similar to sending a registered letter. When you send the letter, you know for sure that it will get to its destination and that you'll be notivied that it got there in good condition. What to know about TCP:
y y y y y y

Connection-oriented Reliable transfer Error-checking Full-duplex transmission Flow control Multiplexing

On the Transport layer, packets are referred to as segments. The image below depicts the format of the TCP segment:

TCP Segment Description

Field Source port Lenght in Bits Purpose 16 The number of the calling port

Destination port Sequence number Acknowledgment # HLEN Reserved Code bits Window Checksum Urgent Pointer Option Data

16 32 32 4 6 6 16 16 16 0 or 32 -

The number of the calling port Used to ensure correct sequencing of data Sequence number of the next expected TCP octet Header lenght Set to zero Functions that set up and terminate the session Size of window sender can accept Sum of header and data fields (error correction feature) End of the urgent data Maximum TCP segment size Data from upper layers

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Remember that UDP is connectionless and unreliable. UDP Datagram

UDP Datagram Description

Field Source port Destination port Length Checksum Data Size in Bits Purpose 16 The number of the calling port 16 16 16 The number of the called port The length of the datagram Sum of header and data fields (error correction feature) Data from upper layers

Network Layer Protocols A number of TCP/IP protocols operate on the Network layer of the OSI Model, including IP, ARP, RARP, BOOTP, and ICMP. Remember, the OSI Network layer is concerned with routing messages across the internetwork. Internet Protocol (IP)

Where TCP is connection-oriented, IP is connectionless. IP provides for the besteffort delivery of the packets (or datagrams) that it creates from the setments it receives from the Transport layer protocols. The IP protocol provides for logical addressing on the Network layer. The IP packet (or datagram) is variable length, and its format is shown below:

i. Spanning Tree Protocol 1. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) IEEE Specification 802.1d is used to prevent routing loops. In Cisco Catalyst 5000 series switches, use BDPUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) to determine the spanning tree topology. STP uses a Tree Algorithm (STA) to prevent loops, resulting in a stable network topology. 2. Following are the possible solutions for preventing routing loops. 1. Split Horizon - based on the principle that it is not useful to send the information about a route back in the direction from which the information originally came. 2. Poison Reverse - A router that discovers an inaccessible route sets a table entry consistent state (infinite metric) while the network converges. 3. Hold-down Timers - Hold down timers prevent regular update messages from reinstating a route that has gone bad. Here, if a route fails, the router waits a certain amount of time before accepting any other routing information about that route. 4. Triggered Updates - Normally, new routing tables are sent to neighboring routers at regular intervals (IP RIP every 30 sec / and IPX RIP every 60 sec). A triggered update is an update sent immediately in response to some change in the routing table. Triggered updates along with Hold-down timers can be used effectively to counter routing loops. 3. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is enabled on every port on Cisco switches, by default. It is preferred to leave it enabled, so that bridging loops don't occur. STP can be disabled selectively on any specific port by issuing the command: Switch (enable) set spantree disable <mod-number>/<portnumber>. Ex: Switch (enable) set spantree disable 2/4 The above command disables STP on port 4 of module 2.

4. All switches participating in STP exchange information with other switches in the network through messages, known as, Bridge Protocol Data Units (BDPUs). BDPUs are sent out at a frequency of 2 seconds on every port. 5. Internally, STP assigns to each bridge (or switch) port a specific role. The port role defines the behavior of the port from the STP point of view. Based on the port role, the port either sends or receives STP BPDUs and forwards or blocks the data traffic. The different port roles are given below: 1. Designated: One designated port is elected per link (segment). The designated port is the port closest to the root bridge. This port sends BPDUs on the link (segment) and forwards traffic towards the root bridge. In an STP converged network, each designated port is in the STP forwarding state. The switch with the lowest cost to reach the root, among all switches connected to a segment, becomes a DP (Designated Port) on that switch. If the cost is tied (that is two or more switches have the same cost), the switch with the lowest bridge ID will have the DP (the switch on which DP is elected is called Designated Switch or Designated Bridge). Bridge ID: Priority + MAC address 2. Root: A bridge can have only one root port. The root port is the port that leads to the root bridge. In an STP converged network, the root port is in the STP forwarding state. All bridges except the root bridge will have a root port. 3. Alternate: Alternate ports lead to the root bridge, but are not root ports. The alternate ports maintain the STP blocking state. 4. Backup: This is a special case when two or more ports of the same bridge (switch) are connected together, directly or through shared media. In this case, one port is designated, and the remaining ports block. The role for this port is backup. 6. A switch, participating in Spanning-Tree protocol, passes through the following states: 1. Blocked state: This is the initial state. All ports are put in a blocked state to prevent bridging loops. 2. Listen state: This is the second state of switch ports. Here all the ports are put in listen mode. The port can listen to frames but can't send. The period of time that a switch takes to listen is set by "fwd delay". 3. Learn state: Learn state comes after Listen state. The only difference is that the port can add information that it has learned to

