An Inductor is an energy storage lement.

It is a two-terminal circuit element that is a model of a real device that consists of a coil of resistance-less wire wound around a material. i + v -

L Inductance L is the inductance of the device. L = ( oN2A) /(l + 0.45d) (if l >d/2 & core is non-ferromagnetic) where N is the num er of turns of the wire ! is the cross sectional area of the loo"s l is the length of the coil d is the diameter of the wire o # the "ermea ilit$ of free s"ace # % & '(-) */m. In this case the material inside the coil is a vacuum. Inductance is a "ro"ert$ of the device that measures the a ilit$ of the device to store energ$ in the form of a magnetic field. +he units of inductance are ,olt--econds "er !m"ere or *enr$s. The voltage-current characteri tic !or an inductor i " v # L di/dt -ori # '/ L tot v dt + i(to) T#o o$ ervation !ro% the v-i characteri tic" +here is no voltage across an inductor if the current through it is not changing with time. +hat is wh$ we sa$ that .inductors act as a short circuit to a dc current/. -ince there can not e infinite voltages0 the current through an inductor cannot change instantaneousl$. (*owever0 the voltage can.) +his means that i L(t+) # iL(t-)

The energ& tored in an inductor i " (wL)(-->t # wL(t) # 1 L i2 2 1 L i(2 3rom this we see that the energ$ stored in an inductor is onl$ a function of the current through it. -o even if the voltage is (0 there can e some energ$ in an inductor. An inductor i a 'a ive ele%ent. 3rom the e&"ression for energ$ stored in an inductor we see that (w L)-inf-> t is alwa$s > (. ()uivalent Inductor * Le) 4om inations of inductors can e reduced to an e5uivalent inductance. +he$ com ine li6e resistors. +ractical ,odel o! an Inductor ! more "ractical model of an inductor is an ideal inductor in series with a small resistance.

A -a'acitor is an energy storage element.

It is a two-terminal circuit element that is a model of a real device that consists of two "arallel conducting "lates se"arated $ a non-conducting material. i + v -

4 -a'acitance 4 is the ca"acitance of the device. -=A/d where ! is area of the "lates d is the distance etween the "lates is the dielectric con tant0 a "ro"ert$ of the material etween the "lates +he dielectric constant is a "ro"ert$ of a material that is a measure of the materials a ilit$ to store energ$ "er unit volume for unit voltage difference. 4a"acitance is a "ro"ert$ of a device that measures the a ilit$ of the device to store energ$ in the form of an electric field. +he units are 4oulom s "er ,olt or 3arads. The voltage-current characteri tic !or a ca'acitor i " i # 4 dv/dt -orv # '/ 4 tot i dt + v(to) T#o o$ ervation !ro% the v-i characteri tic" +here is no current through a ca"acitor if the voltage across it is not changing with time. +hat is wh$ we sa$ that .ca"acitors act as an o"en circuit to a dc voltage/. -ince there can not e infinite currents0 the voltage across a ca"acitor cannot change instantaneousl$. (*owever0 the current can.) +his means that v 4(t+) # v4(t-)

The energ& tored in a ca'acitor i " (w4)(-->t # w4(t) # 1 4 v2 2 1 4 v(2 3rom this we see that the energ$ stored in a ca"acitor is onl$ a function of the voltage across it. -o even if the current is (0 there can e some energ$ in a ca"acitor. A ca'acitor i a 'a ive ele%ent. 3rom the e&"ression for energ$ stored in a ca"acitor we see that (w 4)-inf-> t is alwa$s > (. ()uivalent -a'acitor * -e) 4om inations of ca"acitors can e reduced to an e5uivalent ca"acitance. +he$ com ine li6e conductors. +ractical ,odel o! a -a'acitor ! more "ractical model of a ca"acitor is an ideal ca"acitor in "arallel with a large resistance.

A note a$out Linearit&" +he voltage-current relationshi"s for ca"acitors and inductors are linear. *ence these will hold for circuits with inductors and ca"acitors7 8,L 84L +hevenin9s +heorem Norton9s +heorem :rinci"al of su"er"osition