1

FACTS Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System

For Cost Effective and Reliable Transmission of Electrical Energy

1. This content belongs to www.all-papers.blogspot.com. Visit regularly for updated paper presentations. Every Topic Is Unique Even if topic title is same content is different...better chec! date and time to identify"

2. Please do click on ads and visit topics, to contribute to the blog (as a click on ads costs nothing to you). #. $ll paper presentations% Techfest info and &lacement procedures% &apers of Top '() 'ulti (ational )ompany" are posted here. *ith multiple direct lin!s. +ust download and also Invite your friends so that their &aper &resentations% Techfest info.%etc can be shared here.
,. If you have any &aper &resentations% &lacement &apers% Techfest info% do

mail to rohith.papers-yahoo.com or" rohith.papers-gmail.com so that there will be published with your name. .. To contact me /ust mail to rohith.papers-yahoo.com rohith.papers-gmail.com and share your views. or"

2 ABSTRACT The need for more efficient electricity system management has given rise to innovative technologies in power generation and transmission. The combined cycle power station is a good example of a new development in power generation and flexible AC transmission systems, FACTS as they are generally nown, are new devices that improve transmission systems. !orldwide transmission systems are "ndergoing contin"o"s changes and restr"ct"ring. They are becoming more heavily loaded and are being operated in ways not originally envisioned. Transmission systems m"st be flexible to react to more diverse generation and load patterns. #n addition, the economical "tili$ation of transmission system assets is of vital importance to enable "tilities in ind"striali$ed co"ntries to remain competitive and to s"rvive. #n developing co"ntries, the optimi$ed "se of transmission systems investments is also important to s"pport ind"stry, create employment and "tili$e efficiently scarce economic reso"rces. Flexible AC Transmission Systems %FACTS& is a technology that responds to these needs. #t significantly alters the way transmission systems are developed and controlled together with improvements system in asset and "tili$ation, system flexibility

performance. The FACTS technology is essential to alleviate some b"t not all of these diffic"lties. The FACTS technology opens "p new opport"nities for controlling power and enhancing the "sable capacity of present, as well as new and "pgraded, lines. The possibility that c"rrent and therefore power thro"gh a line can be controlled enables a large potential of increasing the capacity of existing lines. These opport"nities arise thro"gh the ability of FACTS controllers to control the interrelated parameters that govern the operation of transmission systems incl"ding series impedance, sh"nt impedance, c"rrent, voltage, phase angle and the damping of oscillations.

'

What are FACTS devices ?

FACTS devices are "sed for the dynamic control of voltage, impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC transmission lines. FACTS apply power electronics to the power system and can provide (instantaneo"s) real power and*or voltage control. +elow are the different main types of FACTS devices are described, 1.Static VAR Compensators (SVCs),The most important FACTS devices, have been "sed for a n"mber of years to improve transmission line economics by resolving dynamic voltage problems. The acc"racy, availability and fast response enable S.C/s to provide high performance steady state and transient voltage control compared with classical sh"nt compensation. S.C/s are also "sed to dampen power swings, improve transient stability, and red"ce system losses by optimi$ed reactive power control. Pict re!"SVC

#.Th$ristor

contro%%ed

series

compensators (TCSCs) !" These are an extension of conventional series capacitors thro"gh adding a thyristor-controlled reactor. 0lacing a controlled reactor in parallel FACTS 1 For cost effective and reliable transmission of electrical energy with a series capacitor enables a contin"o"s and rapidly variable series compensation system. The main benefits of TCSCs are increased energy transfer, dampening of power oscillations, dampening of s"b synchrono"s resonances, and control of line power flow. Pict re!"TCSC

&. STATC'(s are 2T3 %gate t"rn-off type thyristor& based S.C/s. Compared with conventional S.C/s %see above& they don/t re4"ire large ind"ctive and capacitive components to provide ind"ctive or capacitive reactive power to high voltage transmission systems. This res"lts in smaller land re4"irements. An

