Renewable Energy Options

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

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Prof. C.S. Solanki Energy Systems Engineering, IIT Bombay chetanss@iitb.ac.in

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Contents
Energy Energy Conversion processes Direct and indirect energy conversion World Energy scenario Renewable energy options

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Energy
Energy -Its capacity of a body to perform work - its a driving force of change

-Energy can have many forms: Heat energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, nuclear, light etc. Units of energy 1 Calorie unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius. 1 Joule ability to overcome one Newton along 1 meter (assuming g = 10 meter/s2
1 eV = Energy gained by an electron due to 1 volt potential diff.

1 cal = 4.184 joule, 1eV = 1.6 x 10E-19 Joules, (1 BTU = 1.0545 kJ, 10E7 Ergs = 1 joule) BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV
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Energy-2
Law of energy conservation
-Energy can neither be created nor it can be destroyed -Energy converts among various forms without any loss or gain

During the application of energy, it changes from one form to other Combustion (chem. energy of plants heat energy),
Use of external combustion engine and IC engine (heat energy) mechanical energy)

Use of electromagnetic devices (mechanical energy electrical energy) Use of fan (electrical mechanical)
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Energy conversion-1
Nuclear reactors convert nuclear energy (nuclear fission) to thermal and then electric energy

Nuclear fusion reactors are still in experimental stage, but they are used to convert fusion energy to electric energy Batteries and fuel cells convert chemical energy into electric energy
Audio and visual equipment converts electric energy into E.M. radiation, and sound energies

Electrolyses convert electric energy into chemical energy

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Energy conversion-2
Technologies for harvesting solar energy Technologies for harvesting wind and tide energy Motors convert electric energy into mechanical energy, and generators reverse the process Hydroelectric technology

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Centralized Energy Generation

Energy Flow
Primary Energy (coal, oil, gas)
Energy Conversion facility (refineries, power plant) Secondary Energy (Refined oil, electricity)

Transmission and distribution system (Railway, trucks, pipeline) Final Energy (Energy delivered to consumer)

Energy utilization equipments. (Automobile, motor, heater) Useful Energy (Distance traveled, cooked food)
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Path of energy conversion

Power plant

Transmission network

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World Energy Consumption

About 57% growth by 2025 as compared to 2002 Much of the growth in energy is in emerging economics (3.3%) as compared to 1.1% in the developed economics

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Worlds Energy Scenario

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Emission of greenhouse gases

Use of fossil fuels causes emission of greenhouse gases

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Indias energy scenario

Fuel Total Thermal MW 81,859 % 66.3

Coal Gas
Oil Hydro

68,308 12,350
1,201 32,135

55.4 10.0
0.9 26.0

Nuclear Renewable
Total

3,310 6,158
123,462

2.7 5.0

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Energy security
Oil accounts for about 34% of Indias primary energy consumption
We should look for alternative energy options

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Limitations of Conventional sources

Available in limited quantity (can not be renewed) Cause damage to environment Centralized energy source Energy security
Can not readily provide power where needed (no direct conversion) Limited efficiency due to multi-step conversion

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Path of energy conversion

sun light

sun light

sun light

optical concentration
high temperature thermal energy

wind energy

(optical concentration)

rotor
solar cell

thermodynamic engine

generator electricity electricity

electricity generator
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Renewable Energy Options-1

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Renewable Energy Options-2

Renewable energy: Clean, Abundant, Sustainable

Renewable energy options

Wind Energy

Hydel energy

Biomass
Solar thermal and solar Photovoltaics Nuclear energy ?

Geothermal
Ocean energy

Disadvantages
Extensive land use due to less power density of renewable energy Fluctuating character of some renewable energies

Expensive
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Renewable Energy Options

Advantages Sustainable energy supply Abundance and broader range of sources implies the security of the energy supply Relatively clean energy source Decentralized production of energy stimulates the regional developments particularly in developing countries. Increased employment The long life of the energy systems The modular character of technology allows gradual implementation, easier to finance
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