its address table. The period of time that a switch takes to learn is set by "fwd delay". 4. Forward state: A port can send and receive data in this state. Before placing a port in forwarding state, Spanning-Tree Protocol ensures that there are no redundant paths or loops. 5. Disabled state: This is the state when the switch port is disabled. A switch port may be disabled due to administrative reasons or due to switch specific problems. 7. During the process of Spanning-Tree Protocol execution, Root switch (say, switch A) is elected first. Next, the switch closest to the root switch is selected. This switch is known as Designated switch or Parent switch (say switch B). The frames are forwarded to the root switch(A) through the designated switch(B). Now the lowest cost port on a switch (say switch C) is selected. This is known as the Root port. A Root Port is the port on a switch that has the lowest cost path to the Root Bridge. All Non-Root Switches will have one Root Port. Here, switch B is the designated switch for switch C and switch A is known as the root switch for switch C. Note that switch C is connected to the root switch (A) through its designated switch (B). 8. During the process of Spanning-Tree Algorithm execution, some redundant ports need to be blocked. This is required to avoid bridging loops. To choose which port to use for forwarding frames, and which port to block, the following three components are used by the Spanning-Tree Protocol: 1. Path Cost: The port with lowest path cost is placed in the forwarding mode. Other ports are placed in blocking mode. 2. Bridge ID: If the path costs are equal, then the bridge ID is used to determine which port should forward. The port with the lowest Bridge ID is elected to forward, and all other ports are blocked. 3. Port ID: If the path cost and bridge ID are equal, the Port ID is used to elect the forwarding port. The lowest port ID is chosen to forward. This type of situation may arise when there are parallel links, used for redundancy. 9. When a bridge starts up, the bridge ID is set as root ID. That is, it considers itself as the root bridge. However, while exchanging BDPUs, if it comes across a BDPU that has a bridge ID lower than its own, then the bridge corresponding to the BDPU is considered as root bridge, and this information is propagated. The bridge ID consists of the following:

1. 2-byte priority: The default value on Cisco switches is 0X8000 (32,768), lower the priority, higher the chances of becoming a root bridge. 2. MAC address: The 6 byte MAC address of the bridge. Lower the MAC address, higher the chances of becoming a root bridge. Note that, the bridge (or switch) with lowest value of 2-byte priority will become the root bridge. If the priority value is same, then the bridge with lowest value of 6-byte MAC address will become the root bridge. 10. The command "show spantree" includes information about the following: 1. VLAN number 2. Root bridge priority, MAC address 3. Bridge timers (Max Age, Hello Time, Forward Delay) ii. VLANS Spanning Tree Overview There can only be one Root Bridge. Root-Bridge ports are called 'Designated' and are set to send and receive traffic (forwarding state). All other redundant links to the root bridge are shutdown. Blocked ports still receive BPDUs. Convergence occurs when switches have transitioned to either forwarding or blocking states. No other data is forwarded during this time. Forward delay - Time taken for a switch to go from Listening to Learning (50 seconds default). IEEE default priority = 32,768, this is true for all devices running STP IEEE version. Port Fast Mode - Immediately brings a port from blocking to forwarding state by eliminating forward delays. Bridges can only have one spanning tree instance compared to switches which can have many. Bridge Protocol Data Units send confirmation messages using multicast frames.  STA - Spanning Tree Algorithm  Spanning Tree Algorithm is used to calculate a loop-free path.  All switch ports are in blocking mode to begin with. It takes approx 30 seconds until packets can be forwarded.  Step 1 : Elect Root Bridge - Lowest bridge priority, if there is a tie then switch with lowest bridge ID Step 2 : Elect Root Ports - Locate redundant paths to root bridge; block all but on root. Root Path Cost is cumulative cost of path to root bridge. Ports directly connected to Root Bridge will be root ports, otherwise lowest root path cost used. Step 3 : Elect Designated Ports - Single port that sends and receives traffic from a switch to and from Root Bridge - Lowest cost path to Root Bridge. Spanning Tree Protocol