5 additional advantage is the higher Bene+its o+ ti%i/in- FACTS devices The benefits of "tili$ing FACTS devices ).*ni+ied (*PFC),Connecting a STATC36, which is a sh"nt connected device, with a series branch in the transmission line via its 8C circ"it res"lts in a 90FC. This device is comparable to a phase shifting transformer b"t can apply a series voltage of the re4"ired phase angle instead of a voltage with a fixed phase angle. The 90FC combines the benefits of a STATC36 and a TCSC. Fi-!" *PFC Circ it .ia-ram Better ti%i/ation o+ e0istintransmission s$stem assets !" #n many co"ntries, increasing the energy transfer capacity and controlling the load flow of transmission lines are of vital importance, especially in dereg"lated mar ets, where the locations of generation and the b"l load centers can change rapidly. Fre4"ently, adding new transmission lines to meet increasing electricity economical demand and is limited by environmental Po,er F%o, Contro%%er in electrical transmission systems can be s"mmari$ed as follows, +etter "tili$ation of existing transmission system assets #ncreased transmission system reliability and availability #ncreased dynamic and transient grid stability and red"ction of loop flows #ncreased 4"ality of s"pply for sensitive ind"stries :nvironmental benefits

reactive o"tp"t at low system voltages where a STATC36 can be considered as a c"rrent so"rce independent from the system voltage. STATC36s have been in operation for approximately 7 years. Pict re!"STATC'(

constraints. FACTS devices help to meet these re4"irements with the existing transmission systems.

7 1ncreased transmission s$stem higher energy transfer capability and red"ced ris of line trips. 1ncreased 3 a%it$ o+ s pp%$ +or sensitive ind stries! 6odern ind"stries depend "pon high 4"ality electricity s"pply incl"ding constant voltage, and fre4"ency and no s"pply interr"ptions. .oltage dips, fre4"ency variations or the loss of s"pply can lead to interr"ptions in man"fact"ring res"lting processes with high economic losses. FACTS

re%ia2i%it$ and avai%a2i%it$ Transmission system reliability and availability is affected by many different factors. Altho"gh FACTS devices cannot prevent fa"lts, they can mitigate the effects of fa"lts and ma e electricity s"pply more sec"re by red"cing the n"mber of line trips. For example, a ma;or load re;ection res"lts in an over voltage of the line which can lead to a line trip. S.C/s or STATC36s co"nteract the over voltage and avoid line tripping. 1ncreased d$namic and transient -rid Sta2i%it$! <ong transmission lines, interconnected grids, impacts of changing loads and line fa"lts can create instabilities in transmission systems. These can lead to red"ced line power flow, loop flows or even to line trips. FACTS devices stabili$e transmission system res"lting

devices can help provide the re4"ired 4"ality of s"pply. 4nvironmenta% 2ene+its!" FACTS devices are environmentally friendly. They contain no ha$ardo"s materials and prod"ce no waste or poll"tants. FACTS help distrib"te the electrical energy more economically thro"gh better "tili$ation of existing #nstallations thereby red"cing the need for additional transmission lines.

= App%ications and technica% 2ene+its o+ FACTS devices! As well as dynamic applications of FACTS in addressing problems in transient stability, dampening, post contingency voltage control and voltage stability. FACTS devices are :xhibits 2 to 5 below describe the technical benefits of the principal FACTS devices incl"ding steady state applications in addressing problems of voltage limits, thermal limits, loop flows, short circ"it levels and s"b synchrono"s resonance. For each problem the conventional sol"tion %e.g. sh"nt reactor or sh"nt capacitor& is also provided %as well as for dynamic re4"ired when there is a need to respond to networ dynamic %fast-changing& conditions. The conventional FACTS are a ,e%%"proven techno%o-$! The first installations were p"t into service over 2@ years ago. As of Aan"ary 2@@@, the total worldwide installed capacity of FACTS devices is more than 5@,@@@ 6.A> in several h"ndred installations. !hile FACTS devices are "sed primarily in the electricity s"pply ind"stry, they are also "sed in comp"ter hardware and steel man"fact"ring %S.C/s for flic er compensation&, as well as for voltage control in transmission systems for railways and in research centers %e.g. C:>B in 2eneva. The Tab"lar col"mn clearly in operation s"ch as the thyristor controlled %TC0A>&? phase-angle the thyristor reg"lator controlled

voltage limiter %TC.<&? and the thyristor switched series capacitor %TCSC&.

