Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Learning Objectives
Satellite Spacing in Orbit Communication Satellite Classifications Satellite System Link Model Communication Satellite Subsystems
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
Intelsat VI Satellite
Courtesy of Boeing Satellite Systems. All rights reserved.
CSE 426-F2007
NDG Notes
Uplink Model
Primary component Earth Station Transmitter
IF modulator IF-to-RF microwave up-converter High Power Amplifier(Klystrons or Travelling-wave tubes ) Band pass filter
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
Transponder
Transponder (Transmitter + Responder) Model
To be discussed in coming slides..
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
10
Downlink Model
Primary component Earth Station Receivers
Input BPF LNA(tunnel diode) RF-to-IF down-converter(mixer+BPF)
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
11
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
12
The major subsystems required on the communication satellite are: Attitude and orbit control system(AOCS):It consists of rocket motors that are used to move the satellite back to the correct orbit when external forces causes it to drift. Telemetry,Tracking,Command and Monitoring(TTC & M):This is partly on the satellite and partly on the controlling earth station. A dedicated earth station is used for this purpose. Used for launch sequence deployment, monitoring of command actions, report spacecraft health, control of thrusters and payload etc Power Systems: Mainly solar cells Communications Subsystem: These are major components (represent small part of volume, weight and cost of sat in orbit) of a communication satellite.Includes transponders and antennas Satellite Antennas: Type depends on functionality and coverage
12/26/2008 NUST-SEECS 13
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutation
12/26/2008 NUST-SEECS 14
CSE 426-F2007
NDG Notes
15
Stabilization of Spinner
Spinner Satellites use the angular momentum of its spinning body to provide stabilization Entire craft is rotated at 30-100RPM to provide gyroscopic force Keeps satellite point in same direction
DSP Satellite
http://www.gyroscopes.org/behaviour.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope
Low date rate is used to allow the receiver at the earth station to have narrow band-width and maintain high C/N ratio
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
18
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
19
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
20
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
21
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
22
Power System
All communication satellites obtain their power from solar cell Solar radiation falling on a geostationary spacecraft has intensity of 1.39 kw/m2 Efficiency of solar cells falls with time due to aging and etching of surface. Spacecrafts carry batteries to power the subsystems during launch and eclipses
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
23
Communications Subsystem-1
A communication satellite exists to provide a platform in orbit for relaying voice, video and data communications All other subsystems on the satellite exist to support the comm system Only source of revenue Design is to maximize the traffic capacity Downlink design is the critical part due to limited transmitter power and antenna size and gain. Received power level rarely exceeds 10-10W Satisfactory performance->S/N in receiver must be between 5dB and 25dB depending on the bandwidth of transmitted signal and modulation used.
12/26/2008 NUST-SEECS 24
Communications Subsystem-2
Early Communication Satellite(Power Limited)
Transponders B.W=250 or 500Mhz Transmitter output power=1 to 2 W
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
25
Communications Subsystem-3
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
26
Communications Subsystem-4
Repeater/Transponder
The total Repeater bandwidth(up to 500MHz-1.5GHz) is split into sub-bands(a few tens of MHz). Each sub-band is then amplified by a Transponder.
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
27
Communications Subsystem-5
24 active transponders by adopting orthogonal polarization frequency re-use 500MHz B.W divided into channels of 36MHz Center frequencies are spaced 40MHz apart to allow guard bands
3800
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
28
Communications Subsystem-6
Transponder Technology
Two Types Transparent(Bentpipe) Transponders Onboard Processing(Regenerative)Transponder
Transparent
12/26/2008
Processing
NUST-SEECS
29
Communications Subsystem-7
Transponder Technology
Functionality of Transparent(Bentpipe) Transponder Frequency Translation Amplification
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
30
Communications Subsystem-8
Communications Subsystem-9
Transponder Technology
Functionality of Onboard Processing(OBP) Transponder Uplink is demodulated, data recovered prior to processing After processing, data is reformatted for transmission on downlink
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
32
Satellite Antennas
Wire Antennas:monopoles and dipoles Horn Antennas Reflector Antennas Array Antennas
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
33
http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/publications/lloyd-wood-iwssc-08-tutorial.pdf
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
35
Footprint Categories
Spot Zonal Hemispherical Earth(Global)
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
36
Footprint Categories
Spot and Zonal Beams:
Concentrated power to very small geographical areas Have high EIRPs Blanket less than 10% of earths surface
Hemispherical Beam
Blanket 20% of Earths surface Have EIRP that are 3dB lower than spot beams
Earth(Global)
Beamwidth of approximately 17 Coverage of upto 42% of earths surface Power levels are considerably low Require large receive dishes for adequate signal detection
NUST-SEECS 37
12/26/2008
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
38
Relations to Remember
An aperture antenna has a gain G given by G = A4A/2 where A=area of the antenna aperture in meters =wavelength in meters A=aperture efficiency If aperture is circular,G= A(D/)2 where D=diameter of circular aperture in meters
3 dB Beam width and aperture dimension are related by: 3dB=75 /D degrees For antennas with A=60% : G=33,000/(3dB )2 where G is not in decibels and beam width is in degrees.Value of constant varies from 28,000 to 35000 for different sources.33,000 typical for reflectors
39
http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/publications/lloyd-wood-iwssc-08-tutorial.pdf
12/26/2008 NUST-SEECS 40
http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/publications/lloyd-wood-iwssc-08-tutorial.pdf
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
41
Coverage of Molniya
http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/constellations
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
42
Footprint of Iridium
http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/constellations/
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
43
12/26/2008
http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/constellations/
NUST-SEECS
44
Reading Assignment Chapter 3-Timothy Pratt Book pg 57-92,exclude maths on pg 90 Recommended site visit for Everyone!
http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/constellations/
12/26/2008
NUST-SEECS
45