        

The Spanning Tree Protocol was created by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) now Compaq. This is not compatible with the IEEE 802.1d version which Cisco use. The Spanning Tree Protocol:
    

Prevents loops, loops cause broadcast storms Allows redundant links Resilient to topology changes STA (Spanning Tree Algorithm) - Used to calculate loop-free path BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) are sent and received by switches in the network every 2 seconds (default) to determine spanning tree topology. Bridge Priority - Numerical value held by switches. All Catalyst switches are 32768 Bridge ID = MAC Address Spanning Tree The spanning tree network protocol provides a loop free topology for any bridged LAN. The Spanning Tree Protocol, which is also referred to as STP, is defined in the IEEE Standard 802.1D. Spanning tree is based on an algorithm invented by Radia Perlman while working for Digital Equipment Corporation. STP is used in switched networks to prevent loops, and has been standardized by IEEE 802.1D. As the name suggests, it finds a spanning tree within the mesh network formed by the installer, whether purposefully created or not, and disables the links not part of that tree. There are two different standards of STP: IEEE and DEC. IEEE is the most common, and is recommended to be the one used in a network. Problems can be caused in networks where both standards of STP are implemented. It is likely that both standards will elect their own root bridge and cause loops in the topology. The way in which both standards handle Bridge Protocol Data Units (see below) also differs. If more than one open path were to be active at once then there would be several problems. First, a broadcast storm caused by broadcast packets looping between switches would reduce available CPU resources and bandwidth (many modern bridges can detect and limit the effects of this, although it usually still causes a breakdown in connectivity). Second, the traditional source-based location system (filtering database) used by switches would fail to operate correctly. However, a good network design should include spare (redundant) links to provide an alternate path if one fails. Hence the need for spanning tree in a switched network. [edit]Protocol operation

  

Elect a root bridge. Find paths to root bridge. Determine least cost (measured as sum of all traversed port costs) path to root bridge.

Disable all other root paths. [edit]Electing a root bridge Each switch has a unique identifier (ID) and a configurable priority number; both of these numbers make up the Bridge Identification or BID. The BID is used to elect a root bridge based upon the lowest priority number; if this is a tie then the numerically lowest ID wins. Because it is next to impossible that two IDs will be the same (they are uniquely assigned), one switch should always be successfully elected as the root bridge with the switch that has the next lowest priority/cost acting as a secondary (backup) root bridge. Other switches in the network that use spanning tree will use the same algorithmic process to calculate the shortest path to the root bridge and so produce a loop free tree topology where multiple paths to the root bridge exist. The priority number is normally left at its default value but can be reconfigured to a lower number if the network administrator wishes a particular switch to be elected; otherwise the whole process is fully automated. The Bridge ID is the concatenation of bridge priority number and MAC address of the switch. The bridge priority number varies from 0 to 65535. The Switch with least administrative cost is selected as a Root Bridge. [edit]Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) BIDs and other Spanning Tree Protocol information are carried in special data

frames called bridge protocol data units (BPDUs). BPDUs are exchanged regularly (every 2 seconds by default) and enable switches to keep track of network changes and activate or disable ports as required. When a device is first attached to a switch port, it will not immediately start to forward data. It will instead go through a number of states while it processes BPDUs and determines the topology of the network. When a host is attached such as a computer, printer or serverthe port will always go into the forwarding state, albeit after a delay of about 30 seconds while it goes through the listening and learning states (see below). The time spent in the listening and learning states is determined by a value known as the forward delay (default 15 seconds and set by the root bridge). However, if instead another switch is connected, the port may remain in blocking mode if it is determined that it would cause a loop in the network. Topology