sol"tions are normally less expensive than FACTS devices 1 b"t limited in their dynamic behavior. #t is the tas of the planners to identify the most economic sol"tion. #n :xhibits ' and 5 information is provided on FACTS devices with extensive operational experience and widespread "se s"ch as S.C, STATC36, TCSC and 90FC. #n addition, information is provided on FACTS devices that are either "nder disc"ssion, development or as 0rototype

depicts and pict"rises the applications of vario"s FACTS devices, methods to deb"g the problems occ"rring in the Flexible AC Transmission of :lectrical 0ower.

#SS9: .oltage <imits

Corrective Action <ow .oltage at S"pply >eactive heavy loads 0ower Cigh voltage at >emove >eactive light load 0ower s"pply

0roblem

Cigh voltage following o"tage

<ow .oltage following 3"tage

<ow .oltage and 3verload Thermal <imits <ine Transformer 3verload or

Conventional Sol"tion Sh"nt capacitor, Series Capacitor Switch :C. <ine andDor sh"nt capacitor Absorb >eactive Switch Sh"nt 0ower capacitor, Sh"nt >eactor Absorb >eactive Add sh"nt reactor 0ower 0rotect Add arrestor :4"ipment S"pply reactive Switch Sh"nt power capacitor, reactor, series capacitor 0revent 3verload Series >eactor, 0A> S"pply reactive Combination of power and limit two or more overload devices >ed"ce 3verload Add line or transformer Add series reactor <imit loading

FACTS device S.C, TCSC, STATC36 S.C, TCSC, STATC36

S.C,STATC36

S.C,STATC36 S.C S.C,STATC36

TC0A>,TCSC TCSC,90FC ,STATC36 ,S.C TCSC, 90FC, TC0A> S.C, TCSC

<oop flows

Ad;"st series reactance Ad;"st phase angle 0ost-fa"lt sharing >earrange networ or "se (Thermal <imit) actions Flow 8irection Ad;"st 0hase >eversal angle Short Circ"it :xcessive brea er <imit Short<evels fa"lt c"rrents circ"it c"rrents Change Circ"it brea er >earrange networ S"b Sync. 0otential T"rbine 6itigate resonance 3scillations
NGH = Hingorani am!er TCSC = T"yristor Controlled Series Ca!acitor #AR = #"ase$Angle$Regulator TC%& = T"yristor Controlled %oltage &imiter TC#AR=transistor controlled !"ase angle regulator TSSC=t"yristor s'itc"ed series ca!acitor

Tripping of 0arallel circ"it %line& 0arallel line load sharing

Circ"it Add series reactor, 90FC, TCSC capacitor Add series 90FC, TCSC capacitor*reactor Add 0A> TC0A>,90FC 0A>, Series TCSC,90FC,S.C,TC0A> Capacitor* >eactor

0A>

TC0A>,90FC

Add series >eactor, SCC<,90FC,TCSC new circ"it brea er Add new circ"it +rea er Split +"s Series Compensation B2C, TCSC

SCC& = Su!er$Conducting Current &imiter TS(R = T"yristor S'itc"ed (ra)ing Resistor S%C = Static %ar Com!ensator *#FC=unified !o'er flo' controller

1nvestment costs o+ FACTS devices. The investment costs of FACTS devices can be bro en down into two categories, %a& The devices/ e4"ipment costs, and %b& the necessary infrastr"ct"re costs. 43 ipment costs,:4"ipment costs depend not only "pon the installation rating b"t also "pon special re4"irements s"ch as,
FSC

Red ndanc$ o+ the contro% and protection s$stem or even main components s ch as reactors5 capacitors or trans+ormers5

Seismic conditions5 Am2ient and conditions (e.-.

temperat re5 po%% tion %eve%)! Comm nication the Re-iona% or ,ith the

S 2station Contro% S$stem or 6ationa% Contro% Center.

