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Answer 2 (TWO) questions only. Problem 1 Consider a Lear jet flying at a velocity of 250 m/s at an altitude of 10 km, where the density and temperature are 0.414 kg/m3 and 223 K, respectively. Consider also a onefifth scale model of the Learjet being tested in a wind tunnel in the Aerolab laboratory. The pressure in the test section of the wind tunnel is 1 atm = 1.10 " 10 5 N m 2 . Calculate the necessary velocity, temperature, and density of the airflow in the wind tunnel test section such that the lift and drag coefficients are the same for the wind-tunnel model and ! among pressure, density, and temperature the actual airplane in flight. Note: The relation is given by the equation of state p = "RT .
Answer:
! For dynamics similarity, CL = fn (Re, M" ), CD = fn (Re, M" ) . Testing in wind tunnel,
Reynolds number and Mach number must be the same between model and Learjet. Let subscripts 1 and 2 denote free-flight and wind tunnel condition respectively. For ! CL ,1 = CL ,2 and CD,1 = CD ,2 to hold M1 = M 2 and Re1 = Re 2 . To find velocity, temperature, and density of wind tunnel model (V2 , T2 and " 2 )
!
!
M2 =
V2 =
"1 2 L1 V1 " 2 1 L2
L1 =5 L2
2 T = 2 1 T1
V2 =
T "1 2 L1 0.414 T 517.5 T2 V1 = # 2 # 5 # 250 = = 34.65 2 " 2 1! L2 "2 T1 "2 "2 223
"2 =
Therefore
V2 = 16.74 T2
(i) (ii)
V2 = 34.65
383.3 T2
T2 "2
"2 =
!
from (i) & (ii)
!
(iii)
16.74 T2 = 34.65
Therefore
T2 "2
"2 =
T2 =
!
!
Problem 2 For an inviscid flow with no body force, the x component momentum equation can be written as
or "
a) Starting from the above equation, derived the inviscid, incompressible Euler equations
!
b) From the Euler equations, show that the total pressure, streamline in a steady, inviscid flow. c) Consider an aerofoil in UTMLST wind tunnel at standard sea level conditions ( p = 1.01325 " 10 5 N m 2 , # = 1.225 kg m 3 ) with a free stream velocity of 60 m/s. At a given point on the aerofoil, the pressure is 0.913 x 105 N/m2. Calculate the velocity at this point. , is constant along a
Answer: a)
"
#u #u #u #u #p + "u + "v + "w = $ #t #x #y #z #x "u "u "u 1 "p +v +w =# "x "y "z $ "x
u !
# "u "u "u & 1 "p u% dx + dy + dz( = u du = ) dx "y "z ' * "x $ "x !
1 1 $p u du = du 2 = " dx 2 # $x
! Similarly
1 2 1 $p dv = " dy 2 # $y 1 2 1 $p dw = " dz 2 # $z
Hence
! b)
!
" dp = #$ " V dV
V2 p = "# + const 2
!
c).
1 p + " V 2 = const 2 1 1 2 2 p1 + "V1 = p2 + "V2 2 2 1.01325 " 10 5 + 1 1 2 " 1.225 " 60 2 = 0.913 " 10 5 + " 1.225 " V2 2 2
!
V2 =
2
!
2
!
!
Problem 3
Consider a convergence divergence nozzle at a one-dimensional flow with point 1 and 2 at upstream and downstream of a throat respectively. Starting with the continuity equation ! " " # dV + $$ #V dS = 0 , show that for a steady flow "1 A1V1 = " 2 A2V2 . $$$ "t V S Answer:
!
!
!1 A1 V1 !2 A2 V2
" "t
$$$ # dV + $$ #V dS = 0
V S
"
For flow through the nozzle, ! $ $ ! "' $ ! "' ! "' & ## "V dS ) + & ## "V dS ) + & ## "V dS ) = 0 % S ( % S ( % S (2 ! ! 1 ! wall ! "#1V1 $$ dS + # wallVwall $$ dS + # 2V2 $$ dS = 0
S1 Swall S2