Change Notification (TCN) BPDUs are used to inform other switches of port changes. TCNs are injected into the network by a non-root switch and propagated to the root. Upon receipt of the TCN, the root switch will set a Topology Change flag in its normal BPDUs. This flag is propagated to all other switches to instruct them to rapidly age out their forwarding table entries. STP switch port states:


Listening - The switch processes BPDUs and awaits possible new information that would cause it to return to the blocking state. Learning - While the port does not yet forward frames (packets) it does learn source addresses from frames received and adds them to the filtering database (switching database) Blocking - A port that would cause a switching loop, no user data is sent or received but it may go into forwarding mode if the other links in use were to fail and the spanning tree algorithm determines the port may transition to the forwarding state. BPDU data is still received in blocking state. Forwarding - A port receiving and sending data, normal operation. STP still monitors incoming BPDUs that would indicate it should return to the blocking state to prevent a loop. Disabled - Not strictly part of STP, a network administrator can manually disable a port

To prevent the delay when connecting hosts to a switch and during some topology changes, Rapid STP was developed and standardized by IEEE 802.1w which allows a switch port to rapidly transition into the forwarding state during these situations. [edit]Evolutions and extensions [edit]Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) In Ethernet switched environments where multiple Virtual LANs exist, spanning tree can be deployed per Virtual LAN. Cisco's name for this isper VLAN spanning tree (PVST and PVST+ which is the default protocol used by Cisco switches). Both PVST and PVST+ protocols are Cisco proprietary protocols and they cannot be used on 3rd party switches. PVST only works with ISL due to its embedded Spanning tree ID. Due to high penetration of the IEEE 802.1Q trunking standard

and PVST's incompatibility with 802.1Q, Cisco redefined its PVST standard and called it PVST+. [edit]Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) In 1998, the IEEE introduced an evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol: Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) or 802.1w. In the 2004 editionof 802.1D, STP is superseded by the RSTP. RSTP is an evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol; it was introduced in the extension IEEE 802.1w, and provides for faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change. Standard IEEE 802.1D-2004 now incorporates RSTP and obsoletes STP. RSTP bridge port roles:
  

Root - A forwarding port that has been elected for the spanning-tree topology Designated - A forwarding port for every LAN segment Alternate - An alternate path to the root bridge. This path is different than using the root port. Backup - A backup/redundant path to a segment where another bridge port already connects. Disabled - Not strictly part of STP, a network administrator can manually disable a port

RSTP is a refinement of STP and therefore shares most of its basic operation characteristics. However there are some notable differences as summarized below:


Detection of root switch failure is done in 3 hello times, which is 6 seconds if default hello times have not been changed. Ports may be configured as edge ports if they are attached to a LAN which has no other bridges attached. These edge ports transition directly to the forwarding state. RSTP still continues to monitor the port for BPDUs in case a bridge is connected. RSTP can also be configured to automatically detect edge ports. As soon as the bridge detects a BPDU coming to an edge port, the port becomes a non-edge port. Unlike in STP, RSTP will respond to BPDUs sent from the direction of the root bridge. An RSTP bridge will "propose" to its designated ports its spanning

tree information. If another RSTP bridge receives this information, determines this is the superior root information, and sets all its other ports to discarding. The bridge may send an "agreement" to the first bridge confirming its superior spanning tree information. The first bridge, upon receiving this agreement, knows it can rapidly transition that port to the forwarding state bypassing the traditional listening/learning state transition. This essentially creates a cascading effect away from the root bridge where each designated bridge proposes to its neighbors to determine if it can make a rapid transition. This is one of the major elements which allows RSTP to achieve faster convergence times than STP.