Us$/KVAR

US$/KVAR

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

160 140 120

U#FC

S A COM SVC

100 80 60 40 20

CSC

!s"

100

200

300 400 500 Operating Range in MVAR

100

200 300 400 500 O p e r a t in g R a n g e in M V A r

Fig 1? typical investment cost of statcomE svc ,

Fig 2, Typical investment cost of 90FC, T CSC, and FSC.

<ength of the line -F

Fig ', 3ver view of yearly sales

Ass"me that the investment costs of a '@@ m long 5@@ . line are approx. 9SH. 57 million. At an interest rate of 1@G, this res"lts in ann"al interest costs of 9SH 5,7 million. #nstallation of a FACTS device for e.g. 9SH 2@ million co"ld be economically ;"stified, if s"ch an investment can be avoided or delayed by at least 7 years %7 What are the +inancia% 2ene+its o+ FACTS devices? There are three areas were the financial benefits co"ld be calc"lated relatively easily. 1. Additiona% sa%es d"e to increased Transmission capability. 2. Additiona% ,hee%in- char-es d"e to #ncreased transmission capability. '. Avoidin- or de%a$in- o+ investments in new high voltage transmission lines or even new power generation. #f thro"gh "sing a FACTS device, a f"lly loaded transmission line/s capability co"ld be increased by 7@ 6! %e.g. for transmission lines of 1'2 . or higher&, this co"ld generate additional sales of 7@ 6! e4"ivalent. Ass"ming a 1@@G load factor and a sales price of @.@2 9SH per !h, this wo"ld res"lt in additional ann"al electricity sales of "p to 9SH I.I million. 40amp%e ! for (aintenance o+ FACTS devices!" 6aintenance of FACTS devices is minimal and similar to that re4"ired sh"nt capacitors, reactors and transformers. #t can be performed by normal s"bstation personnel with no special proced"res. The amo"nt of maintenance ranges from 17@ to 27@ man-ho"rs per year and depends "pon times 5,7 J 22.7&. The above examples are only ro"gh calc"lations to indicate the possible direct economical benefits of FACTS devices. There are also indirect benefits of "tili$ing FACTS devices, which are more diffic"lt to calc"late. These incl"de avoidance of ind"stries/ o"tage costs d"e to interr"ption of prod"ction 0rocesses %e.g. paper ind"stry, textile ind"stry, prod"ction pea load times. of semi-cond"ctors* comp"ter chips& or load shedding d"ring

the si$e of the installation and the local ambient %poll"tion& conditions. 'peration o+ FACTS devices FACTS devices are normally operated a"tomatically. They can be located in "nmanned s"bstations.

5. +ased on this technical information, an economical st"dy can be performed to compare costs of FACTS devices or conventional sol"tions with the achievable benefits. Per+ormance Veri+ication!" The design of all FACTS devices sho"ld be tested in a transient networ analy$er %TBA& "nder all possible operational conditions and fa"lt scenarios. The res"lts of the TBA tests sho"ld be consistent with the res"lts of the networ st"dy, which was performed at the start of the pro;ect. The res"lts of the TBA st"dy also provide the criteria for the eval"ation of the site commissioning tests . The consistency of the res"lts K of the networ st"dy in the beginning of the pro;ect, K of the TBA st"dy with the act"al parameters and f"nctions of the installation before going to site and K of the commissioning tests on site ens"res the re4"ired f"nctionality of the FACTS devices. Wor%d,ide App%ications!"

Changing of set-points or operation modes can be done locally and remotely %e.g. from a s"bstation control room, a regional or a national control centre&. Steps +or the 1denti+ication o+ FACTS Pro7ects !" 1. The first step sho"ld always be to cond"ct a detailed networ st"dy to investigate the critical conditions of a grid these conditions co"ld incl"de, ris s of voltage problems or even voltage collapse, "ndesired power flows, as well as the potential for power swings or s"b synchrono"s resonances. 2. For a stable grid, the optimi$ed "tili$ation of the transmission lines 1 e.g. increasing the energy transfer capability 1 co"ld be investigated. '. #f there is a potential for improving the transmission system, either thro"gh enhanced stability or energy transfer capability, determined. the appropriate FACTS device and its re4"ired rating can be