As discussed in the port role details above, RSTP maintains backup details

regarding the discarding status of ports. This avoids timeouts if the current forwarding ports were to fail or BPDUs were not received on the root port in a certain interval. [edit]Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) The Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP), originally defined in IEEE 802.1s and later merged into IEEE 802.1Q-2003, defines an extension to the RSTP protocol to further develop the usefulness of virtual LANs (VLANs). This "PerVLAN" Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol configures a separate Spanning Tree for each VLAN group and blocks the links that are redundant within each Spanning Tree. If there is only one Virtual LAN (VLAN) in the network, single (traditional) STP works appropriately. If the network contains more than one VLAN, the logical network configured by single STP would work, but it is possible to make better use of the redundant links available by using an alternate spanning tree for different (groups of) VLANs. MSTP allows formation of MST regions which can run multiple MST instances (MSTI). Multiple regions and other STP bridges are interconnected using one single common spanning tree (CST). MSTP was inspired by Cisco Systems' Multiple Instances Spanning Tree Protocol (MISTP), and is an evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol and the Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol. It was introduced in IEEE 802.1s as amendment to 802.1Q, 1998 edition. Standard IEEE 802.1Q-2003 now includes MSTP.

Unlike some proprietary per-VLAN spanning tree implementations, MSTP includes all of its spanning tree information in a single BPDU format. Not only does this reduce the number of BPDUs required on a LAN to communicate spanning tree information for each VLAN, but it also ensures backward compatibility with RSTP (and in effect classical STP too). MSTP does this by encoding additional region information after the standard RSTP BPDU as well as a number of MSTI messages (from 0 to 64 instances, although in practice many bridges support less). Each of these MSTI configuration messages conveys the spanning tree information for each instance. Each instance can be assigned a number of configured VLANs and frames (packets) assigned to these VLANs operate in this spanning tree instance whenever they are inside the MST region. In order to avoid conveying their entire VLAN to spanning tree mapping in each BPDU, bridges encode an MD5 digest of their VLAN to instance table in the MSTP BPDU. This digest is then used by other MSTP bridges, along with other administratively configured values, to determine if the neighboring bridge is in the same MST region as itself. MSTP is fully compatible with RSTP bridges, in that an MSTP BPDU can be interpreted by an RSTP bridge as an RSTP BPDU. This not only allows compatibility with RSTP bridges without configuration changes, but also causes any RSTP bridges outside of an MSTP region to see the region as a single RSTP bridge, regardless of the number of MSTP bridges inside the region itself. In order to further facilitate this view of an MST region as a single RSTP bridge, the MSTP protocol uses a variable known as remaining hops as a time to live counter instead of the message age timer used by RSTP. The message age time is only incremented once when spanning tree information enters an MST region, and therefore RSTP bridges will see a region as only one "hop" in the spanning tree. Ports at the edge of an MST region connected to either a RSTP or STP bridge or an endpoint are known as boundary ports. As in RSTP, these ports can be configured as edge ports to facilitate rapid changes to the forwarding state when connected to endpoints. [edit]References .

ccna

6. Which protocol is used by e-mail servers to communicate with each other? FTP HTTP TFTP SMTP POP SNMP

7. What does the http portion of the URL http://www.cisco.com/edu/communicate to a web browser? The web browser needs to locate the www server. The address is located on a site whose name is http. The web browser is notified as to which protocol to use. The http portion represents the type of web browser that needs to be used.

8. FTP provides a reliable, connection-oriented service for transferring of files. Which transport layer protocol is used for data transfer when this service is being used? TFTP TCP DNS IP UDP

9. What is the purpose of TCP/UDP port numbers? indicate the beginning of a three-way handshake reassemble the segments into the correct order

identify the number of data packets that may be sent without acknowledgment track different conversations crossing the network at the same time

10. What are the features of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). (Choose three.) no guaranteed delivery of datagrams connection-oriented provides reliable full-duplex data transmission reliability provided by the application layer connectionless utilizes sliding windowing techniques

11. Which of the following are primary duties of the OSI transport layer? (Choose two.) path determination end-to-end connectivity flow control security control data representation encryption of data

12. If an application uses a protocol that exchanges data without using windowing or flow control and must rely on higher layer protocols for reliability, which protocol and transfer methods are being used? UDP, connection-oriented UDP, connectionless TCP, connection-oriented TCP, connectionless

13. TCP is referred to as connection-oriented. What does this mean? TCP uses only LAN connections. TCP requires devices to be directly connected. TCP negotiates a session for data transfer between hosts. TCP reassembles the data steams in the order that it is received.

14. Which port numbers are commonly assigned for FTP use? (Choose two.) 19 20 21 22

15. hich Application layer protocol is widely used to support resolving host names to IP addresses? FTP SMTP SNMP DNS HTTP WWW

CAT Reading Comprehension : Sample Passage

Read the passage given below and answer questions that follow based on the information given in the passage First AOL and Time Warner announced their intention to combine. Then came Time Warner/EMI and Tribune/ Times Mirror. Even more significant, however, has been the speculation that these mergers have caused: If these transactions are consummated, a large number of additional media mergers are expected. There is even the possibility of a nightmare scenario-a wave of media mergers so large that within a decade most of our information will be supplied by perhaps six of these huge conglomerates and a fringe of much smaller firms. It's time to ask two critical questions. Is this kind of media oligopoly what we, as a society, want? And if not, can the antitrust laws effectively prevent the threatened merger wave? The answer to the first question is clear. We do not want a media oligopoly. The answer to the second question, however, is far less certain. We should distrust a media oligopoly because it would give undue control to a small number of individuals. This need not manifest itself in a price rise for the daily newspaper or AOL's monthly fee. Rather, it could consist of a change in editorial viewpoints, a shift in the relative prominence of links to certain websites or a decision not to cover certain topics, because they are not "newsworthy". These problems could exist without any improper intent on the part of the media barons. Even if they try to be fair and objective, they will necessarily bring their own worldview to the job. And in time some of these conglomerates may be controlled by people who are not fair or objective. At first it might appear that the antitrust laws can be of little help in grappling with the issues presented by large media mergers. The anti-merger laws are commonly understood as protecting price competition, and a relatively small number of firms-to greatly oversimplify, let's say at most half a dozen-are normally thought to be enough to keep a market price-competitive. In industry after industry firms merge until there is only a handful left, and the antitrust enforcers are normally unable to do anything to prevent this. (In former years mergers were governed by an "incipiency" standard that prevented mergers and merger waves well before they would have led to very large or likely anti-competitive problems.) Even if a handful of firms are enough to insure effective competition in most industries, would six conglomerate media firms be sufficient for the diversity of viewpoints necessary to democracy? Would we be reassured if they could somehow guarantee that they would sell their magazines and Internet advertisements at competitive prices? I am hopeful that the antitrust laws, if correctly and vigorously interpreted, are adaptable enough to meet this challenge. This is because antitrust is not exclusively about price. It is essentially about choice-about giving consumers a competitive range of options in the marketplace so that they can make their own, effective selection from the market's offerings. Consumers should be able to make their choices along any dimension important to them-including price, variety and editorial viewpoint. Communications media compete in part by offering independent editorial viewpoints and an independent gatekeeper function. Six media firms cannot effectively respond to the demand for choice or diversity

competition by extending their product lines, because new media products will inevitably bear, to some degree, the perspective of their corporate parent. For these reasons competition in terms of editorial viewpoint or gate-keeping can be guaranteed only by insuring that a media market contains a significantly larger number of firms than is required for price competition in other, more conventional markets. It is unclear, however, whether this interpretation of the anti-trust laws will be applied by the enforcement agencies and the courts. What is needed, therefore, is a much more careful look at the challenges that will be raised by future media mergers. This could best be accomplished if Congress created a Temporary Committee to Study Media Mergers and Media Convergence. This committee could include members of Congress; the heads of the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission and the Justice Department's antitrust division; CEOs of media companies; and representatives of consumer groups. The committee would identify problems that may be caused by large media mergers and by media convergence. If the committee concludes that existing antitrust laws are inadequate, it should recommend to Congress that new antimerger legislation be enacted. This may be the only way to prevent the nightmare scenario of a media oligopoly. 1. A wave of media mergers could 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. be a threat to democracy result in limiting editorial viewpoints result in misuse of certain laws both (1) and (2) none of the above

2. According to t he passage, what could be the most significant outcome of media oligopoly? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. An increase in the cost of newspapers The fact that in the long run, there will be a shift of power to people who might not be balanced and fair in the way they deal with the media Certain websites may get more prominence than others There will be no competition among the newspapers There will soon exist only six media conglomerates