Seven are the pro;ects on which FACTS devices have proven their benefits over several years. These FACTS devices were designed to meet the different re4"irements of the seven transmission systems. The investment costs for these devices are consistent. The constr"ction period for a FACTS device is typically 12 to 1I months from contract signing thro"gh commissioning. #nstallations with a high degree of complexity, proced"res, e4"ipment comprehensive and tests may have approval longer time-cons"ming

voltage control performance compared to an additional new line s"b;ect to load switching. A f"rther motivation for choosing S.Cs in this case are their lower capital cost, impact, to red"ced and the environmental red"ctions additional

minimi$ation of fa"lt-ind"ced voltage compared transmission b"ilding Fa"lt lines.

ind"ced voltage red"ctions ca"se ma;or disr"ption of ind"strial processes, and mainly res"lt from transmission line fa"lts. The fre4"ency of s"ch red"ctions is proportional to the total line length exposed to the fail"re mechanisms %vi$. s"gar cane fires&, res"lting a desire to minimi$e the total length of transmission lines. These S.Cs went into commercial operation in 1MM7. The follows,+, T"e Australian -nterconnector$ transient stability ., (RA/-&0 Nort" 1 Sout" -nterconnection 2, *SA0 3ore Effective &ong$ istance H% C System 4, esign 7, *SA0 T"e &ugo SSR am!er 8, *SA0 T"e 9ayenta TCSC -N 5NES-A0 Containeri6ed

constr"ction periods. S'*T8 AFR1CA! 1ncrease in 9ine Capacit$ ,ith SVC. The Lwa$"l"-Batal system of the :s om 2rid, So"th Africa, serves two ma;or load centers %8"rban and >ichards +ay& at the extremities of the system. #n 1MM', the system was loaded close to its voltage stability limit, a sit"ation aggravated by the lac of base load

other

Pro7ects

are

as

generation capacity in the area. The 1@@@ 6! 8ra ensberg p"mped storage scheme, by the nat"re of its d"ty cycle and location remote from the main load centers, does not provide ade4"ate capacity. The installation of three S.Cs in the ma;or load centers provides s"perior

0. This

content belongs to www.all-papers.blogspot.com. Visit regularly for updated paper presentations. Every
Topic Is Unique Even if topic title is same content is different...better chec! date and time to identify"

combining a STATC36 with a TSC %Thyristor Switched Capacitor& to extend the operational range. #n addition, more sophisticated improve the control operation systems of will FACTS

7. Please do click on ads and visit topics, to contribute to the blog (as a click on ads costs nothing to you). 1. $ll paper presentations% Techfest info and &lacement procedures% &apers of Top '() 'ulti (ational )ompany" are posted here. *ith multiple direct lin!s. +ust download and also Invite your friends so that their &aper &resentations% Techfest info.%etc can be shared here.
2. If

devices. #mprovements in semicond"ctor technology %e.g. higher c"rrent carrying capability, higher bloc ing voltages& co"ld red"ce the costs of FACTS devices and extend their operation ranges. Finally, developments in s"percond"ctor technology open the door to new devices li e SCC< %S"per Cond"cting C"rrent <imiter& and S6:S %S"per Cond"cting 6agnetic :nergy Storage&. There is a vision for a high voltage transmission system aro"nd the world 1 to generate electrical energy economically and environmentally friendly and provide electrical energy where it/s needed. FACTS are the ey to ma e this vision live.

you have any &aper &resentations% &lacement &apers% Techfest info% do mail to rohith.papers-yahoo.com or" rohith.papers-gmail.com so that there will be published with your name.

13. To contact me /ust mail to rohith.papers-yahoo.com or" rohith.papers-gmail.com and share your views.

C5NC&*S-5N evelo!ments 0$

'it"

Future

F"t"re developments will incl"de the combination of existing devices, e.g. 1. :lectrical power systems,

R4F4R46C4S

+y C.< .!A8C!A

2. 0ower system analysis, +y A 2rainger !illiam 8 stevenson '. www.google.com. 5. www.rediff.com