3. Which of t he following statements, according to the author, are true a. b. c. d. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Half a dozen firms are enough to keep the mar ket price - compet itive Half a dozen companies are not enough to provide a democratic media Enforcement agencies may not interpret the ant-trust laws correctly Half a dozen companies will be inadequate to meet th e consumer demand for product diversity a, b a, b, c a, b, c, d b, c, d a, c, d

4. The current anti- trust laws 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. are not sufficient to deal with issues relating to large scale media mergers can pr event mergers from happening will be effective if properly interpreted favour a particular company or group of companies none of the above

5. To get a clear picture of the challenges posed by media mergers, the author recommends: > 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. creation of strict laws strengthening the enforcement agen cies creation of a study committee by th e congress none of the above all of th e above

Click for Correct answers and explanations to the answers.

CAT Reading Comprehension : Sample Passage Answers

Correct Answer

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

4 2 3 3 3

Explanatory Answer

1.

The author talks about the n ecessity of diversity of viewpoints being essential for democracy. Therefore, a lack of it could be a threat to democracy. So (1) can be inferred. Choice (2) is clearly mention ed in the passage. Choice (3) cannot be inferred from th e passage. Choice (4) is the correct answer. In the last line of the third paragraph, the author voices the contents of choice (2) as the s erious threat to medial oligopoly. While the author refers to the possibility of only six conglomerat es, he uses the number six figuratively and not factually. Choice (2). In the third paragraph, the author answers that media mergers may not results in prices increasing. Stat ement (a) is mentioned. In the same paragraph, he clearly puts forth the case that the oligopoly will not be able to provide a democratic media. And in the sixth paragraph, the author mentions statement (c) and (d). Choice (3) is correct. In the first line of the fifth paragraph, the author mentions that the existing anti trust laws, if interpreted properly, are adequate to meet th e media merger challenge. Choice (3). The last paragraph of the passage provides a clear suggestion. Choice (3) is correct.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Question 1. For the word given at the top of th e table, mat ch the dictionary definitions on the left (A, B, C, D) with their corresponding usage on th e right (E, F, G, H). Out of the four possibilities given in the boxes below the table, select the on e that has all th e definitions and their usages correctly matched. 1. BILL Dictionary definition A. A written stat ement showing how much money you own Usage E. The bill was pass ed in the parliament with a wafer thin

someone for the goods or services you have received B. Written document containing a proposal for a n ew law F.

margin. They were arrested for willfully mutilating 100 rupee bills. Settling bills is an unsetting chore.

C.

A list of event and performers at a concert, show, movie, etc. Paper money as in bank not e

G.

D.

H.

Cats has been topping th e bill in Broadway for over t en years.

(1) A B C D G H E F

(2) A B C D H G E F

(3) A B C D F G H E

(4) A B C D G E H F

Questions 2 to 4. For each of the words below, a cont extual usage is provided. Pick th e word from th e alternatives given that is most inappropriate in the given context. 2. TEMPORAL: Do not get tempt ed by these t emporal pleasures. They do not last long. (1) Eternal (2) Immortal (3) Everlasting (4) Ephemeral

3. FATUOU S: He is far too s ensible to have don e a fatuous thing like this. (1) Stupid (2) Intelligent (3) Inane (4) Foolish

4. MACABRE: The office wor e a macabr e look on Friday after th e compan y downsized its staff strength. (1) Grisly (2) Tropical (3) Gruesome (4) Lugubrious

Question 5. Sentences given in this question, when properly sequenced form a coherent paragraph. E ach sentence is labeled with a lett er. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the four given choices to construct a coherent paragraph. 5. A. One of the solutions provided by this calculator was the Torpedo Track Angle, the gyro angle to be applied to the torpedoes. This angle was relative to the dir ection the bow would be facing when the fish was fired.

B. C. D.

The advantage of this was that the bow didn 't necessarily have to be point ed towards the target. During the attack, estimated target speed, course and range were fed into a mechanical angle solver ("fruit machin e") which was also provided with the submarine's gyro heading. Torpedo spread was achieved by maintaining a st eady course (of the submarine) and varying the gyro angle firing interval (time between firing) for each fish. BCDA (2) ADCB (3) CBDA (4) CADB Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (4) (4) (2) (2) (4)

(1)